Challenges in Attracting and Retaining Rural Youth in the Near Future in Agriculture

Mahawar et al. Available Curr. online Rese. at Agri. www.agrifarming.org Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.127 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16

Review Article

Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal

Challenges in Attracting and Retaining Rural Youth in the Near Future in Agriculture

Neeta Mahawar1*, B. Sri Sai Siddartha Naik2, Tirunagari Rupesh3, Sharvan Kumar Yadav4, Raghuvir Singh Meena5 and Swetha Dhegavath6 1Ph.D. Research scholar (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry), RVSKVV, Gwalior, MP 2Ph.D. Research scholar, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan 3Ph.D. Research scholar, Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi 4Senior Research Fellow (Agronomy) in ICAR- NPOF, MPUAT, Udaipur 5Ph.D. Research scholar, Department of Agronomy, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan 6M.Sc. Research scholar, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, PJTSAU, Hyderabad *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 13.11.2020 | Revised: 29.12.2020 | Accepted: 14.01.2021

ABSTRACT Currently, Indian agriculture is facing variety of emerging challenges in spite of the assembly boom, the concerns have shifted from production to more complicated, subtle and multifaceted issues. A number of the contemporary problems in Indian agriculture are land fragmentation, labour shortage, depletion of natural resources, global climate change, low profitability, competition due to market liberalization, nutrition and gender issues etc. Under such circumstances the agriculture sector needs new ideas, innovations, rebranding and revitalization to combat these prevailing challenges .Generally youth is willing to adopt new ideas and technologies and thus they will easily transform this status of farming. The youth might be the perfect catalyst to change the poor image of persons involved in farming, especially within the rural communities given their greater possibility to adapt new ideas, concept and technology which are all important to change the way farming is practiced and perceived. This scenario of adjusting agriculture in India demands the energy and vitality of youth. India being the youngest nation within the world has massive youth resource to supply to agriculture sector but unfortunately, youth participation in agriculture is declining. With

this scenario, this paper aims to debate some pertinent issues in present context like

importance of youth involvement and reasons for growing interest of youth in farming

sector, channelizing enormous youth workforce of the country into agriculture, strategies

for attracting and retaining youth in agro-based rural enterprises and institutional efforts

to leverage youth for agriculture.

Keywords: Youth, Agriculture, Rural, Farming, Challenges.

Cite this article: Mahawar, N., Sri Sai Siddartha Naik, B., Rupesh, T., Yadav, S. K., Meena, R. S., & Dhegavath, S. (2021). Challenges in Attracting and Retaining Rural Youth in the Near Future in Agriculture, Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. 2(1), 7-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.127

This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 INTRODUCTION Whether youth should be attracted and In India, youth constitute a numerically retained in agriculture can be a serious dominant potential, resourceful and also debate today and wishes thorough adventurous segment of the population. exploration. Quite 50.00 per cent of India‟s current Whom we call ‘Youth’? population is below the age of 25 years and Youth often refers to the quantity of transition over 65.00 per cent below the age of 35 from childhood to adulthood, encompassing years. Majority of them live in rural areas. processes of sexual maturation and growing At one hand, we've over 50 per cent of with social and economic autonomy from population involved in agriculture parents (Bennell et al., 2007). Youth can also (Anonymous, 2016) that contributes to only be defined as those between age range from 15 17.4 per cent of the GDP (Indian Economic to 40 years old supported variety of things Survey, 2015-2016), resulting in poverty deemed slot in terms of their maturity, ability and threatened livelihood of farmers and on to think positive and risk taking (Silva et al., the opposite hand we are demanding for 2009). The United Nations (UN) General more youth involvement in agriculture. Assembly (UN, 2011) and therefore the Nearly 35 percent of the country‟s International Labour Organization (ILO) population falls under the 15-35 years of (2005) defined youth as people between the age limit and roughly 75 percent of them ages of 15 and 24. The working party live in rural areas, disattachment with recommends that 18 to 30 years aged should farming on such a large scale is worrisome. be the age criterion for Youth (GoI, 2012). The The rural youth could be the ideal target for govt of India (GoI) officially defines youth as skill training in these new areas of persons between the ages of 15 and 29 years agricultural growth and to do this supported the advice of National Youth Policy effectively there is a need to mobilize 2014 (NYP, 2014). The definition of GoI is young farmers. Organized groups of young most accepted in Indian context. farmers will be useful for introducing new Unfortunately, India features a Youth production technologies and organizing Development Index with a worth of 0.48 effective input and output markets. The which is sort of low. When gender disparities responsibility of the youth is to carry in youth development index are considered, forward the tradition of farming not only the worth is reduced further (The because it is connected with the traditions Commonwealth, 2015). Presently, there are and culture of our country, but also it has variety of socio-economic factors giving rise the potential of keeping the economy to distress for the youth like role and value healthy even at times of recession by all conflict, emotional adjustment, career means. There‟s also a coffee level of policy decision, unemployment etc. (Sahni, 2013) and and investment intervention lack of employment opportunity is the major that focuses explicitly on rural youth and on among all. The rising levels of youth youth employment opportunities within the unemployment not only causes direct agriculture and agribusiness sectors economic loss, but the social impact of (Proctor et al., 2012). To explain the joblessness is additionally manifested by targeted rate of growth of farming as an increased crime, psychological state problems, entire, still there's a dire got to bring violence, substance abuse and social necessary evolutionary changes within the exclusion. As high as 963 youth within the way of farming it's practiced at present. country within the age group of 18 to 30 Under these circumstances, it's too committed suicide because of unemployment superficial to market more youth within the year 2014 (NCRB, 2014). involvement in agriculture without giving critical insights into the existing facts. Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 8

