Abkhazia 43 Abkhazians 41 Absolutism 3, 20, 21, 23, 25

Index

Abkhazia 43 Armenians 37, 38 Abkhazians 41 delegates 50 absolutism 3, 20, 21, 23, 25 Armstrong,Judith 13 Academy of Sciences army 52 Belarus 66 Article6 43 Bulgaria 211 Asia 45,239 Adygei AutonomousRegion 38 Asmus, Ronald 240 Afanas'ev, Yurii 42,267 Assyria 18 Afghanistan 239 Athens 20, 22, 25 African NationalCongress (ANC) Atlantic 244 276 August coup (1991) 54 Agency for International Augustus 20 Development(AID) 132 Australia 266 Agnew, John 224 Austria 232, 233 Ahrweiler, Helene 271,272 authoritarianism 1, 120, 124, 130, Akmola 109 131, 134, 197,212,213,274 Alash 63 autonomisation 38, 212 Albania 122 autonomousrepublics 48,50,51,52 AlexanderII 260 axiality 26, 28 Alexanderthe Great 20 Azat 103 Alksnis, Victor 42 Azerbaijan 37,44 Allianceof Free Democrats Azeris 37 (Hungary)152 delegates 50 Allianceof Labour (Russia) 193 Popular Front 46 Almaty 93,98,101,103,106,107, reprisals 37 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 Anaximander 19 Baburin,Sergei 110 Annalesschool 224 Baechler,Jean 199 antiquity 18,28 Baku 46 aparthcid 13,275,282 Balcerowicz plan 237 Aquinas 21 Baldersheim,Harald 171 Aristotle 21 Balkans 12, 125, 128, 226, 240, Armenia 32,3941 242

285 286 Index

delegates 43 Brunn, Gerhard 69 nationalities 39 Brussels 131,271,272 peoples 44 Bryansk 83 Baranskaya, Natalya 263,264 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 231,232,233 Barcelona 39 Budapest 232 Bashkiria 51 Buddha 19 Bashkirs 109 Bukovina 74 Basque region 232 Bulgaria 9,11,12,119,122,123,150, Bavaria 226 151,152,153,156,160,202,205, Baziliuk, AIeksandr 80 206,207,212,213,214,242 Beek, Ursula J. Van 13 Supreme Court 211 behavioural revolution 2 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) 205, Belarus (Belorussia) 5, 6, 32, 44, 53, 208,209,211,214 62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,119, 242 Caeser 20 Belarusians 37, 109 Calleo, David 228 historiography 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, capi~m 26, 128, 129, 162 69 Catalonia 232 HistoryofBelarus(1961) 66, 68 Catholicism 73 Institute of History 66 Caucasus 38 partisans 63 Ceauseseu, N. 153 Belgorod 83 Central and Eastern Europe (eBB) Bennet, R. J. 171 10, 141, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, Berlin 12, 240 153,154,158, 165, 171, 178, 173, wall 118 180, 181, 183,212,207,222, Berlin, Isaiah 271 223,228,230,231,232,233, Berov, Lyuben 204 238,240,241,242,243,244 Bielasiak, Jack 9, 10, 11 Central Asia 3, 94, 111 Birlizu (labour movement of Central Asians 8, 93 Kazakhstan) 106 Central Bank 237 'Bloody' Sunday (1905) 41 Central Committee (of the CPSU) Bohemia 226 24,38,40,44,45,46,52 Bolshevik party 21 Central Europe 120, 138, 139, 141, Bolshevik revolution (1917) 230 143,145,146, 147, 148, 153, Bolsheviks 5,95,228 154,158, 165,212,231,235, Borkenau, Franz 18,28 240,242,244 bourgeo~ie 212,214 Chechnya 84, 239 Boyars, Yu. R. Cherkasy 75 Braudel, Fernand 224, 225 Chernihiv 75, 84 Brazauskas, AIgirdas 46, 47 Chernivtsi75 Brecht, Bertolt 270 Chemobyl 37, 82 Brezhnev, Leonid 35 China 19,93,101,229,231,239 Index 287

