(Polyporales, Basidiomycota) Evidenced by Morphological Characters and Phylogenetic Analysis
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Mycol Progress (2014) 13:771–780 DOI 10.1007/s11557-014-0960-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Flammeopellis bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis Chang-Lin Zhao & Xin-Sheng He & Kun-Yuan Wanghe & Bao-Kai Cui & Yu-Cheng Dai Received: 17 October 2013 /Revised: 23 December 2013 /Accepted: 9 January 2014 /Published online: 26 January 2014 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Keywords Multi-marker analysis . Perenniporia . Flammeopellis, is proposed based on morphological characters Polypores . Taxonomy . Wood-rotting fungi and molecular evidence. The genus is typified by Flammeopellis bambusicola sp. nov., which macroscopically ischaracterizedbyanannualgrowthhabitandstipitate Introduction basidiocarps with a reddish-brown pileal cuticle. Microscopically, it has a dimitic hyphal system with generative The Polyporales is a diverse group of Agaricomycetes includ- hyphae frequently with simple septa, occasionally with clamp ing more than 1,800 described species in 216 genera and 13 connections, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hy- families (Kirk et al. 2008). Polypores are a very important phae, and ellipsoid to drop-shaped, pale yellowish, thick-walled, group of wood-inhabiting fungi because of their key role in smooth, weakly dextrinoid and cyanophilous basidiospores. the carbon cycle, and the white-rot fungi of polypores are Phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS+LSU among the most efficient wood decayers of the biosphere nrRNA gene regions indicates that Flammeopellis belongs to (Zhou et al. 2011; Floudas et al. 2012). Some of these fungi the core polyporoid clade and is closely related to are also forest pathogens and have potential applications in Perenniporiella. Combined ITS+nLSU+mtSSU+TEF1 se- biomedical engineering and biodegradation (Younes et al. quence data of representative taxa in Perenniporia sensu lato 2007; Dai et al. 2007, 2009;Wangetal.2012, 2013;Cao demonstrated that Flammeopellis bambusicola grouped with et al. 2013; Si and Cui 2013;Sietal.2013). the Perenniporiella clade, but formed a monophyletic lineage Molecular studies involving Polyporaceae have mainly been with a strong support (100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). The morphological carried out based on ITS and/or nLSU sequences (Robledo and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of the new et al. 2009; Justo and Hibbett 2011; Miettinen and Larsson genus in the core polyporoid clade and established its relation- 2011; Miettinen and Rajchenberg 2012). In addition, a six-gene ships with similar genera. dataset have helped to clarify the generic relationships of 373 polyporoid taxa and provide a phylogenetic and phylogenomic overview of the Polyporales (Binder et al. 2013). China has a huge land area, including boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical vegetation, and the diversity of C.<L. Zhao : B.<K. Cui (*) : Y.<C. Dai (*) Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 61, polypore is very rich (Dai 2012). Most parts of southern Beijing 100083, China China have subtropical to tropical vegetation, but some tem- e-mail: [email protected] perate vegetation occurs in high mountains. Thus, the diver- e-mail: [email protected] sity of trees in southern China is very high, and the climate is X.<S. He suitable for the growth of polypores. The diversity of wood- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, rotting fungi in southern China has recently been extensively Sichuan 621010, China studied (Cui et al. 2011a; Dai et al. 2011;Cui2013; Cui and Decock 2013;Lietal.2013; Yuan 2013), and several new K.<Y. Wa ng he College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, genera have been proposed (Niemelä et al. 2007;Dai2010; Beijing 100083, China Cui et al. 2011b;LiandCui2013;Zhaoetal.2013a;Zhouand 772 Mycol Progress (2014) 13:771–780 Dai 2013). During investigations on wood-inhabiting fungi in specimen was lysed in 30 μl dilution buffer for DNA extrac- southwest China, an additional undescribed fungus was found tion. After incubating 3 min at room temperature, 0.75 μlof in Sichuan Province. It is characterized by an annual growth the supernatant were used as template for a 30-μl PCR reac- habit, stipitate basidiocarps with reddish-brown cuticle at tion. The DNAwas amplified with the primers: ITS4 and ITS5 pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae for ITS, MS1 and MS2 for mtSSU (White et al. 1990); LR0R frequently with simple septa, occasionally with clamp con- and LR7 for nLSU (http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/ nections, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hy- mycolab/primers.htm), EF1-983 F and EF1-2218R for TEF1 