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 Importance and engagement of Youth in Why are rural youth leaving farming? Farming sector Primary data across multiple countries Young people bring energy, vitality and confirms that youth are not attracted to low- innovation into the workforce. Most of the wage, low-value production, and are instead new innovations (both technical and attracted to modernization/ new practices, use institutional) require a talented agricultural of technology, and opportunities for “quick manpower. As an example, promotion of high money” with relatively higher earnings than value agriculture, precision farming, organic staple crops .At present there's insufficient cultivation, Hi-Tech horticulture, micro- youth participation within the agricultural propagation, Integrated Pest Disease & sector in India. The survey of 5000 farm Nutrients Management, floriculture, medicinal households across 18 states conducted by and aromatic plants cultivation, high-risk and Centre for Study of Developing Societies high-returns, agri-ventures like protected (CSDS) (Sood, 2014) claims that 76 per cent agriculture, Post Harvest Management etc. farmers would like to try some work aside Development of backward and forward from farming. 61 per cent of those farmers linkages requires well trained young farmers would like to be used in cities due to better with enthusiasm and keenness for farming. education, Health and employment avenues Within the most adverse and risky situations, there. Furthermore, shifting out of farming is children have an unprecedented resilience and common among farmers below 30 years age skill to cope (UNFPA, 2006). and research in other countries also showed Youth might be the perfect catalyst to that occupational mobility is higher among vary the poor image of agriculture given their younger farmers and that they were found to greater possibility to adapt new ideas, concepts be more sensitive to income differentials and technologies (Akosa, 2011). Though there between farm and non-farm occupations are risks like drought and cyclones that are (Sharma & Bhaduri, 2009). Slightly more than completely external factors to limit the half (51.42%) of the rural youth possessed likelihood to succeed, we'd like to think about medium level of income, 28.57 per cent of farming as a crucial industry to depend on them had low level of annual income and even within the era of industrialization and 20.01 per cent of them had high level of urbanization. Therefore, a loss of youth means annual income. India is losing quite 2,000 a loss of the chance to modernize and be farmers every single day which since 1991 and competitive in present era of globalization. therefore the overall number of farmers has The involvement of youth in agricultural dropped by 15 million (Sainath, 2013). The production is critical not only due to the migration of rural youth to cities is around 45 necessity to feed the country, but most significantly because it offers options for per cent within the country, which is sort of wealth creation and financial security. alarming. Out of total migrants from rural to Potentially reducing the issues of accelerating urbanareas youth account for 30 per cent youth unemployment involves securing the (Hazra, 2012). This has several implications interest and participation of children in for the longer term of Indian agriculture and agriculture by deliberate shift in policy, India‟s food security. It's imperative to seek training and promotion that specifically targets out the explanations for growing disinterest of the youth. Thus, there's got to strengthen on- youth to be involved in agriculture. farm, also as off farm rural employment Farming sector is facing variety of opportunities to combat rural poverty and to problems today like indebtedness, climate secure adequate livelihood for rural youth. change, inadequate Govt. support and credit, Connecting the enormous youth resources unregulated market, land degradation, to exploit vast range of opportunities in infrastructure etc. which makes youngsters farming sector can give Indian agriculture a lose interest in agriculture (Chaudhary & whole new stature. Chaudhary, 2013). There are variety of reasons Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 9

