Embayment Nitrogen Loads for Long Island Sound
March 18, 2016 Cold Spring Harbor, NY – EPA Region 2 & Suffolk County
Jamie Vaudrey Department of Marine Sciences, UConn with Charlie Yarish, UConn (2011, 2013) Chris Pickerell, CCE (2011, 2013) Lorne Brousseau, CCE (2013) Justin Eddings, CCE (2013) Jang Kim, UConn (2013) Michael Sautkulis, CCE (2013) MAJOR SUPPORTERS Field and Lab Support UConn: Claudia Koerting, Corey Leamy, Roni Ortiz CCE: Nick Krupski, Barry Udelson, Stephen Schott UConn: Josh Carter, Joel Corso, Melissa Cote,
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY Adam Chlus, Jenny Dootz, Amanda Dostie, Kim Gallagher, Rafeed Hussain, Christopher Kunz, Leigha Krize, Marissa Mackewicz, Kelsey Olguin, Rachel Perry, Michelle Slater, CCE: Carolyn Sukowski Use N-load to predict problem areas & identify sources of impairment. • nutrient load to 110 embayments • eutrophic status in 15 embayments • use N-load (+) to predict eutrophic status – the “+” includes freshwater flushing time and hypsography
= field site #1 #48
#110 #95 colored areas = watershed embayments other areas draining to LIS (not shaded) Red Area = our study area
embayments and coastal portion of: HR – Housatonic CR River TR HR CR – Connecticut River TR – Thames River LIS Coastal Watershed fraction of total nitrogen load attributed to watersheds
all from this study LIS Total Watershed fraction of total nitrogen load attributed to watersheds
East River & Embayments = this study Other Rivers = USGS SPARROW estimates
Note explaining why this figure is different from previous presentations: In previous presentations, an old estimate of N load from the East River was use, dating from 1989. Upgrades to N removal and other reductions in the N Load meant that the 1989 estimate was too large. While our study area does not include the fraction of the Hudson River that may be exiting the East River, this is considered a better estimate of sources. Embayment Eutrophic Status RAPID ASSESSMENT Bottom Water Oxygen - Dawn 2011 Stonington Niantic Clinton Harbor Harbor Holly Pond Branford Harbor River
IDW - 4th power OXYGEN (mg/L)
40.945 40.945
12 40.94 40.94
7.8 40.935 40.935
6.8 40.93 40.93
40.925 Cold 5.8 40.925 40.92 4.8 40.92 Mattituck Creek 40.915 Spring Stony3.5 40.915 40.91 3 40.91
40.905 Areas further inland show lower oxygen. Harbor Brook2 40.905 40.9 Poorly flushed areas show lower oxygen. 1 40.9 dissolved 40.895 oxygen, dawn, bottom Harbor0 40.895 oxygen, 11am, bottom -73.18 -73.175 -73.17 -73.165 -73.16 -73.155 -73.15 -73.145 -73.14 -73.18 -73.175 -73.17 -73.165 -73.16 -73.155 -73.15 -73.145 -73.14 oxygen (mg/L) Bays are “panting.” July 28 – August 9, 2014 Big swings between highs and lows are Oxygen recorded every 15 minutes. hard on marine life.
