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Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 17

Key Terms & Concepts Imperialism Schenck v. (1919) Open Door Policy Moral Diplomacy Red Scare Spanish-American War Good Neighbor Policy Fourteen Points Yellow Journalism World War I Self-Determination Jingoism Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Treaty of Versailles Lusitania League of Nations Big Stick Diplomacy Zimmermann Telegram Panama Canal Selective Service Act

1. During the first 100 years of its history, the United 6. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some United States followed a foreign policy of States newspapers printed exaggerated accounts of a. forming military alliances with European Spanish cruelty in . These reports helped bring nations about the Spanish-American War primarily by b. establishing overseas spheres of influence a. arousing the public anger against Spain c. remaining neutral from political connections b. provoking the anger of the business with other nations community d. providing leadership in international c. alienating the Spanish government organizations d. encouraging the formation of Spanish revolutionary groups 2. In the late 1800s, which reason led to the United States to give greater attention to the world beyond its 7. Which statement reflects a foreign policy view held by borders? both President James Monroe and President Theodore a. fear of revolution in Roosevelt? b. fear of Russian expansion in Alaska a. Revolutionary movements in western c. interest in finding places to settle surplus must be stopped. population b. Close economic ties with Asia must be d. interest in obtaining markets for surplus maintained. goods c. Noninvolvement in world affairs is the wisest policy for the United States. 3. Which pair of terms represent two major causes of d. United States influence in Latin America imperialism in the 19th century? must be accepted by other countries. a. industrialism and communism b. communism and fascism 8. “I have always been fond of the…proverb: ‘Speak c. nationalism and industrialism softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.’” d. collectivism and missionary zeal - Theodore Roosevelt

4. The main reason the United States developed the This philosophy was used by President Roosevelt Open Door Policy was to primarily to a. allow the United States to expand trade with a. deal with problems of racial segregation China b. conduct his foreign policy b. demonstrate the positive features of c. expand the western frontier democracy to Chinese leaders d. win the Spanish-American War c. aid the Chinese Nationalists in their struggle with the Chinese Communists 9. The principle that the United States has the right to act d. encourage Chinese workers to come to the as the “policeman of the Western Hemisphere” and United States intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations was established by the 5. The Spanish-American War (1898) marked a turning a. Good Neighbor Policy point in United States foreign policy because the b. Open Door Policy United States c. Roosevelt Corollary to the a. developed a plan for peaceful coexistence d. Marshall Plan b. emerged as a major world power c. pledged neutrality in future European conflicts d. refused to become a colonial power Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 18

10. “I took the Canal and let Congress debate.” 15. The main objective of President ’s - Theodore Roosevelt Fourteen Points was to a. establish a military alliance with European This quotation best demonstrates nations a. an effort by a President to maintain a policy of b. punish Germany for causing World War I isolationism c. provide for a just and lasting peace b. a decline in the use of as a defense d. encourage open immigration in industrial policy nations c. an increased reliance on the legislative process d. a Presidential action that achieved a foreign 16. The principle reason the Senate refused to ratify the policy objective. Treaty of Versailles after World War I was the belief that the treaty 11. The main reason President Theodore Roosevelt a. failed to reduce international tariffs supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia in b. provided little incentive to end colonialism 1903 was to c. threatened the United State sovereignty a. increase the number of democratic nations in d. rejected many of the Fourteen Points Latin America b. gain the right to complete a canal linking the 17. Immediately following World War I, the emphasis of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans United States foreign policy was on c. reduce European colonialism in the Western a. a return to isolationism Hemisphere b. the acquisition of colonies d. prevent a foreign power from seizing land in c. of communism and collective Central America. security d. formation of international peacekeeping 12. Early in the 20th century, Presidents William Taft and organizations Woodrow Wilson used the concept of dollar diplomacy to 18. The “clear and present danger” ruling in the Supreme a. help European nations avoid war Court case Schenck v. United States (1919) confirmed b. expand United States influence in China the idea that c. protect United States investments in Latin a. prayer in public schools is unconstitutional America b. racism in the United States is illegal d. support welfare programs for immigrants to c. interstate commerce can be regulated by state the United States governments d. constitutional rights are not absolute 13. From 1914 to 1916, as World War I raged in Europe, Americans were not able to remain neutral in thought 19. Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare as well as action mainly because and the Palmer Raids, which followed World War I? a. United States membership in military a. success of the Communist Party in alliances required the nation to fight congressional and Presidential elections b. United States newspapers encouraged a b. race riots in Los Angeles and the revival of policy of imperialist expansion the Ku Klux Klan c. the warring powers interfered with the United c. failure of the United States to join the League States right to freedom of the seas of Nations and the unpaid German war debts d. President Woodrow Wilson supported the d. the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia war aims of Germany and Austria-Hungary and workers’ strikes in the United States

14. “Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?”

