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Abkhazia 43 Abkhazians 41 Absolutism 3, 20, 21, 23, 25 Index Abkhazia 43 Armenians 37, 38 Abkhazians 41 delegates 50 absolutism 3, 20, 21, 23, 25 Armstrong,Judith 13 Academy of Sciences army 52 Belarus 66 Article6 43 Bulgaria 211 Asia 45,239 Adygei AutonomousRegion 38 Asmus, Ronald 240 Afanas'ev, Yurii 42,267 Assyria 18 Afghanistan 239 Athens 20, 22, 25 African NationalCongress (ANC) Atlantic 244 276 August coup (1991) 54 Agency for International Augustus 20 Development(AID) 132 Australia 266 Agnew, John 224 Austria 232, 233 Ahrweiler, Helene 271,272 authoritarianism 1, 120, 124, 130, Akmola 109 131, 134, 197,212,213,274 Alash 63 autonomisation 38, 212 Albania 122 autonomousrepublics 48,50,51,52 AlexanderII 260 axiality 26, 28 Alexanderthe Great 20 Azat 103 Alksnis, Victor 42 Azerbaijan 37,44 Allianceof Free Democrats Azeris 37 (Hungary)152 delegates 50 Allianceof Labour (Russia) 193 Popular Front 46 Almaty 93,98,101,103,106,107, reprisals 37 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 Anaximander 19 Baburin,Sergei 110 Annalesschool 224 Baechler,Jean 199 antiquity 18,28 Baku 46 aparthcid 13,275,282 Balcerowicz plan 237 Aquinas 21 Baldersheim,Harald 171 Aristotle 21 Balkans 12, 125, 128, 226, 240, Armenia 32,3941 242 285 286 Index delegates 43 Brunn, Gerhard 69 nationalities 39 Brussels 131,271,272 peoples 44 Bryansk 83 Baranskaya, Natalya 263,264 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 231,232,233 Barcelona 39 Budapest 232 Bashkiria 51 Buddha 19 Bashkirs 109 Bukovina 74 Basque region 232 Bulgaria 9,11,12,119,122,123,150, Bavaria 226 151,152,153,156,160,202,205, Baziliuk, AIeksandr 80 206,207,212,213,214,242 Beek, Ursula J. Van 13 Supreme Court 211 behavioural revolution 2 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) 205, Belarus (Belorussia) 5, 6, 32, 44, 53, 208,209,211,214 62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,119, 242 Caeser 20 Belarusians 37, 109 Calleo, David 228 historiography 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, capi~m 26, 128, 129, 162 69 Catalonia 232 HistoryofBelarus(1961) 66, 68 Catholicism 73 Institute of History 66 Caucasus 38 partisans 63 Ceauseseu, N. 153 Belgorod 83 Central and Eastern Europe (eBB) Bennet, R. J. 171 10, 141, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, Berlin 12, 240 153,154,158, 165, 171, 178, 173, wall 118 180, 181, 183,212,207,222, Berlin, Isaiah 271 223,228,230,231,232,233, Berov, Lyuben 204 238,240,241,242,243,244 Bielasiak, Jack 9, 10, 11 Central Asia 3, 94, 111 Birlizu (labour movement of Central Asians 8, 93 Kazakhstan) 106 Central Bank 237 'Bloody' Sunday (1905) 41 Central Committee (of the CPSU) Bohemia 226 24,38,40,44,45,46,52 Bolshevik party 21 Central Europe 120, 138, 139, 141, Bolshevik revolution (1917) 230 143,145,146, 147, 148, 153, Bolsheviks 5,95,228 154,158, 165,212,231,235, Borkenau, Franz 18,28 240,242,244 bourgeo~ie 212,214 Chechnya 84, 239 Boyars, Yu. R. Cherkasy 75 Braudel, Fernand 224, 225 Chernihiv 75, 84 Brazauskas, AIgirdas 46, 47 Chernivtsi75 Brecht, Bertolt 270 Chemobyl 37, 82 Brezhnev, Leonid 35 China 19,93,101,229,231,239 Index 287 Christianity 18, 25, 26 confederation 6,42 church 22,23, 121 Confucius Churchill, Winston, 244, 282 Congress ofPeople's Deputies Cicero 18 (Russia) 267, 269 citizenship 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, Congress ofPeople's Deputies 132, 133, 144, 191 (USSR) 41,45,47,53 civic culture 2 first congress 41-3,48 