protective of marine life
interim goal marginal
hypoxia
anoxia = 0 Ulva sp., blade form Cold Spring Harbor, NY 7/31/12 Charlie Yarish, UConn
Gracilaria sp. Holly Pond, CT 8/6/12 Cladophora sp. in Little Narragansett Bay, June 2014 Biomass g m-2 3 ft thick Wequetequock CT Cove Pawcatuck 1 ft thick River
RI 1 in thick
patchy
Dostie, A. and J.M.P. Vaudrey (2014) Characterization Of The Extent And Source Of Nutrients Supporting A Massive Macroalgae Bloom In Little Narragansett Bay, CT. New England Estuarine Research Society Fall Meeting NOAA NEAA ASSETS five symptoms: chlorophyll a, macroalgae, low dissolved oxygen, loss of eelgrass, and the occurrence of harmful algal blooms Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, residence time, freshwater flow
includes #1 benthos and #48 biological indicators
#110 #95 colored areas = watershed embayments other areas draining to LIS (not shaded) rain, dust
industry
agriculture open space urbanization forests, fields (impervious wetlands cover) golf, sports roofs, lawns
storm drains septic wastewater treatments plants NITROGEN LOAD
Symbols courtesy of the Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (ian.umces.edu/symbols/) surface runoff MS4 systems (are included)
ATMOSPHERIC DEP. WWTF 38 100 38a 38a 61f 61f 35 95 63 39 39 39 39
85
85 Numbers indicate 100<200m % of N remaining and delivered to the next sector. e.g. 8.9% of N to Nat Veg (tree icon) reaches estuary
Valiela, I., M. Geist, J. W. McClelland, and G. Tomasky. 2000. Nitrogen loading from watersheds to estuaries: verification of the Waquoit Bay nitrogen loading model. Biogeochemistry 49: 277-293. ALL BUFF200 OutBUFF200 NEAR FAR BUFF200_NEAR OutBUFF200_NEAR OutBUFF200_FAR
Source of Nitrogen to All Long Island Sound Embayments
67% of nitrogen is from Rain and Dust sewer and 10% Sum of all septic embayments. Does not include the following rivers: Thames, Connecticut, Housatonic, East River. modeled nitrogen delivery to water’s edge, per person
Septic = varies by location: 0.8 kg N / person / y 1.7 kg N / person / y 2.0 kg N / person / y
AVERAGE for LIS 1.3 kg N / person / y
NLCD 2011 – roughly; red = heavily developed, pink = open space, green = natural vegetation, blue = water * Valiela – 65%; Hanson = 85% for sandy LI; 85% for CT Waste Water 4.8 kgN/pp/y People on Septic People on Cesspools People on & Suffolk C. Sewer Vertical Septic
distance from estuary distance from estuary > 200 m < 200 m . > 200 m < 200 m annual septic tanks reported loads 60% 60% & leaching 95% 95% to fields embayments
66% 66% plume 66% 66%
85% * 100% aquifer 85% * 100%
33.7% 39.0% 53.3% 62.7% 100% Atmospheric Deposition Total Atmospheric Deposition ≈ 0.0018 kg N m-2 ≈ 18 kg N / ha * [TDN]wet Avg. Rainfall * (total : wet) 0.00137 kg N m-3 1.07 m +/- 0.01 m 1.25 Luo, et al. 2002
Legend PRISM_ppt_stable_4kmM3_2013_bil.bil
38% 100% 35% 38% 38% 38% soil for stormwater systems, this 39% will be adjusted vadose to <100% for fraction 85% entering storm aquifer water pipes 12.45% 33.15% – <100% 11.6% 12.45% 12.45% 12.45% Fertilizer Application
61% not lost as gas
39% vadose
85% aquifer
20.2% CT – Fertilizer Application 69.7 kgN/ha/y EPA's range of 62 – 79 document: LI – 91.7 kgN/ha/y Fertilizer 99.8 kgN/ha/y range of 80 - 110 Applied for Agricultural range of 87– 114 sports – Purposes WC – 132.2 kgN/ha/y Exhibit 4-16 95.5 kgN/ha/y range of 117 - 181 range of 84 - 109 parks – 100% at Q&B – 81.6 kgN/ha/y 100% at 86.0 kgN/ha/y 93.2 kgN/ha/y range of 72 - 91 range of 22 - 168 range of 80 - 108 190 kgN/ha/y range of 150 - 250
N in crops leaving 20.2% watershed TOTAL LOAD (includes Atm Dep to embayment surface)
1.6e+7 20 million kg / y = 44 million lb / y East River - coastal
1.4e+7
1.2e+7
1.0e+7
8.0e+6
6.0e+6
NLoady) (kgN/ 4.0e+6
2.0e+6 Pawcatuck River Manhasset Bay NewHousatonic Haven Harbor River - coastal Little Narr.Thames Bay RiverConnecticut - coastal RiverPequonnock - coastalNorwalk RiverStamford Harbor HarborHempsteadNissequogue Harbor River 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 site ID, moving E>W to NYC, then W>E TOTAL LOAD (includes Atm Dep to embayment surface)
coastal East River = 14.8 million 1e+6
New Haven Harbor 8e+5
6e+5