Which action by the United States best reflects the philosophy expressed in this quotation? a. passage of legislation restricting immigration b. rejection of the Treaty of Versailles c. enactment of the Lend-Lease Act d. approval of the United Nations Charter. Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 19

Key Terms & Concepts Great Migration Sacco & Vanzetti Dust Bowl “Return to Normalcy” Immigration Quotas & Programs Isolation Fundamentalism 19th Amendment Scopes Trial John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath Flapper Harlem Renaissance National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act Teapot Dome Scandal On Margin Court Packing Plan Coolidge Prosperity Stock Market Crash Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. (1935) Prohibition Bonus Army Ku Klux Klan Hoovervilles

1. The 1920s are often called the “Roaring Twenties” 7. Which is most commonly associated with the because the decade was noted for presidencies of Ulysses S. Grant and Warren G. a. overseas expansion Harding? b. economic depression a. depression in business c. political reform b. corruption of public officials d. changing cultural values c. humanitarian reforms d. territorial expansion 2. An important goal of United States foreign policy in the 1920s was to 8. “The business of America is business.” a. make the League of Nations successful b. build a large colonial empire In this 1924 statement, President Calvin Coolidge was c. avoid involvement in foreign conflicts expressing the idea that d. end the policy of Dollar Diplomacy in Latin a. workers should have a greater role in America influencing business decisions b. the United States should end trade with other 3. The “boom” years of the 1920s were characterized by countries and become economically self- a. decreases in both agricultural surpluses and sufficient farm foreclosures c. basic industries should be owned by the Federal b. limited investment capital and declining government numbers of worker in the labor force d. the economy functions best if government c. widespread use of the automobile and an allows business to operate freely. increase in buying d. increased regulation of the marketplace by 9. Which generalization can best be drawn from the both federal and state governments experiment with national Prohibition (1919–1933)? a. Social attitudes can make laws difficult to 4. Which long-awaited goal of the women’s rights enforce. movement was achieved during the Progressive Era? b. Americans resent higher taxes. a. right to vote c. Morality can be legislated successfully. b. right to own property d. People will sacrifice willingly for the common c. equal pay for equal work good. d. equal access to employment and education 10. In the 1920s, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the 5. The “flappers” of the 1920s gained public attention passage of restrictive immigration laws reflected a mainly because they growing American belief in a. often refused to conform to society’s a. nativism c. socialism expectations b. internationalism d. imperialism b. fought for the right of women to vote c. fled the United States to live in Europe 11. In the 1920s, the Sacco and Vanzetti case, the Red d. worked for equal status in employment Scare, and the activities of the Ku Klux Klan all represented 6. Which group of Americans generally failed a. threats to civil liberties experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s? b. victories over discrimination and persecution a. farmers c. retailers c. support for the Prohibition movement b. consumers d. manufacturers d. greater social freedom for Americans Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 20