Christianity 18, 25, 26 confederation 6,42 church 22,23, 121 Confucius Churchill, Winston, 244, 282 Congress ofPeople's Deputies Cicero 18 (Russia) 267, 269 citizenship 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, Congress ofPeople's Deputies 132, 133, 144, 191 (USSR) 41,45,47,53 civic culture 2 first congress 41-3,48 Civic Forum 152, 153, 156 second 41,45-6,53 civil society 2, 8, 9, II, 12, 14, 102, third 46 107,118,121, 122, 123, 130, 133, fourth 52 140,180,183, 185, 186, 187, 188, Congress ofRussian Communities 190,191,192,193,194,196,197, (KRO) 111 198,199,200,210,211,268,277 Congress ofVienna 228 Civil War 94 consociational democracy 211,212 Cold War 12, 13, 222, 228, 239, 244 Constituent Assembly (1917) 267 collectivisation 96 constitution (1977) 39 collectivism 73 constitution (USSR) 42,45,51,99 colonisation 95 constitutionalism 259 Comecon (CMEA) 240, 242 Cossacks 103, 105 Commonwealth (Soviet) 6 Circle 106 Commonwealth ofIndependent States Omsk 111 (CIS) 32,54,73,80,84,89 Siberian 8, lOS, 106 communism 13, 16, 17, 19,21,23, Semirechie 105,106 24,25,26,28,131,140,147, Voiska 105 149, ISO, lSI, 152, 153, ISS, Coulson, Andrew 171 156,162, 172, 180, 181,206, Council of Nationalities (USSR) 53 208,210,212,213,214,275 Council ofthe Regions 87, 88, 89 Communist parties 8, 21, 33,44,46, Crane, Keith 236 64,78,98,101,140,149, ISO, Crete 272 151,153,156,188,200,204 Crimea 74, 75, 79 communists 148, lSI, 152, 157, crisis 18,54,64,65,72,77, 78, 79, 204,205,236,237,245 215 Communist Party (Russian) 47 Croatia 125,233,269 Communist Party of the Soviet Union Cromwell 21 (CPSU) 33,34,35,36,39,40,41, Crusades 26 42,43,45,47,49,52,101,188, culture 81 263,265 Czech Republic 10, II, 118, 119, communists 119, 125 121,125, 126, 128, 171, 175, Nineteenth Conference 34,37,38, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182, 183, 41,47 207,232,233,234,242,243 Twenty-seventh Congress 36 Czechs 119, 120, 125, 126 Twenty-eighth Congress 48 Czechoslovakia 37,126, 149, ISO, 288 Index

