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The Role of Education in the Assimilation of Romani Women in the United States Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Theses Department of Sociology 12-16-2015 The Role of Education in the Assimilation of Romani Women in the United States Melanie Covert Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses Recommended Citation Covert, Melanie, "The Role of Education in the Assimilation of Romani Women in the United States." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/54 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE ASSIMILATION OF ROMANI WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES by MELANIE R COVERT Under the Direction of Rosalind Chou, Phd ABSTRACT The Romani are a largely unknown people group in the United States though their plight world-wide is highly visible. The story of Romani in the United States remains largely untold. This study explored the daily lives of 15 Romani women within the United States. The study investigated questions of historical prejudice, gender roles, educational achievement and barriers to assimilation with in the Romani community. Results of the study highlighted that many Romani women encounter significant barriers inside and outside of their communities that impact their ability to pursue higher education and to fully assimilate into mainstream society due to current and historical prejudice encountered outside of their communities and bias found within their communities. INDEX WORDS: Race, Gender, Inequality, Assimilation THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE ASSIMILATION OF ROMANI WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES by MELANIE COVERT A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2015 Copyright by Melanie Rose Covert 2015 THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE ASSIMILATION OF ROMANI WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES by MELANIE COVERT Committee Chair: Rosalind Chou Committee: James Ainsworth Tomeka Davis Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2015 iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family and friends who supported me in significant ways throughout my work on this project. It is also dedicated to the amazing women who allowed me to be a part of their stories and utilize their stories to be a voice for other women unable or unwilling to speak about their experiences. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my Chair, Rosalind Chou, and my fantastic committee, James Ainsworth and Tomeka Davis, for their support as I completed this project. Their insights and feedback encouraged me to bring my work to another level and pushed me to go further. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. v 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Assimilation Theory ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 Who are the Romani? ......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Educational barriers ........................................................................................... 9 3 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Summary of findings ......................................................................................... 17 4 Discrimination ........................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Historical discrimination .................................................................................. 20 4.1.1 Forced Assimilation ...................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 Impact of the civil rights movement ............................................................. 22 4.1.3 Fascination or discrimination ...................................................................... 24 4.1.4 “Run out of town” the reality of Romani life .............................................. 25 4.1.5 “We lived it” Prejudice as a normal part of the Romani experience .......... 26 4.1.6 “The minute they found out” the impact of discrimination on identity ..... 27 4.2 Current Discrimination .................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 “He couldn’t deny it” Facing the reality of discrimination ........................ 29 4.2.2 “It’s just really bad” Invisible discrimination ............................................. 31 vii 4.3 Mistrust .............................................................................................................. 33 4.4 Hiding ................................................................................................................. 35 4.4.1 Identifying as Native American .................................................................... 36 4.4.2 “Its not something I’ve ever been proud of” ................................................ 36 4.4.3 Identifying as Italian ..................................................................................... 37 4.4.4 Identifying as Irish ........................................................................................ 38 4.4.5 Hiding Romani identity ................................................................................. 39 4.4.6 Identifying as Hungarian ............................................................................. 39 4.5 Today .................................................................................................................. 40 4.6 Discrimination in Education ............................................................................ 41 4.6.1 Bullying as part of the Romani experience .................................................. 42 4.6.2 Discrimination in higher education ............................................................. 43 4.6.3 Encountering ignorance in higher education.............................................. 43 4.6.4 Being told Gypsies are not a minority .......................................................... 44 4.6.5 Being told Gypsies can’t read or write ......................................................... 45 5 HOW DO THE ROMANI TALK ABOUT EDUCATION? ................................ 48 5.1 Lack of Support ................................................................................................. 49 5.1.1 “Nobody ever sat down with me” Lack of support ...................................... 50 5.1.2 “That boy is the only one” Gender differences ............................................ 51 5.2 Impact of Lack of Familial Support ................................................................ 53 viii 5.3 Negotiating Racial Complexities in Educational Settings ............................. 57 5.4 Support for Education ...................................................................................... 60 5.4.1 “I was going to go to college” Changing expectations among Romani families 62 5.4.2 “I was expected to do well” Historical expectations .................................... 63 5.4.3 “They will get made fun of” Reaction to education .................................... 65 5.4.4 “Traditional men do not find that attractive” Gender views ....................... 66 5.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 67 6 DOES EDUCATION EQUAL ASSIMILATION? ................................................ 69 6.1 Exceptionalism ................................................................................................... 71 6.2 Changing Perspectives in Support of Romani Education ............................. 77 6.3 Changing Beliefs Surrounding Women .......................................................... 79 6.4 Oldest Generation ............................................................................................. 81 6.5 The Parents of Today ........................................................................................ 82 6.6 Survival as a Way of Life for Romani ............................................................. 82 6.7 Unprepared for Life’s Challenges ................................................................... 86 6.8 The Challenge of Breaking Cultural Norms ................................................... 88 6.9 Social Norms and Individual Prospects .......................................................... 91 6.10 A Culture the Encourages Acquiring Knowledge ...................................... 93 6.11 A Shifting Generation ................................................................................... 95 ix 6.12 An Open Generation ..................................................................................... 96 7 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 105 1 1 INTRODUCTION In a recent proposal to city hall, Rome’s social policy
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