12. A major goal of the immigration acts of the 1920s was 18. The march of the “Bonus Army” and referring to to shantytowns as “Hoovervilles” in the early 1930s a. allow unlimited immigration from Southeast illustrate Asia a. growing discontent with Republican efforts to b. assure equal numbers of immigrants from all deal with the Great Depression nations b. state projects that created jobs for the c. favor wealthy and well-educated immigrants unemployed d. use quotas to limit immigration from c. federal attempts to restore confidence in the southern and eastern Europe American economy d. the president’s success in solving social 13. The conviction of John Scopes in 1925 for teaching problems about evolution supported the ideas of those Americans who 19. The rapid, worldwide spread of the Great Depression of a. believed in religious freedom and the the 1930s was evidence of separation of church and state a. the failure of government job programs b. hoped to lessen the differences between rural b. global financial interdependence and urban lifestyles c. a shortage of American factories making c. wanted to promote traditional fundamentalist consumer goods values d. the negative effects of unrestricted immigration d. favored the changes resulting from the new technology of the 1920s. 20. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Presidency in 1932 reflected the desire of many Americans to 14. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was a period a. return to a policy of laissez faire when African Americans b. abandon capitalism in favor of socialism a. left the United States in large numbers to c. continue the domestic policies of the Hoover settle in Nigeria administration b. create noteworthy works of art and literature d. have government take an active role in solving c. migrated to the West in search of land and economic problems jobs d. used civil disobedience to fight segregation 21. The major purpose of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s in the armed forces. bank holiday of 1933 was to a. restore public confidence in the nation’s banks 15. Which situation helped cause the stock market crash b. reinforce strict laws to punish banks charging of 1929? high interest rates a. excessive speculation and buying on margin c. reduce the number of banks to a manageable b. unwillingness of people to invest in new number industries d. encourage the nation’s banks to loan more c. increased government spending money to failing businesses. d. too much government regulation of business 22. The main purpose of the New Deal measures such as the 16. President ’s refusal to provide funds Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the for the unemployed during the Depression was based Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was to on his belief that a. provide immediate employment opportunities a. the unemployment problem was not serious b. develop rules to limit speculation and safeguard b. workers could not accept government savings assistance c. enable the federal government to take over c. labor unions should provide for the failing industries unemployed d. assure a guaranteed income for American d. federal relief programs would destroy families. individual initiative 23. A major effect of the National Labor Relations Act 17. During the Great Depression, expressions such as (Wagner Act, 1935) was that labor unions Hoovervilles, and Hoover blankets showed that a. were soon controlled by large corporations President Hoover b. experienced increasing difficulty in gaining a. was seen as a role model new members b. used the military to aid the unemployed c. obtained the right to bargain collectively c. was blamed for the suffering of the poor d. lose the right to strike d. supported relief and public housing for the needy. Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 21

24. “Section 202. (a) Every qualified individual shall be 29. One difference between the administrations of entitled to receive…on the date he attains the age of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Herbert sixty-five…and ending on the date of his death, and Hoover is that Roosevelt was old-age benefit….” a. unwilling to allow government agencies to establish jobs programs A major purpose of this section of federal legislation b. unable to win congressional support for his was to economic program a. guarantee an annual income to experienced c. able to ignore economic issues for most of employees his first term in office b. assure adequate medical care for the elderly d. more willing to use government intervention c. reward workers for their support of the union to solve economic problems movement d. provide economic assistance to retired 30. How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis (1890) The workers Jungle, Upton Sinclair (1906) The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck (1939) Unsafe at Any Speed, Ralph 25. An immediate result of the Supreme Court decision in Nader (1965) Schechter Poultry v. United States was that a. some aspects of the New Deal were declared What has been the impact of these authors and their unconstitutional books on American society? b. state governments took over relief agencies a. Most Americans have developed a preference c. Congress was forced to abandon efforts to for escapist and romantic literature. improve the economy b. Most American authors have adopted a d. the constitutional authority of the President conservative viewpoint was greatly expanded c. American business has corrected poor conditions quickly. 26. During President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s d. These works have had significant influence administration, which situation was viewed by critics on social, political, and economic reforms. as a threat to the principle of separation of powers? a. changing the date of the Presidential Base your answer to the next question on the cartoon below inauguration and on your knowledge of social studies. b. congressional support on banking legislation c. proposing the expansion of the Supreme Court membership d. passage of Social Security legislation

27. The effectiveness of the New Deal in ending the Great Depression is difficult to measure because a. President Franklin D. Roosevelt died during his fourth term b. United States involvement in World War II rapidly accelerated economic growth c. the Supreme Court declared most New Deal laws unconstitutional d. later Presidents failed to support most New Deal reforms.

28. A lasting result of the New Deal in the United States has been the a. reduction of the national debt b. control of stock prices by the federal government c. joint effort of business and labor to 31. This cartoon illustrates that President Franklin D. strengthen the Presidency Roosevelt caused a controversy based on d. assumption by the federal government of a. increased military spending in the early greater responsibility for the nation’s well- 1930s being b. a plan to assume some of the powers reserved to the states c. efforts to counter the Dust Bowl with federal conservation measures d. proposals that violated the principle of separation of powers Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 22

Key Terms & Concepts Kellogg-Briand Pact Manhattan Project & The Atomic Bomb Korean War Washington Naval Conference Nuremberg Trials House Un-American Activities Good Neighbor Policy United Nations Committee (HUAC) Munich Conference / Appeasement Collective Security Alger Hiss & The Rosenbergs Cash & Carry vs. Lend-Lease Act Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) Senator Joseph McCarthy “Destroyers for Bases” Baby Boom Allied & Axis Powers Brinksmanship Meeting Containment Arms Race Pearl Harbor Sputnik Holocaust “Iron Curtain” Suburbs & Levittown Rosie the Riveter Marshall Plan Federal Highway System Internment Camps Berlin Airlift Korematsu v. United States (1944) NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Military-Industrial Complex