151, 152, 153, 156, 160, 171, Eastern Europe 1,2,14,27,33,43, 232,243,244 119,127,129, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146,147,148, 153, 158, 162, Daewoo 245 164,165,213,214,241,242, Dahrendorf, Ralf 278 244 Daskalov, Roumen 11 EconomicCommunity 54 de-democratisation 11 Elander, I. 171 decentralisation 47,89 Elias, Norbert 18,28 Declarationof State Sovereignty 48 Emmanuel, Arighi 225 Declarationon the Union 44 Empire 20,62,63,74 democracy 1-4,9-11,13,14,20-23, England 224,227,228,230,232,244 25-8,35,72,118-24,126,128, see also Great Britain 129,131,132,134,138,140,145, Enlightenment 17,18,21,25,268 154,157,165,171,179,180,182, Estonia 39,40,45,47,52, 119,232, 183,191,197,199,202,208,209, 233,234 210,212,213,214,241,259,260, communist party 46 262,265,266,267,268,269,276, declarationof independence 42 271,274,275,277,278,280,281, Estonians 37 282 population 41 Democracy Network Program EstonianSupreme Soviet 44 democratic centralism 44 . 'ethnic memory' 69 democratic systems 20,120, 132 Eurasia 91, 93 democratisation 2,3,6, 8, 10, II, 16, Europe 14,17,19,20,27,45,67,72, 123, 125, 128, 131, 132, 133,139, 88, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 147,154,162,182,183,205,265, 130,133,186,229,225,231,232, 277 235,238,239,240,241,243,244, Descartes 16 245,266,268,272 Deutero Isaiah 1\1 Europeans 235,237 Diamond, Larry 278 EuropeanSlavs 92 dichotomy 125 European Union 12,54,202,206, dictatorship 28, 125, 132 207,213,223,231-4,238,240, Dnieper 74,75 241,245,259,260,271 Dniepropetrovsk 74,75,85 associationagreements 240,243, Donbass 74,77,78,80,83 245 Done~k 73,74,75,77,84,85,86 SingleEuropean Act 272 Dostal, P. 171 experience 2,3,4,5,8, II, 13,16, Drach, Ivan 51 28,63,72, 124, 126, 131, 145, Duma (Russia), Committee for Rela 197,202,206,213,214,262, tions with CIS States 11, 195,267 274 East 51,237,241 Ezekial 19 East-CentralEurope, see Centraland Far East (Japan) 231 Eastern Europe fascism 27 Index 289 federation 40,42,44,46 55,188,200,222,261,267,269, Federation Council (Russia) 48, 111 272 Federation of Independent Trade Goscilo, Helen 264 Unions (FITUR) 188, 193, 197 Great Britain 228, 230 feminism 259, 264, 265, 266, 267 see also England Finland 232, 233 great depression (1929) 127 First World War 126 Greece 19 Ford 228 Grinev, V. 52 Foros 55 Group of Seven (G-7) 228,231 forum 18 Guardian newspaper 267 Foucault. Michael 18,28 Gurevich, Aaron 64 France 226,227,228,269 gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria 206 free market transitions 127 French revolution (1789) 228,230, Havel, Vaclav 121, 122 268 Hegel 69 FUhrerdemokratie 213 Heldt.Barbara 262,263 Helsinki 232 Galicia 7,74,80 Accords (1975) 228 GDP 127,203,239,243 Heraclitus 19 Gender Studies, Centre for (Moscow) Herder 69 267 Hesse, 1. J. 171 General Motors (Opel) 245 Hobbes 21,210 General Secretary (of the CPSU) 49 Holland 226 Georgia 32,41,44 Hom, Gyula 127 delegates 48,49,50 Hrushevsky, Mikhailo 75 Georgians 37, 38, 55 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDP) German Democratic Republic (GDR) 152 119,233,241,244 Hungary 9, 10, 11, 118, 119, 121, Germany 12,63,65,119,127,228, 125, 126, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 230,231,232,233,235,240, 156,161,171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 241,242,269 226,232,242,243,244 Germans 109,235 Hungarians 118, 119, 126 Western 230,233 prime minister 127 Gerschenkron, Alexander 229, 238, Huntington, Samuel 13, 124, 259, 243 267,268,271,281 Gibbon, Edward 17 hyper-rationality 4 Gierek, Eduard 234, 235, 238 glasnost' 34,37,262 ICCEES 1 Gomulka, Wladislaw 234 identity 62, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83, 92, Gorbachev, M. S. 8,32,33,34,35, 100,103,104,105,139,140,144, 36,37,38,39,40,41,43,44,45, 147-9,152-4,157,158,163,259, 46,47-8,49,50,51,52,53,54, 260,262,271 290 Index

