SEG-HEAVYOILS-10-0501-Index 315..318

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Date: 22nd September 2010 Time: 12:15 User ID: muralir

Index A constrained prestack linear inversion, 178–179 G conventional seismic profile, 36 Alberta Oil Sands Technology Research Authority core velocity data Gabor deconvolution (AOSTRA), 47 rock physics model and, 215 radial component data processing, 196–197 American Petroleum Institute (API) crosswell imaging, 42–60, 259–263 vertical component data processing, 192 definition of heavy oils, 73 background, 259–260 gas effect, 76–77 gravity oil deposits, 89 reservoir features, 260–263 gas-oil ratio (GOR), 13, 74 anisotropic imaging, 176 crude oil Gassmann equation aromatics, 7, 73 chemical properties of, 6–8 fluid substitution, 243–245 asphaltenes, 7, 73 classification, 8 steam injection, 123–124 Athabasca, Alberta, Canada, 8 crystalline solid, 74 Uvalde heavy-oil rock, 84–86 deterministic mapping, 165–171 cyclic steam injection (stimulation) (CSS), 28, geomechanical deformation environment of deposition, 203–204 251 steam injection, 293–300 mechanisms for formation of deposit, 10 cyclohexane, 7 geomechanics mudstone clasts and SAGD process, 203– impact on seismic monitoring, 290 214 in thermal processes, 287–291 AVO analysis D geometry elastic parameters from, 33 radial component, 195–196 deasphalting migration, 10 three-term, 166–167 vertical component data processing, 192–193 density after inversion of data, 35 geotailoring density reflectivity reservoirs with viscosity variations, 269–270 from AVO analysis, 35 B glass point, 74 depth-variant stack benzene, 7 glassy solid, 74 radial component data processing, 195–196 Berea sandstone, 116 greenhouse gas emissions, 64–65 derived facies profile, 36 biodegradation, 267–268 Gregoire Lake In Situ Steam Pilot (GLISP), deterministic mapping Biot-Squirt model. see BISQ model 46, 47, 49 Athabasca, Alberta, Canada, 165–171 BISQ model, 113–116 Grosmont Formation, 139, 155–163 bitumen diagenetic evolution compressional velocities, 16 carbonates in Western Canada, 137–138 definition, 8, 73 dilation, 288–289 H density as function of temperature, 17 dry gas, 13–14 Hangingstone steam-assisted gravity drainage exploitation, 161–163 dry gas reservoirs (SAGD), 121–127, 215–226 temperature dependence, 16 Western Canada, 144 heavy oils viscosity as function of temperature, 16 Alberta, 10 viscosity effects on production, 265–273 challenges for production, 60–66 bituminous-oil reservoirs, 107–112 E cold production, 243–249 elastic property changes, 121–127 effective stress, 287 correlating chemical and physical properties, bulk modulus, 14 elastic moduli versus temperature, 18 89–97 elastic property changes definition, 73 bitumen reservoir, 121–127 geology of two major areas, 21–25 C sequential, 126–127 geomechanics in, 287–291 Canada Elgin sandstone, 114, 116 geophysical characterization of formations, heavy oil deposits in, 22–25 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 42–60 32–41 Canadian tar sands laboratory measurements, 102–105 HS modeling, 86–87 modeling studies, 81–87 modeling studies, 82–84 F multicomponent characterization for form- CAPRI process, 30–31, 276–277 facies modeling, 209 ations, 37–42 carbonate triangle facies prediction, 230–231 physical properties pre- and postproduction, Alberta, 10 fluid heterogeneity 245 cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS), caused by biodegradation, 267–268 properties of, 14–18 31 fluid property variations recovery, 25–31 Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada, 9 impact on recovery, 268–269 reservoir properties, 99–105 cold production, 237–241, 243–249 fluid substitution reservoirs, 1–17 collaborative methods, 251–257 Gassmann’s equation, 243–245 resource for the future, 1–2 model and methodology, 237–238 foamy oil rocks and, 5–6 reservoir simulation of, 255–256 cold production and, 251 rocks saturated with, 18–20 rock physics of, 253–255 fracturing samples, 90 seismic modeling and imaging, 238–240 Grosmont Formation, 157–159 upgrading of, 63 seismic resolution of zones, 251–253 frequency attenuation, 52–55 viscosity effects on production, 265–273 common conversion point (CCP), 191 frequency dependence Western Canada, 143 common depth point (CDP), 191 oil sand, 20 worldwide production, 9 compressional velocity frequency effect, 79 horizon slice, 33 oil sand, 18–19 fuel consumption, 62 horizontal well pair planning, 231–233