coastal Housatonic R. Pequonnock River 4e+5 coastal Thames R. Pawcatuck River Bridgeport Harbor Manhasset Bay Little Narr. Bay Hempstead Harbor NLoad (kgN / y) NLoad/ (kgN BlackSaugatuck Rock Harbor River Norwalk Harbor OysterHuntington Bay Bay coastal Connecticut R. Nissequogue River 2e+5 Stamford Harbor Port Jefferson H. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 site ID, moving E>W to NYC, then W>E Total load is important to Long Island Sound. But for water quality in embayments nitrogen load size of embayment
12 > 3
N N N N N N N = N N N N N N N N 12 N / 24 area 3 N / 6 area = 0.5 N/area = 0.5 N/area Total load is important to Long Island Sound. But for water quality in embayments nitrogen load size of embayment
12 > 3 = 3
N N N N N N N N = N N > N N N N N N N N 12 N / 24 area 3 N / 6 area 3 N / 10 area = 0.5 N/area = 0.5 N/area = 0.3 N/area 1 - Oyster River,, Milford, CT TOTAL LOAD, NORMALIZED TO EMBAYMENT SIZE 2 - Calf Pen Meadow Creek 3 - Pequonnock River 4 - Black Rock Harbor 3 7 8 5 - Mill River 3000 6 - Sasco Brook 7 - Byram River, CT 8 - East River 6 2500
/ y) / Fence Creek 1 Toms Creek 2000
estuary
Gorham 2 1500 5 Pond Farm River Goldsmith's Inlet Mamaroneck River 1000 Indian H. Pawcatuck River Cove H. Frost Cr. Nissequogue R. Williams Cove 4
NLoad (kgN / ha NLoad (kgN/ 500
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 site ID, moving E>W to NYC, then W>E tidal restriction? no inner 25% midway at mouth multiple focus in on 4 embayments
#1 #48
Mamaroneck River Darien River & Gorham Pond Mattituck Creek #110 #95 Hempstead Harbor LI suburban TOTAL LOAD watershed Fairfield Westchester LI E. end County County agricultural
+ Gorham Pond TOTAL LOAD, NORMALIZED TO EMBAYMENT SIZE
+ Gorham Pond TOTAL LOAD
+ Gorham Pond TOTAL LOAD, NORMALIZED TO EMBAYMENT SIZE
+ Gorham Pond Nutrient Bioextraction by Seaweed and Bivalves Charlie Yarish & Jang Kim; UCONN
• Mussels (Ischadium recurvum): 217 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (Kellogg et al., 2013) in Chesapeake Bay. • Oysters (Crossostrea virginica): 331 – 556 kg N ha-1 per up to two years (Higgins et al., 2011) in Chesapeake Bay (Kellogg et al., 2013). • Oysters (Crossostrea virginica): 77 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from Waquoit Bay (MA; Kite-Powell et al., 2006). Sugar kelp: ~180 kg N ha-1 (Dec. – May) Kim J.K., G.P. Kraemer & C. Yarish 2015. Marine Ecology Progress Series 531:155-166. Gracilaria: ~140 kg N ha-1 (July – Oct.) Kim J.K.., G.P. Kraemer & C. Yarish. 2014. Aquaculture 433:148-156.
GOOD FOR HIGH LOAD AREAS AND AREAS WITH A LOT OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION TO THE EMBAYMENT WATER SURFACE TOTAL LOAD
+ Gorham Pond TOTAL LOAD, NORMALIZED TO EMBAYMENT SIZE
+ Gorham Pond FERTILIZER CONTRIBUTION – Mamaroneck River
NLCD 2011 – roughly; red = heavily developed, pink = open space, green = natural vegetation, blue = water FERTILIZER CONTRIBUTION - SOURCE
lawn – NEAR golf – NEAR parks - NEAR crops - NEAR parks - NEAR golf – NEAR parks – NEAR lawn - NEAR lawn - NEAR hay - NEAR SEPTIC CONTRIBUTION - SOURCE
in 200 m buffer NEAR, >200m FAR, >200m N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife CoveN Load (kg N / y )
G oshe n Cove 100000 150000 200000 250000 Jor dan Cove50000 G ard ner s Pond Niant ic River Niant0 ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Paw cat uck RiverBride Broo k Litt le Na rra gan setFour t Bay Mile River Wequ et equ ockThree Cove mile River Q uan adu ckBlack Cove Hall River Sto ningt onConne Harb or ct icut River Q uiambog CoveSout h Cove WilcoxI ndian Cove t ow n Harb or Williams CoveO y st er River My st ic RiverHagar Cree k
Bebe ePat Cove chog ue River R. = Thames 304,766 MeWest nun Cove kesuc ket River Palmer CoveClinton Harb or Vene t ian HarbToms or Cree k Mu mford CoveFence Cree k Poqu ono ck G River uilford Harb or
CT Baker CoveI ndian Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove coastal304,766 R. Thames= G oshe n Cove Jor dan Cove G ard ner s Pond Niant ic River Niant ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Bride Broo k
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Four Mile River depatm to embayment Three mile River Black Hall River Conne ct icut River Sout h Cove I ndian t ow n Harb or O y st er River Hagar Cree k Pat chog ue River Me nun kesuc ket River Clinton Harb or Toms Cree k Fence Cree k G uilford Harb or I ndian Cove atm depatm to embayment sewer septic fertilizer depatm to land N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove G oshe n CoveN Load (kg N / y) 100000 150000 200000 250000