national 73, 272 Karaganda 109, 111 ideology 62,147,148,213,215, Karelia 51 268,276 Karenina, Anna 260 DIner, Michal 10 Kastschuk, Michats 66 independence 62,78,80,91,92,97, Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist 99, 100, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, Republic (KASSR) 94 112, 113, 186, 187, 188 Kazakhstan 7,8,37,52,54,91,92, India 19 93,94,95,96,98,99,102,105, indigenisation, seekorenizatsiya 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113 individualism 22, 73 capital 36 industrial revolution 268 communist party 36,97,98, 101, industrialisation 95,228,229 102, 103, 106, 107, 112 integration 73,84,85,206,233,238, identity 97, 98 241,244 Kazakhs 8, 55, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, interfronts 103 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, international demonstration effect 110, 112, 113 (IDE) 226 Kazakhisation 92,109,110,111 international fmancial institutions mafia 37 (lFIs) 127 Middle Horde 107 International Monetary Fund (IMF) parliament (Maslikhat) 105 127,237 People's Congress 107 internationalism 98 Socialist Party 101, 106 Iraq 207 Kempton Park 282 Ireland 27 Kennedy, Paul 228,242 Irkutsk 195 KGB 52,199 Iskander, Fazil 270 Kharkiv 74,75,84,87 Islam 25 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 6 Israel 18 Kherson 75 Italy 20, 212, 232, 261, 269 Khmelko, Valerii 81 Ivano-Frankivsk 74,75,81,87 Khmelnitskyi, B. 75 Ivashko, Vladimir 49 Kiev (Kyiv) 46, 64, 73, 75, 78, 79, Izvestiya 34,36,53 80,81,88,89 Kiev-Mohyla Academy 81 Jacobins 21 Kirgizia, seeKyrgyzstan Jainism 19 Kirovhrad 75 Janos, Andrew 224,225,226,227 Kissinger, Henry 231 Japan 231 Klaus, Vaclav 119, 121, 122 Meiji restoration 230 Knox, Paul 224 Jaruzelski, Wojciech 236, 237 Kokchetov,109 Jeremiah 18 Kolbin, Gennadii 98 Jews 69 Kolste, Paul 81 Jowitt, Kenneth 238 Koreans 109 Index 291 korenizatsiya 68,92,99,100 Grand Duchy 65, 67 Krasnodar krai 84 independence 47 RJavchuk,Leonid 49,51,54,86,87 leadership 46,47 Kremlin 52, 55 Lithuanians 37, 46, 55 Kuchrrm,Leonid 79,86,87,88 Minister of Justice 45 Kula, Witold 224 Supreme Soviet 44 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed 36, 97, 98, Local Democracy and Innovation 101 Project 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, Kursk 83 180, 182 Kuzbass 78 Locke, John 122 Kuznetsova, Larissa 262 Lotman, Yurii 260 Kwasniewski, Alexander 12,245 Luhansk 74,75,84,87 Kyrgyzstan 52, 106 Lukacs, George 4 Lukashenko, Alexander 6, 63 Lad 103, 104, 105 Lusaka 274 Landsbergis, Vytautas 42, 45 Luxemburg, Rosa 5 Lao-Tse 19 Lvov (Lviv) 46, 7 Latin America 141,213 Latvia 38,39,42,45,47,48,242 Maastricht Treaty 272 dclega~ 49,50,51 Malta summit (1990) 228 Latvians 37,38 Mannheim, Karl 4 National Front 42 marginalisation 206 Leberl, Alexander 129 Mariupol 87 legitimacy 123, 124 market 72,154,196,198,206,207, Lenin 21,35,36,41,42,44,54,55, 245,259 68 marketisation 49, 129, 139, 154, Leningrad 48 162 Levin 261 Marshall, T. H. 191 liberalisation 202,232,277 Marxism 3,4,64,69,74,75,81,87 liberalism 174, 259 theory 64, 67, 68 liberals 4,11,21,27,79 Marxism-Leninism 17,19, 148 Libya 207 Maryland 261 Ligachev, Yegor 47 materialism 69 Lijphart, Arend 211 Mauss, Marcel 4 Lindner, Rainer 6 Meciar, Vladimir 125 Linz, Juan 123 Medvedev, Roy 42 Lipovskaya, Olga 262 Melvin, Neil 7 Lipset, Seymour Martin 2, 143 meta-structure 140 Lithuania 9,39,40,42,47,48,68, Middle Ages 20, 25 118, 125, 242 Minsk 64 communist party 45 Mitteleuropa 235 delegates 45 Mitterrand, Francois 271 292 Index

Modem World System (Wallerstein) New Economic Policy 67 225 Nietzsche, Friedrich 18 modernity 24,26 Nishanov, Rafik 52,53 Moldova (Moldavia) 32,41,103, Nixon, Richard 229,231 111, 119, 244 nomenklatura 47,48, 108, 124, 125, delegates 50 128,212,214,234,235,236 Moldovans 37 North America 65,231 monarchy 187 North American Free Trade Area Montesquieu 17,21 (NAFfA) 231 Moscow 33,38,45,46,47,48,64, Norway 171,232 78,81,91,93,97,98,101, 102, Novorossia 74 110, 113, 119,228,229,234, 240,244,261,267 O'Donnell, G. 120 Moscow News 270 O'Sullivan, Patrick 231 Mumford, Lewis 18, 28 Odessa 75,87 Muslims 125, 268 Olympics 39 MVD 52 Omsk 105,106, Ill, 112 Mykolaiv 75 order 19,23,25,26,204,206,209, 210 Nagomy-Karabakh 33,34,37,38, dissolution of 19,25 39,40 Orenburg 106 Napoleon's Continental Blockade Organisation for Security and 228 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 3, National Salvation Front (NSF) 133 (Romania) 153, 156 High Commissioner for National nationalisation 63 Minorities 133 nationalism 52,63,67,69,99, 125, Orthodoxy 73,125,259,268 157,215 in Russia 197 nativisation, see koreniuusiya in Serbia 269 NA1X) 3,12,133,207,223,228, Ottoman empire 268 231,234,240,241,245 Partnership for Peace programme Pacific region 244 241 Panev's Law 214 Nazarbaev, Nursultan 36, 52, 54, 98, Pareto, Vilfredo 18 102, 106, 107, 110 Paris Commune 4 Nazi-Soviet pact 37 Paris-Moscow axis 241 Nelson, Daniel 8, 9, 11 Parmenides 19 neo-institutionalism 2 participation 123 neo-liberalism 11 parties 33,45,47,49,138,140,141, Netherlands 224, 227, 228, 244 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, Nevada-Semipalatinsk anti-nuclear 150,172, 179, 181, 182,211, movement 107 212,213 Index 293