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 which distract youth to keep faraway from deny the very fact that this section of the farming like low return as compared to the population are constrained by several factors trouble, perception of status related to farm to interact in farming that justifies their activities and therefore the interconvertible moving out of agriculture. What's needed fact that highly educated professionals immediately to resolve this conflict is to working on farms isn't intellectually satisfying, rebrand and reform agriculture by making a because it doesn't involve creativity and composite plan of action to model agriculture expression. as per the necessity and demands of youth. The investment climate in agriculture is Effective strategies and opportunities to additionally not capable to attract private firms attract youth needed in marketing, processing, input supply, 1. Income Generating Activities in and finance (Brooks et al., 2013). There's Agriculture- decreasing interest among youth in entering The income generating agribusiness activities, agriculture related fields mainly due to the youth/ farmer can take up are Mobile persistent perception of agriculture as an Soil/water testing kits/ laboratories; Land outdated field with minimal financial returns preparation consultancy/ customized land (Paisley, 2013). preparation techniques for farmers; Compost Youth are disinterested in agriculture preparation out of rural waste and marketing; due to better opportunities in cities of Vermicomposting; Micro-irrigation lay out employment, better pay or a more desirable consultancy by less studied rural youth as job (Foster, 2014). A number of the foremost professional graduates charge more; Hybrid important factors for youth to shift out of Seed production skills/ hybridization agriculture are attraction towards white collar techniques for rural youth; Weed control jobs, uncertainty of crop production, low through customized implements manually income, unassured income of service, low operated/petrol operated by letting these small profit, inadequate credit etc. In many cases, & low cost implements; Plant protection agricultural labour migrates to urban areas techniques such as extracting neem oil, because urban wage rates in even the production of NPV at labs and preparation and unorganized sector are better than those marketing of Trichoderma cards; Price prevailing in agriculture (Mehrotra et al., forecasting consultancy and charging for the 2013). The typical size of operational land service and Agriculture Journalism as a source holding is additionally declining in rural areas of income in foreign exchange activity. Some because of land fragmentation. It's decreased policy recommendations to be adopted from 1.35 ha per individual in 2000-01 to 1.10 immediately to bring for attracting and ha per individual in 2010-11 (Agricultural retaining youth in agriculture, Installation of Census, 2011). This phenomenon might Agri information kiosk at every village compel many to shift towards urban areas due panchayat level and training by the corporates, to lack of natural resource left back home. NGO‟s, KVK and SHG‟s. Under these circumstances youth can't be 2. Income Generating Activities in Animal blamed completely for leaving agriculture. In Husbandry - certain situations, their decision to shift out of To develop livestock, youth should take up farming and rural areas is righteous. Some interest and enter into value addition and small researchers justified the migration of rural scale industries in the enterprises such as youth to urban areas and also suggested that Diary farming, Meat production and oldsters got to acknowledge and recognize the processing technologies by developing perceived changed trends of needs of the youth indigenously. Livestock can be a largest dictated by globalization (Naamwintome & source of employment and income generating Bagson, 2013). This creates a contradictory activity by commercializing it with all the situation. But at an equivalent time we cannot natural resources available in India. Role of Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 10