1. The League of Nations, the Washington Naval 4. The primary purpose of President Franklin D. Conference, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact were Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy was to designed to keep peace in the Northern Hemisphere. a. reduce United States military intervention in Why did these agreements fail to prevent World War Latin America II? b. use United States troops to stop Axis a. Independence movements in developing aggression in the Western Hemisphere countries were too strong to be stopped. c. help Latin American nations combat the b. The United States was not a participant in effects of the Great Depression any of the agreements. d. repeal the principles of the original Monroe c. The agreements lacked enforcement powers. Doctrine d. The United States was too involved in military rearmament. 5. In the early 1940’s, the "destroyers-for-military-bases deal" with Great Britain and the Lend-Lease Act were 2. A major reason for the United States neutrality in the evidence that the United States 1930s was the nation’s a. recognized that its policy of neutrality a. belief in the domino theory conflicted with its self-interest b. disillusionment resulting from World War I b. followed its policy of neutrality more strictly c. strong approval of the political conditions in as World War II progressed in Europe Europe c. believed that the Allied policy of d. military and naval superiority appeasement would succeed d. wanted to honor the military commitments it 3. Speaker A: "We must take action even if we are not had made just after World War I sure it will work. To do nothing to stop them would be a repeat of the Munich mistake." 6. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is an illustration of the Speaker B: "We must recognize the increasing a. impact a single event can have on public interdependence of nations and join the United opinion a time of crisis Nations." b. effectiveness of a policy of appeasement in stopping aggression Speaker C: "Stopping the spread of communism can c. success of the pacifist movement in the and must take several forms. We must be willing to do United States whatever is necessary." d. role of communism as a negative influence in global affairs Speaker D: "Involvement in European affairs would be a mistake. We should not jeopardize our peace and 7. During World War II, women and minorities made prosperity over issues that Europe’s ambitions and economic gains mainly because rivalries control." a. a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the workplace The "Munich mistake" mentioned by speaker A refers b. more educational opportunities increased the to a policy of number of skilled workers in these groups a. interdependence c. labor unions successfully demanded equal b. appeasement opportunities for these groups c. balance of power d. new civil rights legislation forced businesses d. collective security to change their hiring practices Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 23

8. The constitutionality of relocating Japanese- 15. The Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine were Americans during World War II was upheld by the United States foreign policies concerning United States Supreme Court because the Japanese- a. the international balance of payments Americans were b. the containment of communism a. needed as wartime spies c. worldwide environmental pollution b. critical of United States attacks on Japan d. nuclear disarmament c. openly providing military aid to Japan d. considered a threat to national security 16. The main effect of the Marshall Plan, enacted after World War II, was to 9. The rulings of the Supreme Court in Scott v. Sanford a. encourage overseas colonies to seek their (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and Korematsu v. independence United States (1944) all demonstrate that the Supreme b. force the United States and the to Court has become allies a. continued to extend voting rights to c. create increasingly restrictive immigration minorities policies b. protected itself from internal dissent d. improve the economies of Western European c. sometimes failed to protect the rights of nations minorities d. often imposed restrictions on free speech 17. The concept of collective security is best exemplified by during wartime. the role of the United States in a. granting China most-favored-nation status 10. Shortly after entering World War II, the United States b. becoming a member of the North American began the Manhattan Project to Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) a. work on the development of an atomic bomb c. forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization b. increase economic production to meet (NATO) wartime demands d. negotiating the Camp David accords c. defend New York City against a nuclear attack 18. The goal of President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal was to d. recruit men for the military services a. continue reforms begun during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency 11. What was one result of World War II? b. decrease government spending on social a. The arms race ended. welfare programs b. The Cold War ended. c. reduce taxes on large corporations and wealthy c. Communism was eliminated. individuals d. Two superpowers emerged. d. restore domestic policies that existed in the 1920s 12. One reason the Nuremberg trials following World War II were held was to 19. “There shall be a loyalty investigation of every person a. bring Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo to justice entering the civilian employment of any department or b. force Japan to pay for the attack on Pearl agency of the Executive Branch of the Federal Harbor Government.” c. make German leaders accountable for the - The Truman Loyalty Order, March 22, 1947 Holocaust d. punish the German government for bombing President Harry Truman issued this Executive Order in England response to the a. discovery of spies in defense industries 13. The GI Bill affected American society after World b. fear of Communist Party influence in War II by government a. eliminating child labor c. arrest and trial of high-ranking government b. expanding voting rights employees for terrorism c. increasing spending on space exploration d. election of Socialist Party representatives to d. extending educational and housing Congress opportunities 20. What was a major outcome of the Korean War (1950– 14. Population increases that resulted from the baby boom 1953)? of the 1950s and 1960s contributed to a a. Korea continued to be a divided nation. a. housing surplus b. North Korea became an ally of the United b. drop in immigration States. c. reduction in government services c. South Korea became a communist nation. d. rise in demand for consumer goods d. Control of Korea was turned over to the United Nations. Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 24