systems 9, 10, 14, 138, 139, 140, Polizeistaat 4 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, Poltava 84 150, 151, 165, 166 Pope 269 in Ukraine 79 Posadskaya, Anastasia 267 party formation 143, 146 postcommunism 138, 139, 141, 144, cleavages 148, 149 145, 147, 150 Pavlodar 109 Potsdam 230 Pawlak, Waldemar 128 Prague 232 People's Congress53 Pravda 40 People's Democracies 3 presidency 54, 75, 121 people's fronts 149, 150 USSR 46,47,52,53,54 peres"oika 8,36,37,40,42,44,47, Presocratics 19 64,78,97,102,104,187,188, privatisation 82,92,100,129,131, 222,261,262 162,176,180,181,196,202, Pereyaslavl, treaty of (1654) 73 204,205 periphe~ation 230,239,243 Protestantism 21, 25, 27 Perovskaya,Sophia 260 Prunskiene, Kazimiera 42 Peschanskii,Valentin 10-11 Prussia 230 Peter the Great 266 reforms after 1848 230 Petropavlovsk 104, 109, 111 Przeworski, Adam 276 pluralism 125, 165, 174,202,269, Public AgainstViolence 152, 153, 272 156 Podilya 74 Putnam, Robert 2 Poggi, G. 4 Pye, Lucian 2 Pokrovskii, Mikhail 69 Pynzenyk, Victor 87 Poland 9, 10, 12, 13, 65, 89, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128, Queensland 266 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 159, 161, 171, 173, 175, 176, Radom 235 177,178,179,222,224,226, RAND 241 228,230,231,232,234,235, Rauberstaat 209 236,237,239,240,241-5,272, referendum 53 274,275,276,277,278,280, 17 March 1991 (USSR) 53 281,282, December 1991 (Ukraine) 81 Ministryof Defence 241 May 1995 63 leadership 12 Reformation 23,268 Poles 69,109,118,121,129,232 regionalism 72,73, 75, 79,85,87, Rzechpospolita 65 88,89,90 transition 12 regions 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83-9, Polezhaev, Leonid 111, 112 91,92,94-6,101,102,106,109, Politburo (Soviet) 49,97 111-13,120,125,127,128,133, politicisation 148, 182 139, 144, 146, 149, 150, 153, 294 Index

