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Translation Series No. 867 OTTAWA CANADA

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Translation Series No. 867 OTTAWA CANADA TR.TinMP1 CAIV,DA l j Hj 1. 1 NATIONAL FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 867 OTTAWA CANADA A general retrospective and prospective review of train oil as a raw material By Jürgen Spieckermann Original title: Ein allgemeiner RCck- und Ausblick über den Grundstoff Tran. From: Seifen-Ole-Fette-Wachse, Vol. 91, No. 26, pp. 940-943. 1965. Translated by the Translation Bureau (MJK) Foreign Languages Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Technological Research Laboratory, Halifax, N. S. 1967 , , ^^e /Yô. <ç^ d DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT b'ETAT BUREAU FOR TRANSLATIONS BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES VW DIVISION DES LANGUES DIVISION CANADA ÉTRANGÈRES TRANDLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - German English SUBJECT - SUJET Train oil AUTHOR - AUTEUR Jitrgen Spieckermann TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS al A general retrospective and prospective -Lteview of train oil asAravc material TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE - TITRE EN LANGUE EITRANORE Q Ein a7lgemei.ner Riick- arh«ks Ausblidc uber den Grundstoff Tran REFERENCE - REEFÉRENCE ( NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION - NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION) Seifen - Ôle - Fette - Wachse Vol. 91 N:26 ( Soaps- Oils'? Fats - Waxes ) PUBLISHER - ÉDITEUR Verlag fiir Chemische Industrie H. Ziolkowsky K.G. CITY - VILLE Beethovenstr. 16 DATE PAGES 1965 940 - 943 Augsburg Germ.Eny 18 typed pages REQUEST RECEIVED FROM Dr. R. G. Ackaian OUR NUMBER 7369 - 5 REQUIS PAR NOTRE DOSSIER NO Fisheries Research Board., Halifax DEPARTMENT of Fisheries TRANSLATORM.J. K-ru^;ynskl MINIST^RE TRADUCTEUR YOUR NUMBER , 769 -18-14 DATE COMPLETED 7 April 1967 VOTRE DOSSIER NO REMPLIE LE I DATE RECEIVED 21 March 1967 REÇU LE fee A/0, S7 Seifen 61e Fette Wachs°, 91 Nr. 26 1965 pp. 940 - 943 (Soaps - Oils - Fats - Waxes) — A general retrospective and prospectiveçview of train oil as raw material 1 . Jürgen Spieckermann • _.____ I Liquid fats originating from marine-animais are called train oils and fonnthe group of marine-animal oils. They are obtained from the fat tissue of e.g. whales, wal- russes, seals,herrings, sperm wÉales, cod fish, sharks, dolphins etc. by pressing or by heating with boiling water or steam; they are light yellow to deep dark brown color and mostly of pungent, more or less unpleasant taste and odor. 4. The most important commercial train oils and countries pro- ducing them. Whale train oil. Under the name of whale train oil are listed com- mercially fats from the Greenland whale, the southern whale, the finnwal, narwhal and other whales. Whale train oil is mostly brown and when purified, of glass-clear yellow color. The main hunting area is the Antarctica; Norway, England, The Union of South Africa, Japan, Argentina, Chile, Translator's note: or perhaps nbeak whalen •••2 2 The Soviet Union and Holland participate in the hunt. Plants located on land are found in Southern Georgia and on a smaller scale in Norway and Greenland. Cachalot train oil (sperm oil). Sperm oil is obtained from the train oil of the sperm whale or cachalot. When stored in cold surroundings, it precipitates a solid component - spermaceti, which is filtered out from the liquid sperm oil. The oil is light yellow, watery and almost devoid of odor. The main area of hunting is the Antarctica, the West Coast of Africa and Chile. As to participation in hunting see whale train oil. Seal train oil. Seal train oil is obtained from various species of seal. It is yellowish to dark brown and mostly of an unpleasant odor. Countries of largest production are Norway, Green- land and Newfoundland. Dolphin train oil. The train oil obtained from the whole body of the black dolphin is of pale yellow color. From the soft fat from the head and jaws originates the jaw bone train oil; it is straw-yellow, watery and clear and of a not unpleasant I . 3 3 (ç.; smell. The main hunting area.is the Black Sea with Soviet Russia and Turkey participating in the hunt. Herring train oil. This fat oil is obtained by cooking, followed by pressing of the whole herring. Countries of production are Norway, Iceland, Canada, USA, Japan, England and on a smaller scale Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Holland. Sardine train oil. It is obtained by pressing whole sardines. Vari- ous products are on the market under the description sar- dine oil; they can differ from each other considerably: 1.Canadian sardine oil. 2. Japanese sardine oil. 3. Portu- guese sardine oil. 4. Spanish sardine oil and 5. Califor- nia sardine oil. Cod liver oil. Genuine cod liver oil is obtained from the livers of particularly the torske , "Stockfisch" or the"Kabeljau" and applied for medical purposes; the less valuable oils used for technical purposes corne from the remaining parts of Translator's notes: '4' Could also be cusk " "Stockfise is dried cod and "Kabeljau" is the general name for codfish; unless the