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 Indian Women in generating income and their participation, counseling and guiding rural savings, will benefit investment in Animal youth, creating awareness about youth Husbandry for Infrastructure and inputs. programmes, entrepreneurship development, 3. Income Generating Activities in Fisheries promotion of scientific farming and agri- - business. Reasons for the success of youth, if A farmer/youth/women can take up to as a considered for involving in policy making by profitable business and also, in creating taking their collective feedbacks and employment to rural people of both coastal facilitating them with good Communication and Inland fisheries practitioners such as Fish / reach, Advocacy and Networks. shrimp Farm Managers; Shrimp / fish Pointing out the differences other Hatchery Managers; Shrimp hatchery nations have made to bring their youth into technicians; Aqua lab technicians; Aqua lab agriculture such as, Philippines - Managers; Fish Retail outlets; Mobile Fish institutionalizing, promoting and protecting retail outlets for Fish Value added products; the youth rights; Vietnam - prioritizing the Ornamental fish rearing and breeding units; great respect for farmers of their country; Ornamental fish fabricating units; Ornamental Taiwan - by supporting the young and retail fish marketing shops. professional to take up agriculture; Korea – 4. SBI Programmes for Promotion of Youth reducing its interest in all agriculture related Involvement in Agriculture- finances to support youth to take up The State Bank of India (SBI) in partnership agriculture in their countries. with reputed NGOs like MSSRF, BAIF Mass media and Information and Development Research Foundation and Seva Communication Technologies (ICTs) can also Mandir initiated the SBI Youth for India be used effectively to attract youth attention programme which is a rural fellowship into agriculture. ICT programmes like program launched in 2011 to draw youth to Gyandoot, MSSRF-VKC also open up rural developmental activities. Available opportunity for unemployed rural youth. E- opportunities provided by the SBIRD to the marketing and e-commerce facilities can also rural youth to take agriculture and its open up new avenues for youth involved in development are Value chain and Food agri-business. Umunnakwe et al. (2014a) Processing industry finance; Customized Farm witnessed that, slightly more than two-fifth mechanizations and Combined harvesters; (41.70%) of the youth had high mass media Finances for Irrigation, dig well, bore wells, exposure, followed by medium (30.77%) and sprinkler, drip etc.; Cold storages and rural low (27.53%) mass media exposure. ware houses finance Export of processed Community radio and social media too can medicinal and aromatic crop finance; Dairy play vital role in encouraging and making value chain (scheme Dairy plus) and Chilling young farmers aware about the possibilities in centre finance; Poultry finance and Contract agricultural sector. One such example is farming finance and Quick gold loans for Digital Green that work through people based farmers to invest in their agribusiness. extension systems using participatory videos. A viable future: Attracting and Retaining It creates a platform for educated youth to Youth come forward in serving the agricultural In a study it was found that mass media community in a participatory mode (Afroz, et exposure and extension agency contact had al., 2014). positive effect on youth to engage in A strong commitment to youth agricultural income generating activities, while development as a priority area by State higher socio-political participation tended to Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and other reduce youth participation in agriculture institutes engaged in agricultural education (Umunnakwe, 2014). Some of the effective would be a significant step toward redirecting extension strategies could be more NGO attention and commitment of resources to meet Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 11

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 significant goals of linking youth to agriculture of youth in their set of activities. The (Russell, 1993). The vast network of Economic Survey 2014-15 stated that as per agricultural universities and colleges can play the Labour Bureau Report 2014, the present a leading role in inculcating self-confidence skilled workforce in India is only 2 per cent, and capabilities in the students required for which is much lower when compared to the taking up agriculture as a profession. developing nations (Borpuzari, 2015). Farm-graduates can begin with launching of Considering the need for skilling the work agri-clinics and agri-business centers force in agricultural sector, the Agricultural (ACABC) in villages as rural enterprises. Skills Council of India (ASCI) has been ACABC schemes as already under operation, proposed by National Skill Development should be extended for accommodating larger Corporation (NSDC), which could be one numbers of agricultural graduates in villages to ideal institution to train rural youth. The ASCI start up new rural enterprises. Government‟s proposes to train, certify and accredit 56.5 engagement in youth issues is very crucial to million workforces comprising of farmers, ensure that the youth is recognized as a wage workers, entrepreneurs and extension valuable resource for the advancement of the workers, over 10 years through its training Indian society and factors like poverty, social partners (Hedge and Venkattakumar, 2015). exclusion and economic marginalization. They have also proposed the National Skill Initiatives must be taken at national level to Certification and Monetary Reward in order to provide improved and easier access to incentivize youth endeavors. The ACABC resources and insurance to youth, initiative in 2002 by Ministry of Agriculture implementation of programs that benefit youth and Farmers‟ Welfare, Govt. of India in exclusively, mainstreaming and prioritizing association with MANAGE, SFAC, NABARD youth issues in national policies, and encourages unemployed agricultural graduates promoting youth participation in national to launch their own agribusiness startups by development and decision making processes. providing appropriate training, hand-holding A farm youth policy especially for addressing support and credit linkage. MANAGE is youth issues can be formulated including proving financial and technical support to the suitable institutional arrangements for its state Nodal agency SAMETI and ATMA/ BTT implementation. in implementation and running of the STRY Training on product processing, value “Skill Training for Rural Youth-(STRY)” in addition, marketing, advertising, branding can about 10 states of India. It has initiated in be offered and organized largely by training rural youth of the age 18 years and agricultural extension agencies. Promotion of above with minimum qualification of primary agro-tourism will also provide opportunities school education. It creates an opportunity for for youth to get ideas to create new livelihood rural youth to take part in agriculture and options (Pemandu, 2013). Capacity building, allied activities development. technical skill development, building „soft‟ Govt. of India has launched a skills such as communication, leadership, number of youth oriented programmes business skills and mobilization of young recently, like Skill India, Pradhan Mantri farmers to take up high-tech ventures and Krishi Vikas Yojana, Start-up India, Stand-up micro enterprises are other areas that are to be India to promote youth empowerment and taken care of by the present extension system. entrepreneurship (Singh et al., 2016). Initiatives by Govt. of India and ICAR for Another programme envisaged in XII th five encouraging youth year plan called the Student „Rural Presently, the organizational setups like Krishi Entrepreneurship and Awareness Development Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), NABARD farmers‟ Yojana‟ (READY) aims solely at club, National Skill Development Council entrepreneurship development among the (NSDC) include training and capacity building youth (Anonymous, 2013). Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 12