164,171,206,212,232,243 independence 55 Regulska, J. 171 intelligentsia 107 Remnick, David 272 language 7, 73, 107 Renaissance 68, 171, 268 leadership 95 revolution 64, 187 media 81,82,111 Rhineland 226 nationalism 104 Ricardian strategy 234, 235, 238 politics 110,111,261 Riga 53 population 94, 109 Rinck,Sabine 239 power 93,98 Rivne 74,81 prime minister 112 Robespierre 21 regions 112 Rogozin, Dmitrii 111 Russians 37,55,73,80,81,82,83, Rokkan, Stein 143 95,96,106,109,120,234,265, Ronuuria 122, 123, 126, 151, 153, 267,268,269,270,271,272 161,242,244,272 settlement 94,96 Romanians 119, 129 society 193,261 Rome 17,18,20,25 state 197,200 Rossevelt, F. D. 245 territory 109 Rostov 81, 83 trade unions 10, 195, 197, 199 Round Table (1989) 237,239,277 White House 266, 267 Rukh 46,47,51 women 261,262,263,264,265 Russell, John 5 Russian Civil War 37 Russia 6-8, 10, 32, 38, 50, 52, 54, Russian federation 259 63,68,69,73,78,80,81,82,84, Russian revolution (1917) 21,36,94 88,89,93,94,96,106,107,110, Russian Soviet Federated Socialist 111,112,113,119,185,187, Republic (RSFSR) 44,47,48,55, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 84,91,92,95, 101, 105, 111, 197,199,200,207,226,228, 112,113 230,239,240,241,242,244, Russian Trilateral Commission (RTC) 245,259,260,261,262,264, 192, 193 265,266,267,268,270,272 Russian United Industrial Party 193 citizenship 104 Russification 68,91,94,95 communist party 47 Kazakhstan 107 communities 7,91, 103, 104, 106 Russkaya obshchina 103 culture 100, 109 Russo-Ukrainian agreement 84 diaspora 93 Russophiles 237 elections 47 Russophobes 237 elite 8, 109, 113 Rustow, Dankwart 278,282 empire 68, 101 foreign policy 110 Sachs, Jeffrey 237 government 8,48,84,110,111 Saint Petersburg 261,262 imperialism 93, 106 Saint-Simon, Henri 18 Index 295

Sajudis 40,46,47 Solidarity 126, 150, 152, 153, 156, Sakharov, Andrei 4,6,43,45 236,237,238,241,276,277 Scherban, Volodymyr 85 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Ill, 270, Schmitter, Philippe 120 271 Schwan, Herman 224,225,231 South Africa 13,274,275,276,277, Scotland 230 278,279,280,281,282 Second World War 73, 81, 102, 126, South-East Europe 212 231,236,239,244 Southern Europe 213 Seers, D. 232, 240 sovereignty 48,49,51,78,98 Sejm 127,159 Soviet Union, see USSR Semirechie 105 Soviet WeekJy 262 Host 106 Sovietisation 95 separatism 84, 112 soviets 41, 77 Serbia 269 Sovkhozy 102 Serbs 233 Spain 226,232 Sevastopol 74, 88 Stalin 35,41,42,52,54,68,244 Shakhrai, Sergei 84 Stalinism 68,272 Shatalin, Stanislav 49 Staniszkis, Jadwiga 234, 236, 240 Shevardnadze, Eduard 37,47,52 smte 4,5,6,8,22,33,46,47,50,54, Shumeiko, Vladimir 111 62,63,80,91,99,111,119,120, Siberia 111 122,123, 126, 138, 139, 140, 141, Skurativsky, Vadim 63 142,144,146,147,148,163,165, Slavic unity 79 187,188,189,196,200,207,210, Slavophilism 271 211,212,213,229,242,243,259 Slavs 95, 108, 109, 271 statism 210 SLD (poland) 245 State Duma elections (December Slobodskaya Ukraina 74 1995) 193 Slovakia 10, 119, 122, 125, 160, state socialism 9, 140, 214 171,173,177, 175, 176, 177, Steele, Jonathan 267, 268 178,179,234,242,243 Stool, Max van der 133 Slovaks 125, 126 Stolypin, Peter 94 Slovenia 12,125,232,233,269 Suez Canal (1956) 228 Slovenia 233 Sulemeinov,Olzhas 107 Smoktunovsky, Innokenty 270 Sumgait 37 social democracy 153 Sumy 75,84 social formations 65 Supreme Soviet 33, 40, 42, 48, 50, socialism 17,18,21,25,35,36,37, 111,267,268 54,67,125,148,149,162,208, Suprunyuk, Boris 104, 106, 111 272 Sweden 232, 233 socialist realism 262, 263 Szakolczai, Arpad 3 Socrates 22 Sofia 129 Taft-Hartley law 196 296 Index