author has, differing subspecies of codfish in mind,which I was not able to identify. •••4 4 ‘ brown the body. The color varies from light and clearlAand clear to dark brown. Producing countries can be distinguished as fol- lows: a) technical oil: England, Japan, Newfoundland, Ice- land, Norway and Portugal. b) medical oil: Norway, Iceland, England and Germany. Shark liver oil. The oil obtained from the liver of the fish serves mainly medical purposes. The technical oil is pro- duced by pressing and cooking the other parts of the body. Producing countries are: Japan, Norway and Greenland. Argentine fish oil. This is a train oil obtained from different species of fish, very sensitive to cold and mostly solidifying easily. It is processed reluctantly because of its high ' saponifiability. Japanese train oil. This means a train oil which is produced from various fish species on some stretches of the Coast of Japan. The mixing ratio is completely irregular. It is easy flow- ing, with a relatively strong odor and looks reddish. •••5 Train oil fatty acids. I7uring train oil refining, depending on the ori- ginal material and method of refining, non-uniform, solid to liquid train oil fatty acids of deep dark to light brown color and mild o/dor are produced. Recovered fish oil. Under this description train oils are sold, re- covered in small quantities from Fuller's earth or other train oil residues. The origin cannot be determined. Analytical characteristics of train oils. Up to the present day, much confusion and, dis- agreement exist among scientists with regard to the chemi- cal structure of marine-animal oils. So far e.g., nobody succeeded in achieving a perfect quantitative separation of individual polyolefinic fatty acids. Even differentiation• of single train oils from each other causes still some dif- ficulties in analytical raw material control of the train oil industry since, on the strength of the cornmon investi- gation methods like specific weight, iodine number, acid number, saponification number etc., it must be decided fast and definitely whether or not an original shipment is in hand and can be accepted as unobjectionable. The specific weights of train oils do not differ greatly. They lie i ..,6 - 6 - between 0.915 and 0.930; neither give the saponification numbers and iodine numbers alone sufficient data for evalu- ation of the train oil purity. Also the characteristic, intensive color reactions shown with caustic soda, sul- furic acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid require a con- siderable skill on the part of the analyst and can be evaluated only in conjunction with other data as an aggre- gate judgment. Diligence and accuracy alone do not suf- /941 fice; the train oil specialist must have something akin to a sixth sense; perhaps this may sound amusing but there is something to it, because the main thing i s to detect with a lucky hand and the means available any possible present defects. Pure analytical experimental values of the most important, unmixed original train oils obtained by steaming or pressure are presented in the table which follows fur- ther below. The unsaponifiable components must be determined by the method of Fahrion and the iodine number after the method by Hanus; other prescriptions give false, deviating values. Theunsaponifiable components according to Fahrion. 5 g of train oil or ether extract are saponified with 12 - 15 ml of 2-N alcohol and potassium hydrate solu- tion in a glass cup placed in a sand bath, with stirring i ...7 - 7 - until dry; the soap is absorbed with 50 ml warm water and washed in a separating funnel with further 10 ml of alco- hol. The cooled soap solution is then shaken with 50 ma of ether and subsequently twice, each time with 25 ml of ether, in which way the unsaponifiable components are with- drawn. The combined ether extracts are shaken with 2 ml of 2 HC1 and 8 ml of water; after removal of the acidic water, follows washing with 3 ml of e KOH solution in 7 ml of wa- ter. Finally, after removal of the watery alcohol layer, the ether extract is distilled and the residue is weighed quantitively. For further evaluation of the commercial quality the following is considered: 1. Content of dirt and water. 2. Content of free fatty acid calculated as oil acid. 3. Content of oxy-fatty acid. 4. Solidification-opacity point (train oil stearin- portion) 5. Color and odor. • ••8 a Table Unsap oni fi al ble Kinds of train oil components Saponification Iodine number Color reaotions in % ( lrahrion) number (Hanus) with sulfuric acid Liver train oui a e m ah liver only: âod liver oil: a) teohnioal purpls b) mediainal purple Shark liver oil purple-blue Fish train oils ob - part s Herring train oil dark brown Sardine train oil dark brown Pilchard train oil dark brown Blubber train oil of mamm Bhale train oil brownish Sperm oil unoertain Seal ttain oil brownish-feebly purple Dolphin train oil brownish-feebly purple Other train oils Africa shark train Argentine fish train oil dark brown Japanese train oil Train oil fatty acide Extraoted train oils As can be seen from the Table, true train oils have all an iodine number over 110.
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