DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioactive Principles from Panamanian Medicinal Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bioactive Principles from Panamanian Medicinal Plants BIOACTIVE PRINCIPLES FROM PANAMANIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS Thesis presented by Pablo Narclso Solis Gonzalez for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Medicine of the University of London Department of Pharmacognosy The School of Pharmacy University of London 1994 ProQuest Number: 10105140 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10105140 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 A tribute to my Grand Parents, Pablo and Conce and to my Parents, Nato and Gladys my models of fortitude. ABSTRACT Plants are widely used in Panama and Central America to cure different diseases, including malaria and amoebic dysentery. Cephaëlis ipecacuanha of the famiiy Rubiaceae contains emetine, which is used in the treatment of severe amoebic dysentery. Species of Rubiaceae, Simaroubaceae, Meliaceae and Menispermaceae have been examined, they are known to contain isoquinoline alkaloids, quassinoids, limonoids and bisbenzylisoquinoline (bbiq) alkaloids, respectively, with activity against Plasmodium falciparum. In order to obtain antiprotozoal natural products such as quassinoids, limonoids, bbiq’s and emetine reiated alkaloids it was decided to investigate the following plants: Guarea macropetaia, G. rhopalocarpa, Ruagea glabra (Meliaceae); Abuta dwyerana (Menispermaceae); Cephaëlis camponutans, 0. dichroa, 0. dimorphandrloldes, 0. glomerulata, Laslanthus panamensis (Rubiaceae); PIcramnIa antldesma subsp. fessonia, P. teapensis (Simaroubaceae). Extracts from different parts of the plants were fractionated and tested against brine shrimp and KB ceils. Four plants were chemically studied and the isoiated compounds were characterized by mass spectra, infrared, ultraviolet, and NMR, also, two dimensional NMR experiments such as COSY-45, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY. Circular dichroism was used to establish the absolute configuration of some of the compounds. C. camponutans yielded benz[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione, isolated for the first time from the plant kingdom, and a the new 1-OH- benzoisochromanquinone. Both compounds showed activity against brine shrimp, KB ceils and Plasmodium falciparum, in vitro. C. dichroa yielded six indole monoterpenoid aikaloids, including strictosidine, strictosamide, angustine, vallesiachotamine, iso-vallesiachotamine and the novel vallesiachotamine lactone. In contrast, 0. glomerulata yielded three new quinoline alkaloids. named, glomerulatine A, B and C. The taxonomic position of Cephaëlis is unclear and more detailed information on the constituent alkaloids may prove valuable in unravelling this problem. The butanolic fraction from de leaves of P. antldesma subsp. fessonia, showed strong activity against KB cells and yielded two known anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, aloe-emodinanthrone) and three new C-glycoside of aloe-emodin, named picramnioside A, B and C. The C-glycosides showed activity against KB cells. A cytotoxic microwell test using Anemia salina (brine shrimp) was developed in order to overcome some of the disadvantages of the previously described method. The test was predictive of cytotoxicity and compounds with activity on the nervous system were inactive. The activity of the quassinoids against KB cell and P. falciparum parallel the activity against brine shrimp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Professor J. David Phillipson for his precious help and friendship without which this work would not have been possible. I am also indebted to Professor Mahabir P. Gupta, Departamento de Quimica Medicinal y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama for his encouragement and guidance. I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to Professors Don Antonio Gonzalez and Don Angel Gutierrez Ravelo and colleagues in the Institute de Productos Maturates Organicos, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, where part of this work was carried out. Also, I am indebted to Professor Mireya Correa and Mrs Carmen Galdames for their valuable help in collection, identification and plant preparation. I am grateful to Mr. Rutilio Paredes, Research