315

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Date: 22nd September 2010 Time: 12:15 User ID: muralir

316 Heavy Oils: Reservoir Characterization and Production Monitoring

horizontal wells, 32, 34 mudstone volume modeling, 209–211 pyrolysis-MBMS hot production, 243 multiattribute analysis, 34 heavy oil properties, 91–92, 95–96 Hashin-Shtrikman (HS) bounds multicomponent data, 37–42 elastic property estimation, 82–87 multilayer feedforward neural network (MLFN), hydrocarbons, 6 187–189 Q general phase behavior, 11–12 multitransient electromagnetic surveys, 301–307 quasi-solid, 74 low-shrinkage, 13 mixtures, 13–14 R multicomponent system, 12 N single-component system, 12, 13 n-butane, 7 radial filter hydrology near-surface static solution radial component data processing, 195 Devonian petroleum system, 139–143 radial component data processing, 195–199 vertical component data processing, 192 hyperbolic normal moveout, 191 vertical component data processing, 192– radial component data processing, 195–199 194 reflected light view, 19 neural networks analysis relative density, 35 I characterization of heavy oil reservoir, reservoir deformations, 289–290 imaging 183–190 reservoir description oil-sand reservoirs, 173–181 Nisku Pools, 144 Whitesands, 275–276 inclined plate setters (IPS), 27 North Sea sandstone, 113 reservoir geology inelastic losses, 177 Grosmont, 155–157 in situ recovery techniques, 27–28 reservoir heterogeneity in situ recovery zones (ISC), 27 O Athabasca oil sands, 165–171 monitoring fire front, 43–44 oil sands, 8 reservoir modeling inverted velocity profiles, 47–48 oil-sands reservoir geostatistical, 203–214 iso-butane, 7 Alberta, 10 workflow, 208–212 facies prediction, 230–231 reservoir properties, 99–105 geologic background, 227–228 Western Canada, 143–151 J geophysical background, 228–229 reservoir simulation Jackfish Heavy Oil Project, 191–200 monitoring, 215–226 cold production, 255–256 J-well and gravity-assisted drainage steam optimization of fields development, 227– resins, 7, 73 stimulation (JAGD), 270–273 234 resistivity monitoring viscosity effects on production, 265–273 thermal recovery, 304–306 workflow, 229–230 retrograde gas condensate, 13 K oil-to-steam ratio (OSR), 28 rheology Keg River, 139–141 oil viscosity. see viscosity heavy oil properties, 90–93 Kirchhoff migration oil-water contact (OWC), 267 rock physics vertical component data processing, 194– oxidation, 10 cold production of heavy oils, 253–255 195 rock physics analysis Athabasca oil sands, 165–166 P rock physics model L passive seismic and surface monitoring, 293– core velocity data and, 215 laboratory measurements 300 rocks heavy-oil reservoirs, 102–105 Peace River, Alberta, Canada, 9 saturated with heavy oil, 18–20 sandstone reservoirs, 114 Peace River Arch, 134 Russia land surface disturbance and reclamation, 62 petroleum reserves, 6 natural bitumen, 4–5 large tailings pond, 27 phase behavior layered mining, 27 hydrocarbons, 11–12 light crude reservoirs pore fluid viscosity S Western Canada, 148–151 effects on P-wave attenuation, 113–119 sandstone liquid-assisted steam-enhanced recovery (LASER), porosity and permeability estimations, 211–212 pore fluid viscosity in, 113–118 32 postproduction SARA fractionation, 7 liquid point, 78–79 physical properties of heavy oils, 245 saturates, 7, 73 lithology distribution, 41 PP data, 38–42 scanning electronic microscope log curves, 41 time-lapse results, 279–280 carbonate saturated with heavy oil, 19 Long Lake South project, 183–190 preproduction seismic calibration and interpretation, 215–222 physical properties of heavy oils, 245 seismic data pressure dependence acquisition, 191–192 M during steam injection, 121–122 attribute selection for facies discrimina- McMurray Valley system, 183 pressure effect, 76–77 tion, 206–208 measured P-wave velocity pressure pulse technology (PPT), 32 comparison with 2D time-lapse imaging, oil sand, 20 probabilistic neural network (PNN), 187–189 111–112 mechanical damage to rock, 288–290 PS data, 37–41 conditioning of, 276–278 mega-breccia zones time-lapse results, 279–280 impact of geomechanics, 290 Grosmont, 159–161 PSEI implications of monitoring, 116–118 megaporosity zones heavy oil reservoirs, 99–105 multicomponent processing, 191–200 Grosmont, 158 P-SV converted-wave 3D monitoring, 215–226 seismic inversion microseismic results, 294–297 analysis and interpretation, 222–225 oil-sand reservoirs, 173–181 mine tailings disposal, 62 P-to-S converted-wave elastic impedance. see seismic resolution mudstone clasts facies PSEI cold production zones, 251–253 effect on SAGD process, 203–214 P-wave attenuation seismic response permeability of sand, 204–206 pore fluid viscosity effects, 113–119 effects of cold production, 237–241

