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Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities / Edited by Michael S

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Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities / Edited by Michael S FM-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 6:18 PM Page i FM-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 6:18 PM Page ii Handbook of Studies on MEN & MASCULINITIES Editors Michael S. Kimmel Jeff Hearn R. W. Connell State University of Swedish School of University of Sydney New York at Stony Brook Economics, Helsinki FM-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 6:18 PM Page iv Copyright © 2005 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of studies on men and masculinities / edited by Michael S. Kimmel, Jeff Hearn, and R.W. Connell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7619-2369-1 (cloth) 1. Men—Social conditions. 2. Masculinity. 3. Sex role. I. Kimmel, Michael S. II. Hearn, Jeff, 1947- III. Connell, R. W. HQ1090.H33 2004 305.31—dc22 2004003826 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 0405060710987654321 Acquisitions Editor: Jerry Westby Editorial Assistant: Vonessa Vondera Production Editor: Denise Santoyo Copy Editors: Katherine Chilton A. J. Sobczak Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Indexer: Pamela Van Huss Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny FM-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 6:18 PM Page v CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 R. W. Connell, Jeff Hearn, and Michael S. Kimmel PART I. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 13 2. Social Theories for Researching Men and Masculinities: Direct Gender Hierarchy and Structural Inequality 15 Øystein Gullvåg Holter 3. Men, Masculinities, and Feminist Theory 35 Judith Kegan Gardiner 4. Queering the Pitch? Gay Masculinities 51 Tim Edwards PART II. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PATTERNS 69 5. Globalization, Imperialism, and Masculinities 71 R. W. Connell 6. Men in the Third World: Postcolonial Perspectives on Masculinity 90 Robert Morrell and Sandra Swart 7. Masculinities in Latin America 114 Matthew C. Gutmann and Mara Viveros Vigoya 8. East Asian Masculinities 129 Futoshi Taga 9. Men, Masculinities, and “Europe” 141 Critical Research on Men in Europe (CROME) PART III. STRUCTURES, INSTITUTIONS, AND PROCESSES 163 10. Class and Masculinity 165 David Morgan 11. Male Sexualities 178 Ken Plummer 12. Men, Masculinities, and Crime 196 James W. Messerschmidt FM-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 6:18 PM Page vi 13. Masculinities in Education 213 Jon Swain 14. Boys and Men in Families: The Domestic Production of Gender, Power, and Privilege 230 Michele Adams and Scott Coltrane 15. Fatherhood and Masculinities 249 William Marsiglio and Joseph H. Pleck 16. “Gentlemen, the Lunchbox Has Landed”: Representations of Masculinities and Men’s Bodies in the Popular Media 270 Jim McKay, Janine Mikosza, and Brett Hutchins 17. Men and Masculinities in Work, Organizations, and Management 289 David L. Collinson and Jeff Hearn PART IV. BODIES, SELVES, DISCOURSES 311 18. Still a Man’s World? Studying Masculinities and Sport 313 Michael A. Messner 19. The Study of Masculinities and Men’s Health: An Overview 326 Don Sabo 20. Masculinities and Interpersonal Violence 353 Walter S. DeKeseredy and Martin D. Schwartz 21. Masculinity and Degrees of Bodily Normativity in Western Culture 367 Thomas J. Gerschick 22. Transgendering, Men, and Masculinities 379 Richard Ekins and Dave King PART V. POLITICS 395 23. Nation 397 Joane Nagel 24. Globalization and Its Mal(e)contents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism 414 Michael S. Kimmel 25. War, Militarism, and Masculinities 432 Paul Higate and John Hopton 26. Islamist Masculinity and Muslim Masculinities 448 Shahin Gerami 27. Men’s Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism 458 Michael Flood Index 467 About the Editors 499 About the Contributors 501 01-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 12:13 PM Page 1 1 INTRODUCTION R. W. CONNELL JEFF HEARN MICHAEL S. K IMMEL n recent decades, the study of gender has of different masculinities is now recognized, expanded rapidly and with it, studies of and their origins, structures, and dynamics are I gender issues about men and masculinities. investigated. This investigation has now been Interest in these questions has developed across active for more than 20 years and has produced the social sciences, the humanities, the bio- a large and interesting body of research. logical sciences, and (to some extent) in other Monographs on masculinities appear in fields. This research interest reflects a growing every social and behavioral science discipline public interest in men’s and boys’ identities, and in every field of the humanities. As indica- conduct, and problems, ranging from men’s tors of the active growth of this field, there