Taldy Kurgan 109 Ukrainian 7,37,55,73,80,81,82, Tatarstan (Tataria) 51 83,95,109 Tatars 105, 109 elites 7 Taylor, Peter 231 identity 7, 109 Tbilisi 41,42 nationalism 7, 82 Ternopil 74, 75, 81 language 73 Thunen, Johann Van 225-6 regionalism 72, 73, 85, 88 Tocqueville, Alexis de 210 Ukrainisation 7,81 Tolstaya, Tatyana 261,264,265, Ulyanovsk 98 271,272 UNESCO 39 Tolstoy, Leo 260, 261 Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) totalitarianism 27, 28 (Bulgaria) 152, 204, 206, 211, Toynbee, Arnold 229,238,243 214 trade unions 10, 185-200 Union of Sovereign Republics 42, 51 coal miners' 79 Union of Sovereign States 52, 54 Transcaucasia 240 Union Republics 37,38,39,41,43, Transdniester (Moldova) 74, 107 44,45,48,49,50,53,55 transition 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, Union Treaty 5, 6, 32-5, 39, 42-8, 133, 139, 141, 142, 145, 154, 50-55, 68, 113 155, 159, 162, 172, 180, 185, United Nations 39,231 202,204,205,208,209,212, sanctions 207 214,274,277,278 United States of America (USA) 118, Trimberger, Ellen Kay 239 119, 127, 128, 131, 132,223, tsarism 44, 68, 80 228,230,231,235,239,241, Tula 84 244,265,266,269,272 Turkish party (Bulgaria) 205 Pax Americana 230 Turks 204 Ural'sk 105, 106, 109 minority in Bulgaria 206 Ural'sk Host 106 Turner, Victor 16 urbanisation 100 Tutu, Desmond 282 Ursus tractor plant (Radom) 235 Tyson, Laura 236 USA 213 Constitution 265 Ukraine 6-8,32,44,47,49,50,53, Usmankhodzhaev 36 54,63,65,72-5,77-88,90,103, USSR 5,6,17-19,32-8,40-47,49, 111,119,241,242,244 51,53,55,63,68,69,78,91,92, Civic Congress 79,80 93,95,97,98,99, Ill, 187, 191, Democratic Renaissance Party 52 206,222,228,231,233,234, Eastern 89 239,241,242,244,263,265 Party of Labour 79 central planning 72 Verkhovna Rada (parliament) 7, colonisation 94, 96 85,86,88 dictatorship 132 Western 74, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89 experiment 14 Index 297

historians 94 Western democracies 129 order 91, 106 experience 131 regkne 21,119,121,131,132 investment 87 repression 125 markets 132 role 91, 96, 101 multilateral organisations 12 trade unions 195, 196 specialists 64,65 Treaty of 1922 52 support 134 Ust-Kamenogorsk 104,109 Western Europe 141,231,232,240, Uzbekistan 43, 52 244,259,264 communist party 36, 98 Westminster 269 Union ofPeople's Unity (SNEK) Westview Press 173 102,107,108 Wollman, H. 171 World Bank 87,127,128 Vernyi (Almaty) 106 World Cup 282 Victoria (Australia) 266 world system paradign (WSP) 2, 12, Vilnius 40,46,47,53 223,224,225,227,238,243,244 Vinnytsia 75 Womer, Manfred 240 Virgin Lands Scheme 95, 96, 102 Writers' Union 34, 38 Visegrad triangle 232, 233, 243 Voegelin, Eric 18,28 Yakovlev, Alexander 37,39,49 Volyn 74, 75, 81 Yalta 228 Voronezh 84 Yanaev, Gennadii 49 Vronsky 261 Yedinstvo 98, 103 Yeltsin, Boris 42,48,49,50,52,54, Wall(Sa,Lech 121, 245 55,200,267,269 Wallerstein, Immanuel 12,223-9, Yerevan 37 238,239,243 Yerofeev, Victor 270 WarCommunism 5,67 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny 270 Warsaw 1, 129,232 Yugoslavia 12,206,233,235,241, Warsaw Pact 222 242,268 Washington, DC 131 Weber, Max 18, 25, 26, 28 Zakarpattia 74,75 Weekend Australia 266 Zambia 274 welfare state 191 Zaporizhia 74, 75 West 2,7,11,12,90,121, 126, 127, Zatulin, Konstantin III 129,131,157,185, 186,188, Zhenskoe chtenie 262 190, 191, 192, 194, 195,212, Zhirinovskii, Vladimir 111, 129 223,224,226,234,237,238, 2lrivkov, Todor 125 239,241,242,59,260,264,265, Zhytomir 75 269,271 Zielke, Knysztof 12, 13