Date: 22nd September 2010 Time: 12:15 User ID: muralir

Index 317

seismic rock physics rock physics and reservoir parameters, 109– dispersion, 125–126 steam injection, 107–112 111 factors influencing, 76–79 seismic tomography methods, 56–60 velocity models seismic transformation and classification (STAC), light and heavy oils, 74–76 35 T velocity-temperature measurements, 74 seismic wave attenuation, 113 tailings oil recovery (TOR), 27 Venezuelan asphaltene, 7 sequential rock physics model, 124–125 tar mats, 73 vertical component data processing, 192–195 shale caprock tar sands, 8, 311–313 viscosity shear at, 289 temperature dependence impact on production, 265–273 shearing, 288–289 during steam injection, 121–123 pore fluid, 113–119 shear properties, 17–18 temperature effect, 77–78 versus temperature, 16 shear storage modulus, 18 thermal enhanced oil recovery processes temperature trends, 74 heavy oil rock, 21 (THEOR), 287–291 variations, 269–270 shear velocity versus temperature, 76 thermally induced stress changes, 287–288 VP/VS ratio shear-wave measurements, 75 thermal recovery characterization of heavy-oil reservoir, 183– slurry fracture injection (SFI), 31 resistivity monitoring, 304–306 190 solubility contrast, 159 tiltmeter results, 297 heavy-oil cold production effects, 243–249 sonic log, 21 time difference maps, 54 source rocks time-lapse 3D seismic monitoring, 215–226 Western Canada, 139 monitoring of THAI, 275–282 W sour gas reservoirs time-lapse imaging, 2D water consumption, 62 Western Canada, 143 comparison with seismic data, 111–112 water washing, 10 spectral decomposition, 222 time-lapse monitoring, 42–60 wavelet stretch correction, 176 steam and gas push (SAGP), 30 conditioning of seismic data for, 276–278 Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, 1, 131– steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), 4, 28– results, 279 151 29, 73, 251 Toe-to-Heel-Air-Injection (THAITM), 30–31 basin evolution and structure, 133–136 in bituminous-oil reservoirs, 107–112 time-lapse seismic monitoring of, 275–283 crude oil resources, 132 Grosmont, 161–162 transducer design, 103 diagenetic evolution of carbonates, 137– Hangingstone, 121–127, 215–226 true amplitude recovery (TAR), 193 139 monitoring flooding, 50–52 hydrology and migration, 139–143 mudstone clasts effects, 203–214 reservoirs, 143–151 multitransient electromagnetic surveys, 301– U sedimentation and facies, 136–137 307 U. S. Geological Survey source rocks, 139 steam flood monitoring, 45–46 definition of heavy oils, 73 wet gas, 13 steam injection ultrasonic measurements Whitesands project, 275–282 in bituminous-oil reservoirs, 107–112 heavy oil properties, 91, 93 wide-angle prestack seismic inversion, 173–181 elastic property changes in bitumen, 121–127 Uvalde heavy-oil rock angle requirements and difficulties, 174–179 geomechanical deformation with, 293–300 generalized Gassmann’s equation, 84–85 anisotropic imaging, 176 from pore perspective, 302–303 HS modeling, 83–84 constrained prestack linear, 178–179 steam-to-oil ratios (SORs), 32 modeling studies, 81–82 for density, 175–176 sulfur, 7 inelastic losses, 177 surface mining, 25–26 wavelet stretch correction, 176 Surmont bitumen reservoir, 173–181 V Winterburn Group, 135–137 sweet gas reservoirs vapor extraction (VAPEX) method, 31 Woodbend Group, 135–137 Western Canada, 144 velocity, 16 wormholes, 31, 239, 243, 253 synthetic modeling anomalies, 278 cold production and, 251

Date: 22nd September 2010 Time: 12:15 User ID: muralir

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