Civic Forum 152, 153, 156 second 41,45-6,53 civil society 2, 8, 9, II, 12, 14, 102, third 46 107,118,121, 122, 123, 130, 133, fourth 52 140,180,183, 185, 186, 187, 188, Congress ofRussian Communities 190,191,192,193,194,196,197, (KRO) 111 198,199,200,210,211,268,277 Congress ofVienna 228 Civil War 94 consociational democracy 211,212 Cold War 12, 13, 222, 228, 239, 244 Constituent Assembly (1917) 267 collectivisation 96 constitution (1977) 39 collectivism 73 constitution (USSR) 42,45,51,99 colonisation 95 constitutionalism 259 Comecon (CMEA) 240, 242 Cossacks 103, 105 Commonwealth (Soviet) 6 Circle 106 Commonwealth ofIndependent States Omsk 111 (CIS) 32,54,73,80,84,89 Siberian 8, lOS, 106 communism 13, 16, 17, 19,21,23, Semirechie 105,106 24,25,26,28,131,140,147, Voiska 105 149, ISO, lSI, 152, 153, ISS, Coulson, Andrew 171 156,162, 172, 180, 181,206, Council of Nationalities (USSR) 53 208,210,212,213,214,275 Council ofthe Regions 87, 88, 89 Communist parties 8, 21, 33,44,46, Crane, Keith 236 64,78,98,101,140,149, ISO, Crete 272 151,153,156,188,200,204 Crimea 74, 75, 79 communists 148, lSI, 152, 157, crisis 18,54,64,65,72,77, 78, 79, 204,205,236,237,245 215 Communist Party (Russian) 47 Croatia 125,233,269 Communist Party of the Soviet Union Cromwell 21 (CPSU) 33,34,35,36,39,40,41, Crusades 26 42,43,45,47,49,52,101,188, culture 81 263,265 Czech Republic 10, II, 118, 119, communists 119, 125 121,125, 126, 128, 171, 175, Nineteenth Conference 34,37,38, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182, 183, 41,47 207,232,233,234,242,243 Twenty-seventh Congress 36 Czechs 119, 120, 125, 126 Twenty-eighth Congress 48 Czechoslovakia 37,126, 149, ISO, 288 Index 151, 152, 153, 156, 160, 171, Eastern Europe 1,2,14,27,33,43, 232,243,244 119,127,129, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146,147,148, 153, 158, 162, Daewoo 245 164,165,213,214,241,242, Dahrendorf, Ralf 278 244 Daskalov, Roumen 11 EconomicCommunity 54 de-democratisation 11 Elander, I. 171 decentralisation 47,89 Elias, Norbert 18,28 Declarationof State Sovereignty 48 Emmanuel, Arighi 225 Declarationon the Union 44 Empire 20,62,63,74 democracy 1-4,9-11,13,14,20-23, England 224,227,228,230,232,244 25-8,35,72,118-24,126,128, see also Great Britain 129,131,132,134,138,140,145, Enlightenment 17,18,21,25,268 154,157,165,171,179,180,182, Estonia 39,40,45,47,52, 119,232, 183,191,197,199,202,208,209, 233,234 210,212,213,214,241,259,260, communist party 46 262,265,266,267,268,269,276, declarationof independence 42 271,274,275,277,278,280,281, Estonians 37 282 population 41 Democracy Network Program EstonianSupreme Soviet 44 democratic centralism 44 . 'ethnic memory' 69 democratic systems 20,120, 132 Eurasia 91, 93 democratisation 2,3,6, 8, 10, II, 16, Europe 14,17,19,20,27,45,67,72, 123, 125, 128, 131, 132, 133,139, 88, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 147,154,162,182,183,205,265, 130,133,186,229,225,231,232, 277 235,238,239,240,241,243,244, Descartes 16 245,266,268,272 Deutero Isaiah 1\1 Europeans 235,237 Diamond, Larry 278 EuropeanSlavs 92 dichotomy 125 European Union 12,54,202,206, dictatorship 28, 125, 132 207,213,223,231-4,238,240, Dnieper 74,75 241,245,259,260,271 Dniepropetrovsk 74,75,85 associationagreements 240,243, Donbass 74,77,78,80,83 245 Done~k 73,74,75,77,84,85,86 SingleEuropean Act 272 Dostal, P. 171 experience 2,3,4,5,8, II, 13,16, Drach, Ivan 51 28,63,72, 124, 126, 131, 145, Duma (Russia), Committee for Rela­ 197,202,206,213,214,262, tions with CIS States 