Coordinator of Program of Ecology and Management of Wild Areas of Kuna Yala (PEMASKY), who very kindly allowed access for plant collection. I thank Mrs. J. Hawkes for running the NMR experiments in the AMX400 and WM250 NMR, University of London Intercollegiate Research Service at King’s College and Dr. K. Welham and his colleagues for running the mass spectra at the Mass Spectrometry Unit at The School of Pharmacy, University of London. I am grateful to my colleges in the Department of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy with whom I have collaborated in various aspects of this work, particularly Miss Maria Camacho, Miss Caroline Lang’at and Dr. Colin Wright. I also wish to thank Drs. D.C. Warhurst and G.C. Kirby, Department of Medical Parasitology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for running the antimalarial activity of some of the isolated compounds. I am grateful to Dr. R.T. Brown, University of Manchester for generous gifts of strictosidine, vincosidine and their acetylated derivatives and for their NMR spectra. Also, I would like to thank Mrs. M. Pickett for technical help and Mrs A. Cavanagh for excellent graphical work in the preparation on slides and posters for use at conferences. Undoubtedly, I am eternally indebted to my wife and lover, Nilka, and my children, Nilkita, Pablito and Paola, for their daily encouragement, comprehension and patience during these three difficult years of my life. I am grateful to the Commission of the European Community for the provision of a research scholarship (B/CI1*-913064). CONTENTS Page Abstract 3 Acknowledgement 5 List of Abbreviations 12 List of Figures 15 List of Tables 16 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 18 1.1 Health care in Panama 19 1.1.1 The country 19 1.1.2 Treatment of diseases 20 1.1.2.1 Health care coverage in Panama 20 1.1.2.2 Major health problems in Panama 21 1.1.3 Ethnomedicine in Panama 25 1.1.4 Natural resources and conservation 28 1.2 Selection of plants for chemical and biological investigation 36 1.2.1 Traditional medicine 36 1.2.2 Random selection of plants for chemical investigation 38 1.2.3 Chemotaxonomy 39 1.2.3.1 Chemotaxonomy background 41 1.3 Biological testing of plant extracts 42 1.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of in-vivo and in-vitro testing 43 1.3.2 Simple bioassays 45 1.3.2.1 Brine shrimp assay 45 1.3.2.2 KB cells assay 46 1.3.2.3 P. falciparum assay 47 1.4 Aims of this study 49 SECTION 2. PLANTS SELECTED FOR INVESTIGATION 50 2.1 Meliaceous plants 51 2.2 Menispermaceous plants 57 2.3 Rubiaceous plants 58 2.4 Simaroubaceous plants 67 SECTION 3 TESTING FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 72 3.1 Materials and methods 73 3.1.1 New microwell brine shrimp assay 73 3.1.2 Brine shrimp assay 74 3.1.3 KB cells assay 74 3.1.4 P. falciparumàssay 76 3.2 Results and discussion 76 3.2.1 Evaluation of brine shrimp assay 76 3.2.2 Activity of the plant crude extracts against brine shrimp and KB cells 80 SECTION 4 PHYTOCHEMISTRY 89 4.1 Material and general methods 90 4.1.1 Plant material 90 4.1.2 Solvents 90 4.1.3 Chromatography techniques 92 4.1.4 Spectrometric methods 92 4.1.4.1 Ultraviolet spectroscopy (U V ) 92 4.1.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR ) 92 4.1.4.3 Mass spectrometry (M S) 93 4.1.4.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance (N M R ) 93 4.1.4.5 Polarimetry 93 4.1.4.6 Circular dichroism (CD) 94 4.1.5 Preparation of acetyl derivatives 94 4.2.1 Preparation of crude plant extracts for biological test 94 8 4.2.1.1 Results 94 4.3 Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from Cephaëlis camponutans {Psychotria camponutans) 98 4.3.1 Extraction procedure 98 4.3.2 Identification of the isolated compounds 98 4.3.3.1 1 -Hydroxybenzoisochromanquinone 98 4.3.3.1.1 Spectral data 98 4.3.3.1.2 1 - Acety Ibenzoisochromanquinone 99 4.3.3.1.2.1 Spectral data 99 4.3.3.2 Benz[g]isoquinoline-5J0 dione 99 4.3.3.2.1 Spectral data 99 4.3.4 Discussion 1 0 2 4.3.5 Biological activity of the isolates 108 4.3.5.1 Results and discussion 108 4.4 Isolation of alkaloids fromCephaëlis dichroa 1 1 0 4.4.1 Extraction and separation procedure 1 1 0 4.4.2 Identification of isolated compounds 1 1 0 4.4.2.1 Vallesiachotamine lactone 1 1 0 4.4.2.1.1 Spectral data 1 1 0 4.4.2.2 Vallesiachotamine 1 1 1 4.4.2.2.1 Spectral data 1 1 1 4.4.2.3 Strictosidine 1 1 2 4.4.2.3.1 Spectral data 1 1 2 4.4.2.4 Strictosidine lactam 113 4.4.2.4.1 Spectral data 113 4.4.2.4.2 Acetyl strictosidine lactam 114 4.4.2.4.2.1 Spectral data 114 4.4.2.5 Angustine 115 4.4.2.5.1 Spectral data 115 4.4.3 Discussion 117 4.5 Isolation and identification of alkaloids from Cephaëlis glomerulata (Psychotria glomerulata) 121 4.5.1 Extraction and separation procedure 121 4.5.2 Identification of the isolated compounds 121 4.5.2.1 Glomerulatine A 121 4.5.