21. During the Korean War, President Harry Truman 25. In the 1950s, the domino theory was used by President removed General Douglas MacArthur from command Dwight D. Eisenhower to justify because MacArthur a. sending federal troops into Little Rock, a. called for an immediate end to the war Arkansas b. refused to serve under the United Nations b. United States involvement in Vietnam c. lacked the experience to provide wartime c. joining the United Nations leadership d. opposing Britain and France in the Suez d. threatened the constitutional principle of Canal crisis. civilian control of the military 26. A major cause of the growth of state and Federal Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon highway systems after World War II was the below and on your knowledge of social studies. a. increased use of mass transit systems b. growing prosperity of inner-city areas c. rapid development of suburbs d. return of city dwellers to farm areas

27. The rapid growth in personal income in the decade after World War II contributed to a. a decrease in the birthrate b. a major economic depression c. expansion of the middle class d. shortages in the supply of luxury goods

28. The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning of a. American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority b. the Cold War in the United States c. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China d. disarmament discussions between the superpowers.

29. In a farewell message to the American public, 22. The United States carried out the idea expressed in President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of the this late 1940s cartoon by growth of the "military-industrial complex." This term a. forming a military alliance with Russia refers to the b. airlifting supplies to West Berlin a. influence of defense contractors on Congress c. accepting Russian authority over West Berlin b. threat from the Soviet Army d. agreeing to turn over control of Berlin to the c. internal danger from Communist spies United Nations d. economy’s dependence on oil imported from the Middle East 23. During the early 1950s, the tactics of Senator Joseph McCarthy were criticized because he a. violated important constitutional liberties b. displayed racial prejudice in his questions c. opposed the use of loyalty oaths d. ignored evidence of Soviet spying

24. What was a cause for the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee in the late 1940s and the investigations of a Senate committee headed by Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s? a. the belief that there were Communist agents in the federal government b. excessive spending by the United States military c. the corruption and bribery of members of Congress d. actions of President Harry Truman that might have led to his impeachment Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 25

Key Terms & Concepts Civil Rights Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique The The Warren Court Equal Rights Amendment Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Roe v. Wade (1973) The Berlin Wall Little Rock Nine Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers The Great Society Montgomery Bus Boycott American Indian Movement Medicare & Medicaid Martin Luther King, Jr. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Vietnam War Civil Disobedience Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Civil Rights Act of 1964 Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Guerilla Warfare Voting Rights Act of 1965 Engel v. Vitale (1962) Vietnamization Affirmative Action New Frontier War Powers Act Women’s Rights Movement The Space Program Feminism The Peace Corps.

1. The major goal of the civil rights movement of the 6. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal 1960’s was to troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to a. establish a separate political state for African a. protect civil rights marchers Americans b. help African Americans register to vote b. gain passage of an equal rights amendment to c. enforce a Supreme Court decision to the Constitution desegregate public schools c. end segregation based on race d. end race riots resulting from a bus boycott d. permit unlimited immigration to the United States 7. Which strategy did African-American students use when they refused to leave a “whites only” lunch 2. In 1948, President Harry Truman showed his support counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960? for civil rights by issuing an executive order to a. economic boycott a. end the immigration quota system b. hunger strike b. assure equal status for women in military c. petition drive service d. civil disobedience c. ban racial segregation in the military d. guarantee jobs for Native American Indians 8. When necessary to achieve justice, which method did Martin Luther King, Jr., urge his followers to employ? 3. In the 1950's and 1960's, the decisions of the United a. using violence to bring about political change States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren b. engaging in civil disobedience tended to c. leaving any community in which racism is a. expand the rights of individuals practiced b. reduce government regulation of businesses d. demanding that Congress pay reparations to c. deal harshly with persons accused of crimes African Americans d. increase the power of state governments 9. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, 4. "We conclude that in the field of public education the activities of the Congress of Racial Equality, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate National Urban League, and the National Association educational facilities are inherently unequal." for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) –Brown v. Board of Education (1954) illustrated that a. all civil rights groups use the same tactics Which constitutional idea was the basis for this b. different approaches can be used to achieve a Supreme Court decision? common goal a. protection against double jeopardy c. organizational differences usually lead to b. equal protection of the law failure c. freedom of speech d. violence is the best tool for achieving social d. right of assembly change