Jor dan Cove50000 G ard ner s Pond Niant ic River Niant0 ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Sachem Head HarborBride Broo k 824,812 New H. = Haven JoshuaFour Cove Mile River IslandThree Bay mile River Little BlackHarbor Hall River BranfordConne Harbor ct icut River Pages CoveSout h Cove FarmI ndian River t ow n Harb or New Haven HarborO y st er River Oyster River, MilfordHagar Cree k Calf Pen MeadowPat Creek chog ue River MilfordMe nun Harbor kesuc ket River Housatonic ClintonRiver Harb or Lewis GutToms Cree k Bridgeport HarborFence Cree k PequonnockG River uilford Harb or
CT Black Rock HarborI ndian Cove Ash Creek Pine Creek Mill River Sasco Brook Sherwood Millpond Compo Cove Saugatuck R - fresh Saugatuck River Cockenoe Harbor
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Norwalk Harbor depatm to embayment Sheffield Island Harbor Five Mile River Scotts Cove Gorham Pond Darien River Holly Pond Cove Harbor Wescott Cove Stamford Harbor Greenwich Cove Mianus River Indian Harbor Smith Cove N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove G oshe n CoveN Load (kg N / y) 100000 150000 200000 250000
Jor dan Cove50000 G ard ner s Pond Niant ic River
Niant0 ic Ba y
CT Pat t aga nset t River Greenwich HarborBride Broo k Captain HarborFour Mile River ByramThree River mile River coastal KirbyBlack Pond Hall River PlaylandConne Lake ct icut River Sout h Cove MiltonI ndian Harbor t ow n Harb or East = River 14.8 million Van Amringe MillpondO y st er River Mamaroneck RiverHagar Cree k Larchmont PatHarbor chog ue River PremiumMe nunMillpond kesuc ket River EchoClinton Bay Harb or Hunter Island BayToms Cree k Eastchester BayFence Cree k Westchester CreekG uilford Harb or Pugsley CreekI ndian Cove East River Little Neck Bay Manhasset Bay Hempstead Harbor Dosoris Pond NY Frost Creek Mill Neck Creek Oyster Bay Cold Spring Harbor
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Lloyd Harbor depatm to embayment Huntington Harbor Centerport Harbor Northport Harbor Northport Bay Huntington Bay Nissequogue River Stony Brook Harbor Conscience Bay Port Jefferson Harbor Mount Sinai Harbor Mattituck Creek Goldsmith's Inlet Source of Nitrogen to All Long Island Sound Embayments
67% of nitrogen is from Rain and Dust sewer and 10% Sum of all septic embayments. Does not include the following rivers: Thames, Connecticut, Housatonic, East River. Total load is important to Long Island Sound. But for water quality in embayments nitrogen load size of embayment
12 > 3 = 3
N N N N N N N N = N N > N N N N N N N N 12 N / 24 area 3 N / 6 area 3 N / 10 area = 0.5 N/area = 0.5 N/area = 0.3 N/area N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove G oshe n Cove Jor danN Load Cove (kg N / ha-em bay me nt / y )
G ard ner s Pond1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Niant ic River Niant0 ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Paw cat uck RiverBride Broo k Litt le Na rra gan setFour t Bay Mile River Wequ et equ ockThree Cove mile River Qu ana duckBlack Cove Hall River Sto ningt onConne Harb or ct icut River Qu iambog CoveSout h Cove WilcoxI ndian Cove t ow n Harb or Williams CoveO y st er River My st ic RiverHagar Cree k Bebe ePat Cove chog ue River MeWest nun Covekesuc ket River Palmer CoveClinton Harb or Vene t ian HarbToms or Cree k Mu mford CoveFence Cree k Poqu ono ck G River uilford Harb or CT Baker CoveI ndian Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove Go shen Cove Jor dan Cove Ga rdn ers Pond Niant ic River Niant ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Bride Broo k
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Four Mile River depatm to embayment Three mile River Black Hall River Conne ct icut River = top 20 sites Sout h Cove symptoms likelyto exhibit I ndian t ow n Harb or Oy st er River Hagar Cree k Pat chog ue River Me nun kesuc ket River Clinton Harb or Toms Cree k Fence Cree k Gu ilford Harb or I ndian Cove N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove G oshe n Cove JorN dan Load Cove (kg N / ha-e mbay ment / y )