phae, and ellipsoid to drop-shaped, pale yellowish, thick- (Rehner and Buckley 2005). The PCR procedure for ITS, walled, smooth, weakly dextrinoid and cyanophilous basidio- mtSSU and TEF1 were as follows: initial denaturation at spores; additionally, it grows on bamboo. These characters 98 °C for 5 min, followed by 39 cycles at 98 °C for 5 s, distinguish it from all known wood-inhabiting fungal taxa. In 58 °C for 5 s and 72 °C for 5 s, and a final extension of 72 °C this study, we expand the phylogenetic sampling of wood- for 10 min. The only difference of the nLSU amplification inhabiting poroid taxa using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) procedure was its annealing temperature was 48 °C. DNA regions and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed at Beijing Genomics Institute, (nLSU) sequences to examine taxonomy and phylogeny of China. All newly generated sequences were submitted to this new genus within the Polyporales. In addition, translation GenBank and are listed in Table 1. elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and mitochondrial rRNA gene Sequences generated for this study were aligned with ad- sequences (mtSSU) were obtained for representative taxa in ditional sequences downloaded from GenBank (Table 1) the Perenniporia s.l., and a further investigation on the phy- using BioEdit (Hall 1999) and ClustalX (Thompson et al. logenetic relationships of the newly described genus and 1997). Sequence alignments were deposited in TreeBASE related genera was carried out. (submission ID 14809). Maximum parsimony analysis was applied to the combined multiple genes dataset sequences, and this test under heuristic Materials and methods search and 1,000 homogeneity replicates gave a P value of 1.000, much greater than 0.01, which means there is no dis- Morphological studies crepancy among the four loci in reconstructing phylogenetic trees. The tree construction procedure was performed in The studied specimens were deposited at the herbarium of PAUP* v.4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). All characters were equally Beijing Forestry University (BJFC). The microscopic exami- weighted and gaps were treated as missing data. Trees were nations followed Cui et al. (2007). Sections were studied at inferred using the heuristic search option with TBR branch magnification up to ×1,000 using a Nikon Eclipse 80i micro- swapping and 1,000 random sequence additions. Max-trees scope and phase contrast illumination (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). were set to 5,000, branches of zero length were collapsed, Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube. and all parsimonious trees were saved. Clade robustness was Microscopic features, measurements, and drawings were made assessed using a bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1,000 replicates from slide preparations stained with Cotton Blue and Melzer’s (Felsenstein 1985). Descriptive tree statistics tree length (TL), reagent. Spores were measured from sections cut from the consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consis- tubes. In presenting the variation in the size of the spores, tency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated 5 % of measurements were excluded from each end of the for each Maximum Parsimonious Tree (MPT) generated. range, and were given in parentheses. In the text, the following MrMODELTEST2.3 (Posada and Crandall 1998; abbreviations were used: IKI = Melzer’s reagent, KOH=5 % Nylander 2004) was used to determine the best-fit evolution potassium hydroxide, CB = Cotton Blue, CB+ = cyanophilous, model for each data set for Bayesian inference (BI). Bayesian L = mean spore length (arithmetic average of all spores), W = inference was calculated with MrBayes3.1.2 with a general mean spore width (arithmetic average of all spores), Q = vari- time reversible (GTR) model of DNA substitution and a ation in the L/W ratios between the specimens studied, n = gamma distribution rate variation across sites (Ronquist and number of spores measured from given number of specimens. Huelsenbeck 2003). Four Markov chains were run for 2 runs Special color terms follow Petersen (1996). from random starting trees for 2 million generations, and trees were sampled every 100 generations. The first one-fourth of Molecular procedures and phylogenetic analyses generations were discarded as burn-in. A majority rule con- sensus tree of all remaining trees was calculated. Branches The fungal taxa used in this study are listed in Table 1.A that received bootstrap support for maximum parsimony (MP) Phire® Plant Direct PCR Kit (Thermo, Vilnius, Lithuania) was and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) greater than or used to obtain PCR products from dried specimens, according equal to 75 % (MP) and 0.95 (BPP) were considered as to the manufacturer’s instructions. About 0.5