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The State of Islamophobia in Europe in 2018

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The State of Islamophobia in Europe in 2018 THE state OF Islamophobia IN Europe IN 2018 THE STATE OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN EUROPE IN 2018 ENES BAYRAKLI • FARID HAFEZ We are delighted to present the fourth edition of the annual European Islamophobia Report (EIR), this time in cooperation with the Leopold Weiss Institute and with generous funding by the European Union, the Civil Society Dialogue Between EU and Turkey (CSD-V). The EIR 2018 is an overall evaluation of Islamophobia in Europe in the year 2018, as well as 34 country reports that include almost all EU member states and additional countries, which we had not covered in previous years, such as Montenegro and Moldova. This year’s EIR represents the work of 39 scholars, experts, and civil society activists from various European countries. The year 2018 was a year of unrest within and at the borders of Europe. We wit- nessed the populist grassroots yellow vests movement (Mouvement des gilets jaunes) in France, which protested for economic justice and against authoritarian structures, the uncertainty surrounding Brexit and the worsening situation at the borders of Europe with the drowning of many adults and children in the Mediterranean Sea.1 More importantly, all over Europe far-right parties and far-right narratives are on the rise and in some countries such as in Italy and Austria they are already in pow- er. The cover picture we have chosen for this year shows three ministers of interior: Matteo Salvini, who is also the leader of the right-wing Lega; Herbert Kickl, who is one of the most important figures in Austria’s right-wing Freedom Party; and Horst Seehofer, a hardliner within Angela Merkel’s centrist-right Christian democratic party (representing the Bavarian Christian Social Union). They stand for a tougher refugee and asylum policy, teaming up to demonstrate that Europe is not willing to accept more refugees. With the strengthening of nationalist positions, a new front for the isolation of Europe (“Fortress Europe”) has been created. “Europe That Pro- tects” was the official motto of the Austrian EU Council presidency in 2018. In this 1. UNHCR, “Six People Died Each Day Attempting to Cross Mediterranean in 2018”, UNHCR Report, 30 Jan- uary 2019, https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/1/5c500c504/six-people-died-day-attempting-cross-mediterra- nean-2018-unhcr-report.html, (Access date: 2 September 2019). islamophobiaeurope.com • @islamophobiaEIR 7 EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 endeavor, Austria’s then-head of government Sebastian Kurz was casting himself as Europe’s security chancellor.2 Islamophobic arguments and narratives have played a central role in this story. At the same time, there have been small but important attempts in combat- ing Islamophobia. The existing research on Islamophobia is growing. In Austria, an NGO the Dokustelle Muslime published an annual report documenting anti-Muslim racism; in the UK, the National Union of Students (NUS) published a report to foster a better understanding of the range of issues facing Muslim students in higher education and to contribute to the fight against the normalization of Islamophobia; in France, activists conducted a France-wide survey (“Consultation of Muslims”) on the situation of Muslims in France leading to debates in 57 mosques and collecting answers from 24,029 individuals. Also on a political level, a modest progress can be observed in some areas. Worth mentioning is the attempt of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on British Muslims, which presented an inquiry into a working definition of Islamophobia3 to be adopted by the British parliament in order to institutionalize the struggle against Islamophobia. While the APPG was not able to convince the majority of the parlia- ment and especially not the Conservative Party, some first steps were taken by the Labour Party4 and others such as the mayor of London,5 who adopted the definition of Islamophobia. The Conservative Party has adopted the definition so far only in Scotland, although many have called for an official inquiry into Islamophobia within the Conservative Party.6 Source: Combating Islamophobia at the European and Supranational Levels The European Commission appointed its new coordinator on anti-Muslim ha- tred, an institution that was created on December 1, 2015. Tommaso Chiampa- rino succeeded David Friggeri on July 1, 2018. The coordinator’s main mandate is to address anti-Muslim hate speech, hate crime, and discrimination; the key 2. Farid Hafez, “Europe's New Isolationist Front”, qantara.de, 8 August 2018, https://en.qantara.de/content/the- axis-of-the-right-europes-new-isolationist-front?nopaging=1, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 3. “Islamophobia Defined. The Inquiry into a Working