G ard ner s Pond1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Niant ic River Niant0 ic Ba y Pat t aga nset t River Sachem Head HarborBride Broo k Joshua CoveFour Mile River IslandThree Bay mile River Litt le HarborBlack Hall River Branford Conne Harbor ct icut River Pages CoveSout h Cove FarmI ndian River t ow n Harb or O y st er River New Haven HarborHagar Cree k Oy ste r River, MilfordPat chog ue River Calf Pen MeadowMe nun Cree kesuc k ket River Milford HarborClinton Harb or Housato nic RiverToms Cree k Lew is GuFence t Cree k Bridgeport HarbG uilford or Harb or Pequonnock RiverI ndian Cove Black Rock Harb or
CT Ash Creek Pine Creek Mill River Sasco Bro ok Sherw ood Millpond Compo Cove Saugat uck R - fresh Saugat uck River
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Cockenoe Harbor depatm to embayment Norw alk Harb or Sheffield I sland Harbo r
Five Mile River = top 20 sites
Scott s Cove symptoms likelyto exhibit Gorh am Pond Darien River Holly Pond Cove Harbor Wescot t Cove Stamford Harbor Gree nw ich Cove Mianus River In dian Harbo r Smith Cove N Load (kg N / y )
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Paw cat uck River Litt le Na rra gan set t Bay Wequ et equ ock Cove Q uan adu ck Cove Sto ningt on Harb or Q uiambog Cove Wilcox Cove Williams Cove My st ic River
Bebe e Cove R. = Thames 304,766 West Cove Palmer Cove Vene t ian Harb or Mu mford Cove Poqu ono ck River Baker Cove Thames River Alew ife Cove G oshe n Cove JorN dan Load Cove (kg N / ha-em bay me nt / y )
G ard ner s Pond1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Niant ic River Niant0 ic Ba y
CT Pat t aga nset t River Gr een w ich Harb orBride Broo k Capt ain HarbFour or Mile River By ram Three River mile River Kirby Black Pond Hall River Play landConne Lake ct icut River Sout h Cove Milto nI ndian Harb or t ow n Harb or Van Amringe MillpondO y st er River Ma maro neck RiverHagar Cree k Lar chmont HarbPat chog or ue River PremiumMe Millpond nun kesuc ket River Echo Clinton Bay Harb or Hunt er I sland BayToms Cree k East ches t er BayFence Cree k West ches t er CreeG uilford k Harb or Pugsley CreeI kndian Cove East River Litt le Ne ck Bay Ma nha sset Bay Hempst ead Harb or
NY Dosor is Po nd Frost Cree k Mill Neck Cree k Oy st er Bay Cold Spring Harb or
atm depatm to land fertilizer septic sewer Lloy d Harb or depatm to embayment Hunt ingt on Harb or Cent erp ort Harb or Nort hpo rt Harb or = top 20 sites Nort hpo rt Bay symptoms likelyto exhibit Hunt ingt on Bay Nissequo gue River Sto ny Broo k Harb or Conscien ce Bay Port Jeffers on Harb or Mo unt Sinai Ha rbo r Ma t t ituc k Cree k Go ldsmith' s I nlet Prioritize within a watershed based on the relative contribution.
less than 200 m from embayment
NEAR – drains directly to embayment
FAR – drains first to a pond LIS Coastal Watershed fraction of total nitrogen load attributed to watersheds
all from this study LIS Total Watershed fraction of total nitrogen load attributed to watersheds
East River & Embayments = this study Other Rivers = USGS SPARROW estimates
Note explaining why this figure is different from previous presentations: In previous presentations, an old estimate of N load from the East River was use, dating from 1989. Upgrades to N removal and other reductions in the N Load meant that the 1989 estimate was too large. While our study area does not include the fraction of the Hudson River that may be exiting the East River, this is considered a better estimate of sources. Embayment load is small compared to the “big 4” rivers – so why should we care? -- take a note from the environmental movement --
http://www.teletech.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_main/publi c/csv6i1_benchmark.jpg?itok=cLhzpSJA
http://theoneworldcollective.org/hubs/
http://tightmixblog.com/finding-music-blogs/ http://theoneworldcollective.org/hubs/
Embayments are also experiencing the effects of N loading – see similar conditions within local embayments as we see in LIS.
people care about their local waters – want to make these areas swimmable, fishable, boatable while load to LIS is comparatively small, many embayments are locally affected educational opportunity – get people thinking about what they can do locally, makes broader scale changes easier to understand and support Questions?