Mahawar et al. Curr. Rese. Agri. Far. (2021) 2(1), 7-16 ISSN: 2582 – 7146 Kisan Credit Card also provides farmers with approach systematically, definitely there will subsidized rate of Interest and encouraging be a brighter future of Indian agriculture. farmers clubs and creating bondage between Recommendations by the Youth in Farming stakeholders. “ARYA” (Attracting and 1. Bhanu (2006) revealed that, „daily wages Retaining Youth in Agriculture) a pilot should be given to every individual who project launched by ICAR, is finding out many participate in the activities‟, followed by ways to attract and retain youth in agriculture, „rural developmental activities have to be by identifying their reasons for drawback such taken up during off season/summer as giving no part in policy formation, Land & season‟ and leaders who are in the front credit accessibility and mainly support from have to be faithful and true to their sole‟ the parents and the society. for better participation of rural youth in Other initiatives rural developmental activities. The Ministers of the ASEAN (The Association 2. Vaneetha (2006) reported that 33.33 per of South East Nations) initiated the ASEAN- cent of the farmers opined that farmers are India Farmers Exchange recognizing the to be trained in the newly introduced farm importance of promoting innovation and equipment and 70.00 per cent of farmers entrepreneurship among young farmers to needed awareness about the newly achieve more sustainable agriculture introduced farm equipment. More than development in the region. This initiative is one-third of the farmers (36.00%) wanted expected to create greater awareness among to know the cost of the equipment, and a the young and innovative farmers on the little more than one-fourth of the farmers promising career in the agriculture sector. (20.00 %) suggested that the equipments Another endeavor to bring young agricultural should be easy to operate. professionals on the same platform „The 3. Direct Marketing: To form Farmer‟s Young Professionals‟ Platform for Producer Organizations (FPO) at rural Agricultural Research for Development areas to increase the profit through (YPARD) was launched in November 2006. It Agribusiness activities. Marketing of is one of the dynamic networks of over 4,500 customized agricultural products to members in 117 different countries dedicated connect urban and rural consumers is their to the exchange of knowledge between youth needs. Reducing the supply chain and and the participation in critical conversations attracting rural youth by opportunities of in agricultural research for development employment. (YPARD, 2013). There is a need in Promoting 4. Technology support to Youth: Information Integrated farming and Produce marketing kiosk at every village panchayths and schemes; Nurturing SHGs and encouraging Helpline Number or guidance portal to be microfinance in many allied agri activities; established in each district for rural youth Promotion on Skill development for rural who seek information on agriculture and youth. allied activities. Counseling sessions/ To tackle various problems in this awareness camps at agency level. sector, more initiatives from both private as 5. Public Private Partnership well as public systems are required to take care (PPP):Collaboration of institutes with of young farmers through every possible companies to transfer technologies from means. On the other side, farmers also have to lab to land which leads to development of change their view towards agriculture by Agribusinesses in the country and CSR considering agriculture as a true business. skill development trainings and They have to use their own vision to run the placements, which creates more farming business effectively besides help from employment opportunities to the rural Govt. and other organizations. If Govt. and youth. Ex. Incubation centers and PI farmers both perform their duties in time and industries. Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2021; CRAF 13

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