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Placement of Ventilation Air Intakes for Improved IAQ

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Placement of Ventilation Air Intakes for Improved IAQ AIVC 11891 4229 (RP-806) Placement of Ventilation Air Intakes for Improved IAQ Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E. Kelly A. Moylan Member ASHRAE Student Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT to produce a design guide, and to recommend any needed research. The ultimate goal of this and related projects is to ASHRAE Research Project 806, Design Criteria fo r improve indoor air quality (IAQ) in commercial and institu­ Building Ve ntilation Inlets, reviews existingknowledge of the tional buildings. placement of ventilationair louvers, produces a design guide, and suggests additional research, all with the intention of This paper discusses previous research effortson building improving indoor air quality in commercial and institutional ventilation inlets and outlines the material in the project's buildings. Decisions about intake and exhaust placements ''Designer's Guide to Placement of Ventilation Air Intake made early in the architectural and HVAC system design Louvers" (ASHRAE 1998a). This ''Designer's Guide" is a less processes will impact occupants over the life of a building. technical description of the problems associated with intake Such placement decisions, therefo re, require proper consider­ placement and presents some example calculations. The ation. Thereis little guidance currently available to designers, project's "Literature Report" (AS:H:EAE 1998b) covers the but research efforts in this area are expanding. previous research effortsin somewhat more detail than can be Previous research efforts andstandards relating to venti­ presented in thispaper. A lengthy bibliographyis provided too. lation air intakeplacement are described in this paper. However, more extensive coverage and a lengthy bibliography are AIRFLOWS IN HVAC SYSTEMS providedin the project's "LiteratureReport. " In "A Designer's Figure 1 shows anidealized air-handling unit (AHU) and Guideto PlaceTTrent of Ve ntilation Air IntakeLouvers" fo r the airflows typical of single-zone packaged or built-up HVAC project, the phenomena, standards,and design experiencesthat systems in many commercial, institutional, and industrial affect the placementof intakeair louvers arereviewed using less buildings. Of the packaged HVAC systems, rooftop units technical text, many graphics, andexample calculations. (RTUs) arevery popular.Some of the returnair being retrieved More research is needed on ventilation intake placement from a thermal zone is typically recirculated and some is fo r common commercialHV AC systems with rooftop,through­ exhausted through a grille that penetrates the envelope of a the-wall, and at-grade louvers. Most existing knowledge is packaged HVAC unit or a building. Outside air is brought in derived fromthe many studies on industrialstack exhaust-gas through an air intake louver. If not part of a packaged unit, reentrainment and not common HVAC geometries. Thefind­ these louvers and grilles may be on or in the roofs, in stacks, ings of such future research and a summary of this project's inthe buildings' exteriorwalls, or through grates in sidewalks, "Designer's Guide" need to be included infuture revisions of forexample. The outdoor airbrought in throughthe louvers by ASHRAEHandbook chapters. theAHU is combined with the recirculated airto form mixed air. This mixed air is then conditioned and delivered to the INTRODUCTION zone as supply air (ASHRAE 1997a, Chapter 25). The purpose of ASHRAE Research Project 806 was to Most residential buildings in theU.S. rely on infiltration review existingknowledge of ventilationair inlet placement, for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality and, thus, have Brian A. Rock is an associate professor and graduate adviser and Kelly A. Moylan is a Master's student in the ArchitecturalEngineering Departmentat the University of Kansas,Lawrence. THIS PREPRINT IS FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY, FOR INCLUSION IN ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS 1999, V. 105, Pt.1. Not lobe reprinted in whole or in part without written permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullis Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Opinions, finding&, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ASHRAE. Written questions andcomments regarding this paper should be received at ASHRAE no later than F*uary 13, 1999. .. Figure 1 shows thatoutside air is usuallydelivered to ther­ OutsldB Air MiXf1dAir Heating Coll Supply Air Fan mal zones as all or partof the supply air.To ensure proper IAQ, (OA) {MA) (HC) {SAF). i.1 the designer needs to consider whether the outside airwill be ·;:. ' z introduced consistently and, within reason, wllat conditidns Louver % ..; .. % ' • �,;-' ; are likely to occur over the expected life of the HVAC system Filter Cooling Coll" . Supply Air ;\ thatwill affect thequality of the outside air.For example, the (F) (CC) '! {SA) exhaust air �pown in Figure 1 is considered "used" and thus not suitable for ventilation air, so reentry needs to be reduced Outside Inside t Rei:lrr:u/atlidAir (CAJ,. to an acceptable level• Because louvers and grilles are typi­ Dampors Return Air ; , ; callyin fixedloca tions.1 their originalplacement will influence (D) (RA) the quality of outside air introduced to buildings over many z ' Grllle % +; + years. ' .. Exhaust Air Return Air Fan Louvers and Grilles 1 {EA) (RAF) From a simple fluid dynamics point of view, a louver or grille is unnecessary unless a particular downstreamdirection Figure I Airflows and equipment terminologyfo r a foran airflow is desired. Having no restriction in an outside or simple zane all-air air-handling system exhaust air duct as it passes through a building envelope or (ASHRAE J998a). packaged HV AC unit would result ina lower airpressure loss, no provisions for drawing in outside air through theirHVAC and, thus, reduced fanenergy use, rather thanhaving a louver units. A common exception are apartment and dormitory or grille in place. However, louvers and grillesare installed to buildings with centralized ventilation systems. Modem help keep moisture, insects, birds, leaves, and trespassers out commercial and institutional buildings in the U.S. primarily of buildings and equipment. They can also provide a more use the airflows, as depicted in Figure 1, to provide forced or aestheticallypleasing appearance than just darkholes in build­ mechanical ventilation. Industrial buildings may use infiltra­ ings and HVAC units. tion, forced ventilation, or both. This project, therefore, For a nonmanufacturer-specific introductionto the phys­ focused on the placement of forced -ventilation intakes in ical descriptionand specificationoflouvers andgrill es, see the commercial, institutional, and some industrial RV.AC Application :Manual for Air Louvers- (AMCA 1993). This systems. However, the principles discussed in this0paper, the booklet covers topics from louver design to construction "Literature Report," and the "Designer's Guide" ca.iialsQ p� details. AMCA'sbooklet and themanufacturers' catalogs that applied to residential buildings that utilizeforced ventilati.9n. were reviewed as part of this ASHRAE project did not give much guidance to designers concerningplacement of louvers . u and grilles and the placement's ..effect on a;d.90i:airquality . Ventilation .. - ) . • •' '' .,r r - Good indoor air quality is required in buildings to nralli� OUTSIDE AIR POLLUTANTS,_, ::· : . � -.r·. c� i'. -i ··· �c'c . tain healthy living and productive working environmlnts. Basic ventilation design assumes airborne pollutants Therefore, a goal in the design of the ventilation system is to generated V(ithina buildingcan be diluted b)'.the introduction ensure thatoutside air brought into the system is of high qual­ of outside air.This as��ption that outdoor air is cleaner than ity,if possible. The cleanerthe incanting air, the less treatment indoorair _dqes not neeessarily hold truewithin an urban area is required and, therefore, the less costly the system. where, forexample, 'Y.ehicle exhaust, gaseous industrialemis­ Ventilation air is definedin AN SUASHRAEStandard 62- sions, and/orair stagnation aff ect th.equalify of theoutQ.oor air. 1989, Ventilation fo r Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ Although the literature addresses all thesesources of pollut­ ASHRAE 1989) as outside air or suitably treatedrecirculated ants, by far the most prevalent topic is the reentry of exhaust air.Where theoutside airis knownto be of unacceptable qual­ fumesfrom a fixed,.lgi.own source.into a-nearby ventilation air ity, treatment of the outside airand/or recirculated airmay be intake. Other related'issnes addressedin the literature include ' ' I required.Designers often considerthe outside airto be accept­ wind effectsoi;i HVAC'system performanceand thermalstrat- able, so it is used directly to dilute airborne contaminants ificationof theatmosphere. , ;· ' ' · ' within buildings. Only some filtering of themixed airis typi­ Standard62'�}'Ventilation Rate Piocedme"requires that cally provided to remove larger particulates.However, after a certain amount of ventilation air be delivered to building reading this project's paper and the "Designer's Guide," occUpants (AN°Sl!ASHRAE 1989). If the building's HVAC designers should give further thought to the condition of! arr systen{exhailst aihvas'·so'mehow sii'bs&litially reentrained, ' passing through air intake louvers. This is especially impor­ the ventilation system�·woriid not fully-p �ffonil its intended tant in dense urban areasand other areas known to have ques­
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