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Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Analyse Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches

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Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Analyse Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches Simon Berg Changing America: Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Analyse Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches Simon Berg Pro gradu-avhandling i engelska språket och litteraturen Handledare: Brita Wårvik Fakulteten för humaniora, psykologi och teologi Åbo Akademi 2018 Simon Berg Åbo Akademi University – The Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Abstract for Master’s Thesis Subject: English Language and Literature Author: Simon Berg Titel: Changing America: Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Analyse Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches Supervisor: Brita Wårvik The aim of the study was to learn if there is any truth to the claims that Donald Trump has caused a new, harsher political discourse. This was done by analysing the presidential nomination acceptance speeches by Bill Clinton, George Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. By comparing the four speeches it is possible to determinate if the speech by Trump stands out, either when it comes to content or how he speaks. The speeches are the first public appearance by the candidates after being elected as candidates for their party, this means that they are the end of the primary election and the beginning of the Presidential election campaign. The study is primarily conducted using critical discourse analysis. Due to the inherent flaws of critical discourse analysis, in that it lacks a dedicated method of gathering data and might therefore allow for a subjective interpretation of the findings, corpus linguistics has been introduced as a supporting element. This also brings another dimension to the research. The study functions as an experiment in combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, to see if the two can be combined and whether the addition of corpus linguistics negates the characteristic problems of critical discourse analysis. The candidates all focus on the same four themes, this suggests that the speeches fulfil the same functions for all of the candidates. The functions are: self-presentation, introduction of their political agenda, inclusion as a way of connecting with the audience and identification of the opposition through exclusion. All candidates are keen to introduce themselves and their political agenda. While the policies differ somewhat, the idea of a need for change is expressed by all candidates. The differences between the speeches by Clinton, Bush and Obama can be explained by them belonging to tow different political parties and by a changes geopolitical setting. Clinton, Bush and Obama all present themselves as the candidate for all Americans, and do not define who is and who is not American. This makes the speeches extremely inclusive. Trump also describes himself as the candidate for all Americans, but he seems to limit who should be defined as an American. The biggest difference between Trump and the other candidates is how exclusion is used. Trump uses exclusion to target the opposition in the upcoming election and others that he identifies as threats to America by labelling them as dangerous and un-American. Clinton, Bush and Obama also use exclusion to identify the opposition, but they do this without labelling the opposing candidate as dangerous. As the candidates all use the speeches in similar manner, it can be concluded that they form a genre. Trump is shown to differ from the other candidate, both when it comes to the content of his speech and how it is delivered. The study also shows that combining critical discourse linguistics and corpus linguistics works, and that the inclusion of corpus linguistics allows for a controlled way of gathering data which brings objectivity to the research. Key words: critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, political discourse, political speeches, election campaign, Bill Clinton, George Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump Date: 21.9.2018 Number of pages: 132 Simon Berg Åbo Akademi – Fakulteten för humaniora, psykologi och teologi Abstrakt för avhandling pro gradu Ämne: Engelska språket och litteraturen Författare: Simon Berg Arbetets titel: Ett Amerika i förändring: en analys av det amerikanska presidentvalets nomineringstal genom en kombination av kritisk diskursanalys och korpuslingvistik Handledare: Brita Wårvik Studiens syfte var att redogöra för om det finns någon grund för den kritik som har förts fram gentemot Donald Trump gällande han bidragande till en ny, hårdare politisk diskurs. I studien har Bill Clintons, George Bushs, Barack Obamas och Donald Trumps nomineringstal analyserats. Genom att jämföra de fyra talen går det att se om Trump skiljer sig från de övriga, endera genom vad han talar om eller hur han gör det. Talen är det första framträdande som kandidaterna gör efter att de har blivit nominerade som sitt partis kandidater, och de kan därför ses som slutet på kampen inom paritet och början av den egentliga presidentvalskampanjen. Studien har i huvudsak utförts genom att använda kritisk diskursanalys. På grund av vissa brister i kritisk diskursanalys, huvudsakligen dess avsaknad en metodologi för insamlande av data och risken för att genomföra en subjektiv studie, har korpuslingvistik introducerats som ett stödande element. Detta tillför även en extra dimension i avhandlingen. Studien är ett försök till att reda ut om kritisk diskursanalys och korpuslingvistik verkligen fungerar i kombination med varandra, och om inkluderingen av korpuslingvistik kan avhjälpa de karakteristiska problem som kritisk diskursanalys lider av. Alla kandidater fokuserar på fyra gemensamma teman, det här tyder på att talen fyller samma funktion för alla kandidater. Funktionerna är: presentation, introduktion av deras politiska agenda, inkludering som ett sätt att förena sig med åhörarna och identifikation av motståndare genom exkludering. Alla kandidater är prioriterar att introducera sig själva och sin politiska agenda. De policyn som presenteras skiljer sig något från varandra, men alla kandidater lyfter fram behovet av förändring. Skillnaderna mellan Clintons, Bushs och Obamas tal kan förklaras av att de tillhör två olika partier och av förändringar i det geopolitiska läget. Clinton, Bush och Obama för alla fram sig själva som en kandidat för alla amerikaner, men väljer att inte ta ställning till vem som kan räknas som amerikan. Detta gör talen extremt inkluderande. Trump beskriver sig också som en kandidat för alla amerikaner, men till skillnad från de övriga verkar han definiera vem som kan räknas som amerikan. Den största skillnaden mellan Trump och övriga kandidater är hur exkludering används. Trump använder det för att identifiera motståndaren i det stundande valet och andra som han ser som ett hot mot Amerika. Dessa betecknar han som farliga och oamerikanska. Clinton, Bush och Obama använder också exkludering för att identifiera deras motståndare i valet, men de undviker att tala negativt om motståndet. Eftersom alla kandidater använder talen på likande sätt går det att slå fast att de bildar en egen genre. Trump skiljer sig bevisligen från övriga kandidater, detta gäller både vad han talar om och hur han väljer att tala. Studien visar också att kombinationen av kritisk diskursanalys och korpuslingvistik fungerar, och att inkluderingen av korpuslingvistik ger möjlighet till att på ett kontrollerbart sätt samla in data vilket tillför objektivitet till analysen. Nyckelord: kritisk diskursanalys, korpuslingvistik, politisk diskurs, politiska tal, valkampanj, Bill Clinton, George Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump Datum: 21.9.2018 Sidoantal: 132 Simon Berg Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Nomination Speeches .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics ............................................... 2 2. Critical Discourse Analysis ..................................................................................... 3 2.1 A Historical Perspective on Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................ 5 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis in a context ................................................................. 6 2.3 The Inherent Problems of Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................... 8 3. Corpus Linguistics ................................................................................................ 13 3.1 The Case for Mixing Methodologies .................................................................... 13 3.2 Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics .......................... 14 4. Aims, Methods and Materials ............................................................................... 21 4.1 Aims of the Study ................................................................................................. 21 4.2 Materials ................................................................................................................ 24 4.3 Methods ................................................................................................................. 26 5. Clinton’s 1992 Speech: “For People, for a Change”............................................. 32 5.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................. 33 5.2 Final Notes on Clinton .......................................................................................... 41 6. Bush’s
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