are violence to boys’ difficulties in school. now several scholarly journals specifically The field of gender research has mainly devoted to it. The scholarly journal Men and addressed questions about women and has Masculinities, published by Sage, is now in its mainly been developed by women. The impulse seventh volume year. Other journals include to develop gender studies has come mainly International Journal of Men’s Health, Journal from contemporary feminism, and women of Men’s Studies, Psychology of Men and have therefore mainly been the ones to make Masculinity, Working With Men, and the now gender visible in contemporary scholarship and defunct Masculinities and IASOM Bulletin. in public forums. Several publishers have launched book series Revealing the dynamics of gender, however, devoted to studies of men and masculinities, also makes masculinity visible and prob- including Beacon, Routledge, Unwin Hyman, lematizes the position of men. Both women and Zed. One of the first, and perhaps the most and men have addressed this problem. Where successful, series has been the Sage Series on men’s outlooks and culturally defined charac- Men and Masculinities, which included 15 inde- teristics were formerly the unexamined norm for pendently edited thematic volumes published science, citizenship, and religion, the specificity from 1992 to 2002. There are also a number of 1 01-Kimmel.qxd 6/22/04 12:13 PM Page 2 2 • HANDBOOK OF STUDIES ON MEN AND MASCULINITIES Web-based and other bibliographic resources recently organized an online discussion forum available, including The Men’s Bibliography, and expert group meeting on “the role of men constructed by Flood (2003), now in its 11th and boys in achieving gender equality” as part edition. of its preparation for the 48th session of the The global growth of research is shown by Commission on the Status of Women, with the the fact that in the last 7 years, not just individ- following comments: ual research reports but whole collections of research have been published in Australia Over the last decade, there has been a growing (Tomsen & Donaldson, 2003), Brazil (Arilha, interest in the role of men in promoting gender equality, in particular as the achievement of Unbehaum Ridenti, & Medrado, 1998), France gender equality is now clearly seen as a societal (Welzer-Lang, 2000), the former Soviet coun- responsibility that concerns and should fully tries (Novikova & Kambourov, 2003), Germany engage men as well as women. The global com- (Multioptionale Männlichkeiten?, 1998, Bosse mitment to gender equality in the Beijing Platform & King, 2000), Japan (Louie & Low, 2003), for Action and other major international confer- Latin America as a whole (Olavarría & Moletto, ences and summits, and in the existing interna- 2002), the Middle East (Ghoussoub & Sinclair- tional legal framework, including the Convention Webb, 2000), New Zealand (Law, Campbell, & on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Dolan, 1999), the Nordic regions (Ervø & against Women and ILO Conventions, have Johansson, 2003a, 2003b), the postcolonial encouraged and accelerated efforts in this regard. world (Ouzgane & Coleman, 1998), and To further develop efforts in this area, the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women Southern Africa (Morrell, 2001a), in addition to (CSW) will consider the role of men and boys the work published beginning in the late 1980s in achieving gender equality at its forty-eighth in the United Kingdom (Hearn & Morgan, session in March 2004. 1990), Canada (Haddad, 1993; Kaufman, 1987), and the United States (Brod, 1987; Kimmel, We believe this is a propitious moment to 1987). In addition, several works have appeared stand back from this developing field, summa- on global perspectives more generally, in a rize where we have got to, and think about future series called Global Masculinities (Cleaver, directions for the field. These are the tasks of this 2002; Pease & Pringle, 2002). There are also handbook. We hope to make current scholarship a number of collective publications from the available to a new generation of researchers and 10-country European Union (EU)–funded students and to a wider audience concerned with European Research Network on Men in Europe policy and with practical or cultural issues about (see Chapter 9). The global perspective on men, boys, and gender. research on men and masculinities is discussed The authors of these chapters are among in more detail below. the best-known experts in their particular fields The research debate is closely paralleled today. Many have themselves undertaken the by the global policy debate. Following the path-breaking research that defined and ener- world conferences on women that began in gized a particular line of enquiry. Their com- 1975, there has been an increasing global debate mand of the field and their ability to convey it on the implications of gender issues for men.
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