11, 195,267 274 East 51,237,241 Ezekial 19 East-CentralEurope, see Centraland Far East (Japan) 231 Eastern Europe fascism 27 Index 289 federation 40,42,44,46 55,188,200,222,261,267,269, Federation Council (Russia) 48, 111 272 Federation of Independent Trade Goscilo, Helen 264 Unions (FITUR) 188, 193, 197 Great Britain 228, 230 feminism 259, 264, 265, 266, 267 see also England Finland 232, 233 great depression (1929) 127 First World War 126 Greece 19 Ford 228 Grinev, V. 52 Foros 55 Group of Seven (G-7) 228,231 forum 18 Guardian newspaper 267 Foucault. Michael 18,28 Gurevich, Aaron 64 France 226,227,228,269 gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria 206 free market transitions 127 French revolution (1789) 228,230, Havel, Vaclav 121, 122 268 Hegel 69 FUhrerdemokratie 213 Heldt.Barbara 262,263 Helsinki 232 Galicia 7,74,80 Accords (1975) 228 GDP 127,203,239,243 Heraclitus 19 Gender Studies, Centre for (Moscow) Herder 69 267 Hesse, 1. J. 171 General Motors (Opel) 245 Hobbes 21,210 General Secretary (of the CPSU) 49 Holland 226 Georgia 32,41,44 Hom, Gyula 127 delegates 48,49,50 Hrushevsky, Mikhailo 75 Georgians 37, 38, 55 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDP) German Democratic Republic (GDR) 152 119,233,241,244 Hungary 9, 10, 11, 118, 119, 121, Germany 12,63,65,119,127,228, 125, 126, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 230,231,232,233,235,240, 156,161,171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 241,242,269 226,232,242,243,244 Germans 109,235 Hungarians 118, 119, 126 Western 230,233 prime minister 127 Gerschenkron, Alexander 229, 238, Huntington, Samuel 13, 124, 259, 243 267,268,271,281 Gibbon, Edward 17 hyper-rationality 4 Gierek, Eduard 234, 235, 238 glasnost' 34,37,262 ICCEES 1 Gomulka, Wladislaw 234 identity 62, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83, 92, Gorbachev, M. S. 8,32,33,34,35, 100,103,104,105,139,140,144, 36,37,38,39,40,41,43,44,45, 147-9,152-4,157,158,163,259, 46,47-8,49,50,51,52,53,54, 260,262,271 290 Index national 73, 272 Karaganda 109, 111 ideology 62,147,148,213,215, Karelia 51 268,276 Karenina, Anna 260 DIner, Michal 10 Kastschuk, Michats 66 independence 62,78,80,91,92,97, Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist 99, 100, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, Republic (KASSR) 94 112, 113, 186, 187, 188 Kazakhstan 7,8,37,52,54,91,92, India 19 93,94,95,96,98,99,102,105, indigenisation, seekorenizatsiya 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113 individualism 22, 73 capital 36 industrial revolution 268 communist party 36,97,98, 101, industrialisation 95,228,229 102, 103, 106, 107, 112 integration 73,84,85,206,233,238, identity 97, 98 241,244 Kazakhs 8, 55, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, interfronts 103 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, international demonstration effect 110, 112, 113 (IDE) 226 Kazakhisation 92,109,110,111 international fmancial institutions mafia 37 (lFIs) 127 Middle Horde 107 International Monetary Fund (IMF) parliament (Maslikhat) 105 127,237 People's Congress 107 internationalism 98 Socialist Party 101, 106 Iraq 207 Kempton Park 282 Ireland 27 Kennedy, Paul 228,242 Irkutsk 195 KGB 52,199 Iskander, Fazil 270 Kharkiv 74,75,84,87 Islam 25 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 6 Israel 18 Kherson 75 Italy 20, 212, 232, 261, 269 Khmelko, Valerii 81 Ivano-Frankivsk 74,75,81,87 Khmelnitskyi, B.
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