5. In the 1960's, bus boycotts, lunch counter sit-ins, and freedom rides were organized attempts to achieve a. integration b. segregation c. black separatism d. cultural diffusion Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 26

10. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an effort 17. The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in to correct Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, and a. racial and gender discrimination Escobedo v. Illinois all advanced the b. limitations on freedom of speech a. voting rights of minorities c. unfair immigration quotas b. guarantees of free speech and press d. segregation in the armed forces c. principle of separation of church and state d. rights of accused persons 11. The federal voting rights laws passed in the 1950s and 1960s were designed to 18. The Supreme Court cases of Tinker v. Des Moines and a. return control of voting regulations to the New Jersey v. TLO involved the issue of states a. freedom of the press b. remove racial barriers to voting b. freedom of religion c. extend suffrage to American women c. the rights of students in school d. prevent recent immigrants from voting d. the rights of prison inmates

12. An original purpose of affirmative action programs 19. ". . . Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well was to or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, a. increase educational and employment meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe opportunities for women and minorities to assure the survival and the success of liberty." b. improve the American economy by guaranteeing that employees will be highly Which conclusion is best supported by this quotation skilled from the Inaugural Address of President John F. c. decrease social welfare costs by requiring Kennedy in 1961? recipients of public assistance to work a. The Cold War was over, and the Soviet d. reduce the Federal deficit by increasing Union was beginning to unravel. government efficiency b. President Kennedy was encouraging a very strong presence in foreign policy in the post- 13. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was an World War II period. influential book in the 1960s because it c. Compromise and appeasement were the best a. helped strengthen family values avenues to world peace. b. led directly to the defeat of the Equal Rights d. President Kennedy understood the limitations Amendment of power, even for a strong nation like the c. energized a new women’s rights movement United States. d. reinforced the importance of women’s traditional roles 20. President John F. Kennedy's New Frontier program was most successful in 14. The Equal Pay Act, the Title IX education a. establishing social welfare programs to end amendment, and the proposed Equal Rights poverty amendment (ERA) were primarily efforts to improve b. passing civil rights legislation assuring fair the status of housing and equal employment opportunities a. African Americans c. removing restrictions on the number of b. Native American Indians immigrants entering the United States c. migrant workers d. expanding the United States space program d. women 21. The Peace Corps was established by President John F. 15. The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) Kennedy in an effort to provide was based on the constitutional principle of a. support to developing nations of the world a. protection of property rights b. job training for the unemployed b. freedom of speech c. markets for consumer goods c. right to privacy d. teachers for inner-city areas d. freedom of religion 22. President John F. Kennedy supported the 1961 Bay of 16. Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers Pigs invasion of Cuba as an effort to Organization Committee (UFWOC) in 1966 primarily a. remove a communist dictator from power to b. stop the flow of illegal drugs to the United a. secure voting rights for Mexican Americans States b. improve working conditions for migrant c. support Fidel Castro’s efforts for reform laborers d. rescue hostages held by Cuban freedom c. provide legal assistance to illegal aliens fighters d. increase farm income Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 27

23. Which statement about the Cuban missile crisis (1962) 29. A major long-term effect of the Vietnam War has is most accurate? been a. The crisis showed that the United States and a. an end to communist governments in Asia the Soviet Union could agree on total b. a change in United States foreign policy from disarmament. containment to imperialism b. The crisis brought the two major world c. a reluctance to commit United States troops powers very close to war. for extended military action abroad c. The United States wanted to establish missile d. a continued boycott of trade with Asia sites in Cuban territory. d. The Communist government in Cuba was 30. A constitutional issue that was frequently raised about overthrown. United States involvement in the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict was the 24. The Great Society programs of the 1960’s used the a. right to regulate commerce with foreign power of the Federal Government to bring about nations a. an all-volunteer military b. use of deficit spending to finance wars b. antipoverty reforms c. lack of a formal declaration of war by c. deregulation of business Congress d. reduced defense spending d. Supreme Court's role in foreign policy decision making 25. In 1965, Congress established Medicare to a. provide health care to the elderly 31. The primary purpose of the War Powers Act (1973) is b. assist foreign nations with their health to problems a. limit Presidential power to send troops into c. grant scholarships to medical students combat d. establish universal health care b. allow for a quicker response to a military attack 26. The history of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, c. assure adequate defense of the Western Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, and Lyndon Hemisphere Johnson's Great Society illustrates that d. stop the use of troops for nonmilitary a. domestic reform programs can be reduced by purposes involvement in war b. proposed reforms can be blocked by a 32. Base your answer to the following question on the Congress controlled by the opposition party cartoon below and on your knowledge of social c. United States citizens are generally hostile to studies. reform programs d. Presidents are rarely interested in domestic reform movements