Definition of Islamophobia”, All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599c3d2febbd1a90cffdd8a9/t/5bfd1ea3352f531a- 6170ceee/1543315109493/Islamophobia+Defined.pdf, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 4. Frances Perraudin, “Labour Formally Adopts Definition of Islamophobia”, The Guardian, 20 March 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/20/labour-formally-adopts-definition-islamophobia, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 5. “Mayor Adopts APPG Definition of Islamophobia”, Mayor of London, 22 March 2019, https://www.london.gov. uk/press-releases/mayoral/sadiq-says-government-should-follow-suit, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 6. Ed Sykes, “Conservative Party to Start ‘Long-Awaited’ Investigation into Islamophobia Crisis”, The Canary, 5 August 2019, https://www.thecanary.co/uk/analysis/2019/08/05/conservative-party-to-start-long-awaited-investi- gation-into-islamophobia-crisis/, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 8 setav.org THE state OF Islamophobia IN Europe IN 2018 stakeholders are organizations that deal with anti-racism and non-discrimination policy at the European and national level. A newly formed platform, the Europe- an Coalition against Islamophobia, raised its structural concerns before the new person was nominated. They criticized that this position lacks a clear mandate as to “what the role of the coordinator entails in terms of representation, official communication and actions that can be undertaken, also defining the remit of issues to be covered.”7 Chiamparino set up a European Commission high-level meeting in December 2018, which was attended by member state representatives and NGOs working in the field of anti-racism and Muslims. The meeting produced concrete recommenda- tions and the commitment of the representatives of the Netherlands and Spain to secure and build on the legacy of the present commission after the 2019 European elections, with the view to develop concrete measures against Islamophobia. The intention has been uttered by many to develop a common working definition of Islamophobia to support policy and advocacy work.8 These are important steps by the coordinator together with member states and NGOs to institutionalize further the struggle against Islamophobia. With Ursula von der Leyen as the first elected female European commission president, there might be some hope that the German political will to combat Islamophobia at a state level might also be transferred to the European level. While different NGOs are increasingly coordinating their efforts, as the European Coalition against Islamophobia shows, the involvement of interna- tional as well as supranational institutions such as the EU, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, and the UN are essential. The OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) organized a meeting in Frankfurt, Germany in co-operation with the Goethe Uni- versity’s Academy for Islam in Science and Society, on June 25-26, 2018. The meeting had the purpose to work on a draft of the practical guide being devel- oped by the ODIHR on understanding hate crimes against Muslims and address- ing the security needs of Muslim communities. ODIHR Adviser on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims Djermana Seta argued that the guide will support governments in assessing the specific security needs of Muslim communities and improve responses to hate crime by local authorities and law enforcement agencies.9 In fact, according to the OSCE database, currently only 16 7. “Open Letter A Meaningful Coordinator on Anti-Muslim Hatred to Transform EU Approach on Islamopho- bia”, ENAR, 5 July 2018, https://www.enar-eu.org/Open-letter-A-meaningful-coordinator-on-anti-Muslim-ha- tred-to-transform-EU-1523, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 8. “Annual Report 2018”, ENAR, p. 13 https://www.enar-eu.org/IMG/pdf/annualreport_2018_final-2.pdf, (Access date: 2 September 2019). 9. “Strategies to Improve Security of Muslim Communities and Reduce Hate Crime the Focus of ODIHR-Or- ganized Consultations in Frankfurt”, OSCE, 26 June 2018, https://www.osce.org/odihr/385875, (Access date: 2 September 2019). islamophobiaeurope.com • @islamophobiaEIR 9 EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 states officially document anti-Muslim hate crimes10 and even in these cases, there is a lot of room for improvement. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) and the Council of Europe’s annual report for 2018 stresses that “Islamophobia is still prev- alent […] In public discourse, Islam and Muslims continue to be associated with radicalization, violence and terrorism. There is, generally, only very little positive media coverage of Muslim communities in Europe. Islamophobic hatred is often spread via the Internet. Anti-Muslim sentiments are also regularly manifested in petitions and protest
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