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA ANDRÉA MACÊDO CORRÊA CITOTAXONOMIA DE REPRESENTANTES DA SUBFAMÍLIA RUBIOIDEAE (RUBIACEAE) NOS CERRADOS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Eliana Regina Forni-Martins Campinas 2007 i ii Campinas, 02 de Março de 2007 BANCA EXAMINADORA Drª. Eliana Regina Forni-Martins – Orientadora Drª. Maria Angélica Maciel Martinho Ferreira Drª. Sigrid Luiza Jung Mendaçolli Drª. Neiva Isabel Pierozzi Dr. João Semir Drª. Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita - Suplente ______________________________________ Dr. Ricardo Lombelo - Suplente ______________________________________ Drª. Júlia Yamagishi Costa - Suplente ______________________________________ iii À minha família, de valor inestimável. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho foi concluído graças ao apoio e dedicação de várias pessoas, que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para sua realização. Agradeço então: A Deus; À minha família, Agostinho e Aracilda, meus pais, Araceli e Junior, meus irmãos, Otávio Augusto, meu sobrinho, pelo apoio, mesmo à distância; Ao meu marido Emerson, pelo apoio, companheirismo e auxílio nas coletas no campo; À Drª. Eliana, minha orientadora, que novamente confiou no meu trabalho, ensinando e ajudando em diversos momentos; À Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Biossistemática, pela infra-estrutura que possibilitou a realização desse trabalho; Ao curso de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal; À FAPESP (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), pela bolsa de doutorado concedida e os auxílios fornecidos a Drª. Eliana, possibilitando a realização dessa pesquisa; Ao CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico) pelo auxílio concedido a Drª.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloids – Secrets of Life
    ALKALOIDS – SECRETS OF LIFE ALKALOID CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE, APPLICATIONS AND ECOLOGICAL ROLE This page intentionally left blank ALKALOIDS – SECRETS OF LIFE ALKALOID CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE, APPLICATIONS AND ECOLOGICAL ROLE Tadeusz Aniszewski Associate Professor in Applied Botany Senior Lecturer Research and Teaching Laboratory of Applied Botany Faculty of Biosciences University of Joensuu Joensuu Finland Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Estadual De Maringá
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM QUÍMICA Contribuição ao estudo químico das espécies vegetais Palicourea rigida e Palicourea coriacea e avaliação das atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória e moluscicida de Palicourea rigida. Tese apresentada por Elisa Aguayo da Rosa ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química do Departamento de Química do Centro de Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual de Maringá como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. MARINGÁ, MAIO/2009 Catalogação na Publicação Biblioteca Central da UNICENTRO, Campus Guarapuava Rosa, Elisa Aguayo da R788c Contribuição ao estudo químico da espécies vegetais Palicourea rigida e Palicourea coriacea e avaliação das atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória e moluscicida de Palicourea rigida / Elisa Aguayo da Rosa. – – Maringá, 2009 xvii, 216 f. : il. ; 28 cm Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Química de Departamento de Química do Centro de Ciências Exatas da UEM, área de concentração em Química, 2009 Orientadora: Cleuza Conceição da Silva Co-orientadora: Cecília M. A. de Oliveira Banca examinadora: Maria Helena Sarragiotto, Yohandra Reyes Torres, Lucilia Kato, Rosane Marina Peralta Bibliografia 1. Química. 2. Rubiaceae. 3. Rubioideae. 4. Palicourea. 5. Iridóide. 6. Alcalóide. 7. Flavonóide. 8. Antraquinona. 9. Cumarina. I. Título. II.Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. CDD 547 Ao meu marido Marcos. Agradecimentos À Profa. Dra. Cleuza C. da Silva por ter aceitado a orientação e pelos ensinamentos realizados; À Profa. Dra. Cecília pela co-orientação e conhecimentos compartilhados; Ao meu marido Marcos pela paciência, compreensão e estímulo; Aos meus pais e irmão, principalmente minha mãe Ivone, pelas palavras de incentivo; A minha sogra Iracy pela hospedagem e bom convívio.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo Centro De Ciências Ágrarias E Engenharias - Ccae Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Veterinárias