27. "The Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." ––Tonkin Gulf Resolution August 7, 1964

The passage of this resolution led to a. the building of the Berlin Wall b. settlement of the Cuban missile crisis c. increased United States involvement in the Vietnam War d. the seizure of American hostages by Iran The main point of the cartoon is that Fidel Castro has a. tried to spread communism to the United 28. Most Americans who opposed sending United States States troops to fight in the Vietnam War believed that b. frustrated many Presidential administrations a. nuclear weapons should be used to end the c. allowed many Cuban refugees to come to the war United States b. the war should be extended into China d. failed to influence United States foreign c. the United States should not police the world policy d. international trade would be interrupted Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 28

Key Terms & Concepts Détente Three Mile Island End of the Cold War S.A.L.T. Camp David Accords Persian Gulf War New Federalism Iranian Hostage Crisis Heath Care Reform Watergate Affair Supply-Side Economics North American Free-Trade Agreement Spiro Agnew “Star Wars” (NAFTA) Inflation Iran-Contra Affair Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Stagflation Glasnost // Perestroika War on Terrorism

1. The main goal of President Richard Nixon’s foreign 6. "President Nixon Plans Trip to China To Meet with policy of détente was to Chairman Mao" a. assure American victory in Vietnam "President Carter Signs New Panama Canal Treaty" b. resolve conflicts in the Middle East "President Clinton Concludes Trade Agreement with c. abolish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Japan" (NATO) d. improve relations with the Soviet Union Each headline illustrates an action of a President fulfilling his role as 2. United States participation in the Washington a. head of his political party Conference (1921), in the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), b. Commander in Chief and in the SALT talks of the 1970’s is evidence that the c. chief diplomat United States d. chief legislator a. has followed a free trade policy for most of the 20th century 7. President Richard Nixon’s visit to the People’s b. relies on military alliances for defense against Republic of China in 1972 was significant because it aggression a. convinced the Chinese to abandon c. has been willing to cooperate with other nations communism to reduce world tensions b. brought about the unification of Taiwan and d. believes that cultural exchange programs are a Communist China way to promote international understanding c. reduced tensions between the United States and Communist China 3. The main significance of the Watergate affair was that it d. decreased United States dependence on a. led to the impeachment and conviction of Chinese exports President Richard Nixon b. showed that the laws of the United States are 8. Which statement is most accurate about the economy superior to the actions of a President of the United States during the 1970’s and early c. was the first time a President had disagreed 1980’s? with Congress a. The increased cost of imported oil hurt d. proved that Presidential powers are unlimited economic growth. b. The Federal budget was balanced. 4. Which principle was most weakened as a result of the c. Inflation declined sharply throughout these Watergate controversy? years. a. congressional immunity d. The number of jobs in farming increased b. executive privilege while service jobs decreased. c. judicial review d. States' Rights 9. The Camp David accords negotiated during President Jimmy Carter’s administration were an attempt to 5. The Presidency of Gerald Ford was different from all a. decrease United States control of the Panama previous Presidencies because he was the first President Canal who b. encourage the use of solar and other a. won the office by running on a third-party nonpolluting energy sources ticket c. end inflationary oil prices b. resigned from the office of the President d. establish peace in the Middle East c. ran for office as a nonpartisan candidate d. was not elected to either the Presidency or the Vice-Presidency Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 29

10. A major policy of President Ronald Reagan’s 17. For the United States, the breakup of the Soviet Union administration was to has had the greatest effect on a. reduce defense spending a. import quotas b. lower federal income tax rates b. immigration policies c. end desegregation of public facilities c. advances in technology d. promote regulation of small businesses d. defense spending