Our research group is available to meet with you for longer discussions. Contact Jamie Vaudrey [email protected] University of Connecticut Fertilizer Application - residential
Long Bronx / Westchester CT TOTAL Island Queens number of people 406 205 106 503 1220 interviewed margin of error (%) 4.9 6.8 9.5 4.4
data from: Public Perception Survey of Long Island Sound Watershed Residents, 2006. http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/surveys/docs/publicperceptionsurvey.pdf matches conversations & reports from K. Guillard, UConn Fertilizer Application - residential
Percent of Homes Using Fertilizer
Bronx / unit = % Long Island Westchester Queens CT several applications / year 49 48 45 30 1 application / year 31 26 27 35 less than 1 application / year 2 7 9 6 never 13 18 11 26 don't know 5 1 9 3 declined to answer 0 0 0 0 % homes using fertilizer 85 82 86 73 min 76 69 65 62 max 91 88 99 77
data from: Public Perception Survey of Long Island Sound Watershed Residents, 2006. http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/surveys/docs/publicperceptionsurvey.pdf matches conversations & reports from K. Guillard, UConn Fertilizer Application - residential
Application Rate 1 application = 1 lb N / 1000 sq ft = 49 kg N / ha
% of homes fertilizing * Long Bronx / Kg N / ha / y Westchester CT annual application rate Island Queens several applications / year - avg 83.1 81.4 76.3 50.9 several applications / year - min 72.0 70.6 66.2 44.1 several applications / year - max 96.0 94.1 88.2 58.8 1 application / year 15.2 12.7 13.2 17.2 less than 1 application / year - avg (1/3y) 0.33 1.14 1.47 0.98 less than 1 application / year - min (1/5y) 0.20 0.69 0.88 0.59 less than 1 application / year - max (1/2y) 0.49 1.72 2.21 1.47 don't know (1/y) 2.45 0.49 4.41 1.47 e.g. rateapplication calc for >1 applicationrate applied / y toon all Long homes Island =99.8 a / (a+b) *95.5 (49 kgN/ha)93.2 * 3 69.7 min 87.4 84.0 80.3 61.8 max 114.2 109.0 108.0 78.9 http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/surveys/docs/publicperceptionsurvey.pdf Fertilizer Application – parks & rec. fields fertilizing data = # responding yes data = fraction responding yes survey of # of times per year Lawns Sports Fields Parks & Rec Lawns Sports Fields Parks & Rec lawn care 0.0 0 0 3 0.00 0.00 0.15 professionals 1.0 6 3 2 0.07 0.09 0.10 and 2.0 15 5 5 0.19 0.15 0.25 municipal 3.0 22 8 5 0.27 0.24 0.25 4.0 27 17 4 0.33 0.50 0.20 workers in LIS 5.0 11 1 1 0.14 0.03 0.05 avg times per year = 3.27 3.24 2.40 fertilizing rate fertilizing rate data = # responding yes data = fraction responding yes (lbs N / 1000 sq ft) (lbs N / 1000 sq ft) Lawns Sports Fields Parks & Rec Lawns Sports Fields Parks & Rec 0.0 0.00 0 0 2 0.00 0.00 0.10 <0.25 0.13 1 0 1 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.25 to 0.5 0.38 23 5 2 0.30 0.17 0.10 0.6 to 0.9 0.75 29 11 9 0.38 0.37 0.43 1.0 1.00 22 12 7 0.29 0.40 0.33 >1 1.50 2 2 0 0.03 0.07 0.00 lbs N / 1000 sq ft = 0.72 0.84 0.70 avg times applied * lbsN/1000sq ft = annual load (lb N / sq ft / y) 2.36 2.71 1.67 annual load (kg N / ha / y) 115.1 132.3 81.6 ASSUMPTIONS – 91.7 kg N / ha / y 50% of park & recreational land is fertilized (45-55%) Nitrogen Fertilizer Reductions on Coastal Lawns Of 50% fertilized, 20% is sports fields & 80% is park Through Training and Education, March 2011; data from the pre-workshop survey