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS ÁGRARIAS E ENGENHARIAS - CCAE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS VETERINÁRIAS ANDRESSA RIBEIRO VICENTINI PROSPECÇÃO DE INIBIDORES DA ACETILCOLINESTERASE EM PLANTAS DA FAMÍLIA RUBIACEAE NA MATA ATLÂNTICA ALEGRE-ES 2017 ANDRESSA RIBEIRO VICENTINI PROSPECÇÃO DE INIBIDORES DA ACETILCOLINESTERASE EM PLANTAS DA FAMÍLIA RUBIACEAE NA MATA ATLÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias, linha de pesquisa em: Diagnóstico e terapêutica das enfermidades clínico -cirúrgicas. Orientador (a): Prof. (a) Dr. (a): Juliana Aparecida Severi. ALEGRE-ES 2017 ANDRESSA RIBEIRO VICENTINI PROSPECÇÃO DE INIBIDORES DA ACETILCOLINESTERASE EM PLANTAS DA FAMÍLIA RUBIACEAE NA MATA ATLÂNTICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias, linha de pesquisa em: Diagnóstico e terapêutica das enfermidades clínico-cirúrgicas. Orientador (a): Prof. (a) Dr. (a): Juliana Aparecida Severi. Aprovado em 25 de julho de 2017. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ______________________________________ Prof (a ). Dr (a ) Juliana A. Severi Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Orientador (a) _______________________________________ Prof (a ). Dr (a) Tatiana T. Carrijo Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo _______________________________________ Prof (a ). Dr (a) Marcos S. Zanini Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo AGRADECIMENTOS Inicio meu agradecimento à Deus, ele que inseriu em minha vida pessoas tão especiais nesse período, sem as quais, eu certamente, não teria conseguido chegar até aqui.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloid Chemistry in Biosynthesis, Models and Other Methodological Considerations and Basic Techniques Used
    Elsevier AMS Prelims-N52736 Job code: ASLA 17-2-2007 12:35p.m. Page:xi Trimsize:165×240MM List of Figures 1 Contemporary scheme of morphine. 2 2 Some alkaloids isolated by pharmaceutists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Beinamé Caventou during 1817–1821. 3 3 Schemes of taxol, vinblastine, vincristine and vincamine 5 4 An example of a true alkaloid 11 5 An example of protoalkaloids 11 6 An example of a pseudoalkaloid 12 7 The raw extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids 13 8 l-tryptophan with its aromatic side chain 15 9 The devil’s-pepper genus, Rauwolfia serpentina 15 10 l-phenylalanine is a precursor 17 11 l-ornithine is an important precursor 19 12 l-tyrosine, with its aromatic side chain 19 13 l-anthranilic acid is a precursor 23 14 l-histidine is a precursor 24 15 l-ornithine and l-nicotinic acids are precursors 26 16 l-lysine is a precursor 31 17 (a) Structure of seed testa of the Washington lupine (b) Alkaloidal Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. 32 18 Jervine, cyclopamine and protoveratrine structures. 49 19 Basic alkaloids of mushrooms. 55 20 Ergotamine and LSD 56 21 Secondary metabolism blocks 65 22 Pyruvate derivation and acetyl CoA synthesis 66 23 General scheme of alkaloid synthesis 68 24 l-lysine-derived nuclei 69 25 Nuclei and skeletons of izidine alkaloids 70 26 The source and forms of the pyrrolidine ring 70 27 l-histidine and the nuclei of imidazole and manzamine alkaloids. 70 28 The nuclei produced by anthranilic acid in alkaloids 71 29 The nucleus of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid 72 30 l-phenylanine-derived nuclei in alkaloid biosynthesis 72 31 Nuclei supplied to alkaloids by l-tyrosine in the synthesizing process 73 32 The l-tryptophan-supplied nucleus during synthesis 74 33 Synthesis of alkaloids from ornithine 75 34 Synthesis pathway of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids 76 35 Synthesis of hordeine and mescaline 77 Font Used:Times Margins:Top:18mm Gutter:20mm Font Size:11/13 Text Width:125mm Depth:43 Lines Elsevier AMS Prelims-N52736 Job code: ASLA 17-2-2007 12:35p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report 87 BOTANICAL INVENTORY of the PROPOSED TUTUILA and OFU UNITS of the NATIONAL PARK of AMERICAN SAMOA Dr
    COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (808) 956-8218 Technical Report 87 BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF THE PROPOSED TUTUILA AND OFU UNITS OF THE NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA Dr. W. Arthur Whistler Department of Botany University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 Cooperative Agreement CA 8034-2-0001 April 1994 COMl INWEALTH OF ' THE 3RTHERN ... MARL A ISLANDS a GUAM ISLANDS OF SAMOA 0 50 100 L I rE MILES C: " .. REPUBLIC +. OF PALAl FEDERATED ;TATES. OF MIC 'UPOLU . Western I OLOSEGA Samoa ROSE 0 American Samoa ATOLL ISLANDS SOCIETY NIUE ' 1;. ,. ISLANiS . PA---- Tropic of AUSTRALIA Figure 1 Location Map motional I ' Line I THE PACIFIC OCEAN TABLE OF CONTENTS I . INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1 The Geography ..................................................................................................................................1 ..I hc Climate ........................... .. .....................................................................................................I The Geology ......................................................................................................................................1 Floristic Studies on Tutuila ...............................................................................................................4 Vegetation Studies on Tutuila ...........................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • The Rare Plants of Tonga
    THE RARE PLANTS OF TONGA by Art Whistler Isle Botanica Honolulu, Hawai‘i Report Prepared for the Tonga Trust Ltd. Funded by Conservation International and Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 2011 1 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………. 1 1.1. The Flora of Tonga …………………………………………… 2 1.2. Botanical Collections from Tonga ……………………………. 4 1.3. Reasons for Rarity ……………………………………………. 6 1.4. Classification of Rarity ……..………………………………… 8 1.5. Criteria Used Here for Rare …………………………………... 10 2. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………… 12 3. RESULTS ………………….………………………………………. 13 3.1. Distribution of Rare Plants …………………………………… 13 3.2. Rare Polynesian Introductions ………………………………... 14 3.3. Rare Indigenous Species ……………………………………… 18 3.3.1. Rare Indigenous Littoral Species ………………………. 18 3.3.2. Rare Indigenous Orchid Species ………………………. 19 3.3.3. Other Rare Indigenous Species ………………………... 20 3.4. Rare Endemic Species ………………………………….…….. 23 4. DISCUSSION …………………………….……………………….. 24 4.1. Tongan Endemic Species …………………………………….. 24 4.2. Tongan Indigenous Non-Orchids …………………………….. 26 4.3. Tongan Indigenous Orchids …………………………….……. 30 4.4. Tongan Traditional Plants …………………………….……… 31 5. RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………... 33 6. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………….. 36 7. APPENDIX 1. CHECKLIST OF RARE PLANTS OF TONGA …. 39 8. APPENDIX 2. IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES ………………… 43 9. APPENDIX 3. DOUBTFUL RARE PLANT RECORDS ……….... 50 10. APPENDIX 4. RARE TONGAN PLANT PROFILES .................. 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank all the people and organizations that have contributed to the preparation of this report. He is greatly indebted to Conservation International and the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, which kindly provided funding for this work. He would like to give special thanks to Sione Faka‘osi and his staff at Tonga Trust Ltd. for their great effort in arranging and running the weeklong workshop in Tonga, and the nine attendees who graced us with their presence the whole five days of the workshop.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cape Coast Phytochemistry, Anti