11. According to the supply-side economics principles 18. One important conclusion that can be drawn as a promoted by President Ronald Reagan, economic result of the United States experience in both the growth would occur when Spanish-American War (1898) and the Persian Gulf a. corporate business taxes were reduced War (1991) is that b. business was regulated by antitrust legislation a. only the President should decide issues of c. unemployment benefits were increased war and peace d. investment in capital goods was decreased b. the media are a powerful influence in shaping American public opinion toward war 12. What is the main criticism of affirmative action in c. the public has little confidence in the ability recent years? of the American military a. The program has been extremely costly to the d. international organizations play a decisive Federal Government. role in determining the outcome of a war b. Hiring quotas for minorities may have denied opportunities to other qualified persons. 19. One direct result of the Persian Gulf War was that the c. Very few minority persons have been hired. United States d. Most state governments have been unwilling a. gained control of oil resources in the Middle to enforce the program. East b. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control 13. Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader are similar to the c. brought about peaceful relations between muckrakers of the Progressive Era because they have Israel and its neighbors a. advocated a total change in the structure of d. obtained overseas colonies in the Middle East government b. attempted to expose societal problems 20. One similarity between the Korean War and the c. failed to influence public opinion Persian Gulf War is that in each conflict the d. supported anti-American activities a. United States attempted to limit traffic through the Suez Canal 14. A major goal of the women’s movement over the past b. sentiment of the American public turned twenty years has been to gain against the conflict a. full property rights c. United Nations took action to halt the b. the right to vote aggression c. equal economic opportunity d. dictators of North Korea and Iraq were d. better access to Social Security removed from office

15. The goal of current Federal Government policies 21. During the 1990s, an increase in Mexican immigration toward Native Americans is to to the United States was caused by the immigrants’ a. make Native Americans more dependent on desire for the Federal Government a. greater political freedom b. give the states more control over Native b. bilingual education American affairs c. better economic opportunities c. eliminate tribal ties and customs d. religious freedom d. give Native Americans more control over their own affairs 22. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is 16. In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the meant to surviving Americans of Japanese descent who were a. increase commerce and eliminate tariffs interned during World War II because b. encourage lower labor costs a. the danger of war with Japan no longer c. raise environmental standards existed d. allow citizens to move freely from one nation b. all of the interned Japanese Americans to another eventually became American citizens c. the World Court ordered the United States to pay reparations d. many Americans believed the internment was unjust and unnecessary Regents Review 2007 – 2008 v. 3 // Page 30

23. The main reason that the United States sent troops to 28. Reducing interest rates to stimulate economic growth Bosnia in 1995 was to try to is a function of the a. bring a peaceful end to a civil war a. Department of Commerce b. contain the spread of communism b. Federal Reserve System c. take over the area as a protectorate c. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation d. resettle refugees in North America d. Securities and Exchange Commission

24. Which statement about the impeachment trials of both 29. The federal government enforced the antitrust laws in President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton court cases against Northern Securities Company, is most accurate? AT&T, and Microsoft in an effort to a. The House of Representatives failed to vote a. increase business competition for articles of impeachment. b. nationalize important industries b. Only President Johnson was convicted and c. improve public trust in corporate leaders removed from office. d. generate more investment capital c. Only President Clinton was convicted and removed from office. 30. The growth of modern technology has resulted in d. The Senate failed to convict either president. a. a decrease in the population of the world b. increasing interdependence among nations 25. What was a direct result of the census of 2000? c. a growing need for unskilled labor a. Personal income tax rates were changed. d. a sharp decline in the need for oil and coal b. New United States District Courts were created. 31. Social scientists use the expression “the graying of c. Seats in the House of Representatives were America” to describe the reapportioned. a. aging of the nation’s population d. The number of United States Senators was b. declining political power of older Americans increased. c. possible failure of the Social Security System d. increasing number of babies born to older 26. The dispute over counting Florida voter ballots in the couples presidential election of 2000 was settled by a. an order of the governor of Florida 32. One way in which the Watergate controversy, the b. an agreement between the candidates Iran-Contra affair, and the Whitewater investigation c. a vote of the United States Senate are similar is that each led to d. a United States Supreme Court decision a. the addition of new amendments to the Constitution 27. As the average age of the nation’s population b. the impeachment of a President increases, there will be a need to c. a loss of respect for government leaders by a. create more child care facilities the American public b. address the financing of Medicare d. convictions of several military leaders for c. increase the number of public schools sexual harassment d. reform immigration laws