    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST PHYTOCHEMISTRY, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE ROOT BARK OF ANTHOSTEMA AUBRYANUM (BAILL) PATRICK MALCOLM FYNN 2016 Digitized by UCC, Library © Patrick Malcolm Fynn University of Cape Coast Digitized by UCC, Library DECLARATION Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original research and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature:.................................................... Date:........................... Name: Patrick Malcolm Fynn Supervisors’ Declaration We hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of the thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Cape Coast. Principal Supervisor’s Signature:.................................... Date:......................... Name: Prof. Yaw Opoku-Boahen Co-Supervisor’s Signature: ........................................... Date:......................... Name: Dr. (Mrs) Genevieve Adukpo ii Digitized by UCC, Library ABSTRACT The work presented in this thesis involves the scientific investigation into the traditional uses of the root bark of Anthostema aubryanum (Baill., family, Euphorbiaceae) as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. It also describes the isolation and characterization of two compounds from the alkaloid extract of the root bark of Anthostema aubryanum Baill. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using the acute carrageenan – induced foot pad edema model in six weeks old rats. The extracts were given orally to the rats at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight, 1 hour after induction of oedema with carrageenan using diclofenac as the reference drug. All extracts of the root bark were demonstrated to display a time-and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects in rats with methanolic extract showing the highest activity (ED50 = 5.29± 0.02 BDW) compared to the standard drug, diclofenac (ED50 = 1.99± 0.01).
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Celular E Molecular ALCALÓIDES DE Psychotria
    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular ALCALÓIDES DE Psychotria : FOTORREGULAÇÃO E PROPRIEDADES ANTIOXIDANTES E ANTIMUTAGÊNICAS Variluska Fragoso Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biologia Celular e Molecular Orientador: Profº Arthur Germano Fett-Neto Co-Orientadora: Profª Jenifer Saffi Porto Alegre 2007 Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal do Instituto de Biociências e Centro de Biotecnologia e do Laboratório 210 do Departamento de Biofísica, ambos desta Universidade. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). - Eu estive lendo a respeito do começo do universo... Eles chamam isso de “a grande explosão”... Não é estranho como os cientistas podem imaginar toda a matéria do universo explodindo de um ponto menor que a cabeça de um alfinete, mas eles não conseguem chegar a um nome mais evocativo para isso que “a grande explosão”. Esse é todo o problema com a Ciência. Você tem um monte de empíricos tentando descrever coisas de maravilhas não imagináveis. - E como VOCÊ chamaria a criação do universo? - “ O HORRENDO KABLÓIDE ESPACIAL”!!!!!! - Hmm... assim é melhor. Calvin e Haroldo , Bill Watterson AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família amada, um pouco polaca, um pouco dos pampas. À minha mãe querida, misturinha boa de Marie Curie, obstinada, com Dn. Ofélia (... faz um bolo de milho e um profiteroles como ninguém!!).
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Mapping Inventory Project National Park of American Samoa
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Vegetation Mapping Inventory Project National Park of American Samoa Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2015/984 ON THE COVER The forests of the south side of Mt. Lata on Ta‘ū Island in the National Park of American Samoa. Photograph by: Kass Green Vegetation Mapping Inventory Project National Park of American Samoa Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2015/984 Kass Green1, Gwen Kittel2, Chad Lopez3, Alison Ainsworth4, Meagan Selvig5, Visa Vaivai4, Kathryn Akamine5, Mark Tukman6 and Greg Kudray4. 1Kass Green & Associates 1101 High Court Berkeley, CA 94708 2NatureServe 2108 55th Street, Suite 220 Boulder, CO 80301 3Quantum Spatial 10033 Martin Luther King Street, Suite 200 St. Petersburg, Florida 33716 4National Park Service Pacific Island Network – Inventory and Monitoring PO Box 52 Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 5Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (PCSU) University of Hawaii at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 6Tukman Geospatial LLC 2700 Bennett Ridge Road, Santa Rosa, CA July, 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]