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27 Archaeological Sites on Motuihe Island.Pdf TANE 26, 1980 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ON MOTUIHE ISLAND, AUCKLAND by Bruce W. Hayward New Zealand Geological Survey, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt SUMMARY Thirty-six prehistoric archaeological sites are recorded from Motuihe Island, Auckland. These include only two pa sites - both on cliff-bound headlands. One pa is large with two lines of ditch defences which enclose a flat area of 4500m2, whereas the second is small with 120m2 of flattened terrace within the single ditch defence. A further twelve sites contain pits which attest to the former popularity of the island for growing kumara. All the remaining sites are terraces with midden, or coastal shell middens. INTRODUCTION Motuihe Island is in Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, being 4km east of Rangitoto, 2km south east of Motutapu and 3km west of Waiheke (Fig. 1). The island is T - shaped, 2.5km across the top of the T (NW - SE) and 2km down the shaft (NE - SW). Motuihe has a number of sheltered sandy beaches separated by rocky coastal stretches with cliffs behind. Apart from these cliffs, most of the island is gentle rolling farmland. Today the island is part of the Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park and is run as a farm park, with picnic areas and canteen faculties for summer visitors sited on the north west corner. Previous archaeological studies on Motuihe consisted of a one day visit by a group from the Auckland Archaeological Society in 1963. This resulted in thirteen sites being recorded by Janet Davidson in the N.Z. Archaeological Association's Record File (N42/145 -157). The site survey on which this report is based was undertaken by me in August 1979 during a three day stay on Motuihe. European archaeological sites This report only deals with prehistoric sites, but there are however, a large number of important European sites on Motuihe that resulted from the various uses it was put to over the past 140 years. Europeans purchased Motuihe in 1839 and after a succession of farmers it was bought by the Crown in 1872 (Walsh 1937). The island became a quarantine station with buildings on the north-west point and during the First World War these were used to intern prisoners of war. It was from Motuihe that Count Felix von Luckner made his 235 famous escape in 1917 (Titchener 1978). In 1929 the quarantine station buildings were converted to a Children's Health Camp and the rest of the island became a public domain. During the Second World War, the Health Camp became a naval training base and it remained as such until 1963 when the whole island was reopened to the public. Most of the north-west part of the island is covered with European Fig. 1. Lower: Location of Motuihe Island in Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. Upper: Location of archaeological sites on Motuihe Island. 236 terraces and midden, a network of sealed and shelled roads and the sites of numerous former buildings. European archaeological sites over the rest of the island to the south and east are mostly small and relate to farming activities. ANNOTATED LIST OF PREHISTORIC SITES (Fig. 1) Site numbers are those of the New Zealand Archaeological Association's Record File. Grid References (e.g. 447661) are from NZMS 1 Sheet N42, 3rd Edition, 1966. N42/145 (446661) PA (Fig. 2). On Mangoparerua Point, 200m west of wharf. Three terraces (each c. 10 x 3m) and three pits (c. 3 x 1.5 x 0.1m); 3m wide, 2m deep ditch across point; abundant shell midden. N42/146 (450667) MIDDEN. Te Tumurae Point. Mostly destroyed by European earthworks and small cemetery. N42/147 (461658) MIDDEN. Eroding from behind east end of Takutairaroa Beach. N42/148 (464658) PA (Fig. 3). Te Raeokahu Point. Flat-topped point with several large terraces and seventeen pits along the higher north west side; two large ditches. N42/149 (465655) MIDDEN. Eroding from west bank of stream mouth behind "Snapper Bay". N42/150 (466655) MIDDEN. Eroding from behind east end of Snapper Bay. N42/151 (462645) MIDDEN. Beneath large flat at back of Ohinerau Beach. N42/152 (460644) PITS. Four indistinct pits (each 3 x 2 x 0.2m) on spur behind Ohinerau Beach. N42/153 (457641) PITS. Five pits on ridge-top knoll above Te Whatutotangi Point (largest 4 x 3 x 0.5m). N42/154 (456641) PITS. Several pits on low point between branches of stream behind Ngatoikorapa Beach. N42/155 (454641) PITS and TERRACES (Fig. 2). On ridge-top knoll, 100m south of "Bald Knob". Six pits (largest 4 x 3 x lm); terrace and midden on west side. N42/156 (454642) PITS and TERRACE (Fig. 2). "Bald Knob". Summit platform with two pits (largest 5 x 2.5 x 0.6m); terrace and midden on east side. N42/157 (457653) PITS. On flat-topped spur above south side of "Landing Bay". Four indefinite pits and patches of eroding midden. N42/908 (457652) PITS. On cliff-top spur, 50m south of N42/157. Three indefinite pits (each 4 x 2 x 0.2m); large area of scattered midden. N42/909 (457651) PIT. On spur, 20m from cliff edge, 200m south of "Landing Bay". Single pit (4 x 3 x 0.1m); thick midden. N42/910 (449663) MIDDEN. Eroding from slopes above road to wharf. N42/911 (458659) MIDDEN. Eroding from edge of flat behind centre Takutairaroa Beach. N42/912 (462658) MIDDEN. Eroding from cliff-top above west end of "Golden Bay". N42/913 (468652) MIDDEN. Eroding from back of north end of Otamarau Beach. N42/914 (463648) MIDDEN. Large patch eroding from slopes above north side of stream at north end of Ohinerau Beach. N42/915 (457639) MIDDEN. Underlies low flat point on east side of Ngatoikorapa Beach. N42/916 (454640) MIDDEN. Eroding from edge of flat-topped point, west side of Ngatoikorapa Beach. N42/917 (453641) MIDDEN. Eroding from north west slopes of point, 200m north west of Ngatoikorapa Beach. N42/918 (453643) MIDDEN. Eroding from edge of small flat on point 200m north west of "Bald Knob". 237 N42/145 N pit scarp ditch midden 5m Fig. 2. Sketch plans of the small pa site (N42/145), and two pit and terrace sites (N42/155, 156) on Motuihe Island. N42/919 (455645) PITS and TERRACES. On flat-topped spur, 300m north of "Bald, Knob". Six pits on spur top (largest 5 x 2 x lm); four pits and terraces down west side. N42/920 (453661) MIDDEN. Eroding from back of east end of Onehorahi Beach. N42/921 (452662) MIDDEN. Eroding from slopes behind middle of Onehorahi Beach. N42/922 (451663) MIDDEN. Eroding from back of west end of Takutairaroa Beach. N42/923 (455661) PITS. On cliff edge above middle of Takutairaroa Beach. Three, possibly four pits (3 x 2 x 0.1m) N42/924 (457659) PIT. On cliff edge, 300m south east of N42/923. Single pit (3 x 2 x 0.3m) N42/925 (456654) MIDDEN. Eroding from around perimeter of terrace above north side of "Landing Bay". N42/926 (457650) PIT. On cliff edge, 150m south of N42/909. Single pit (3 x 2 x 0.3m). N42/927 (456648) MIDDEN/TERRACES. In bush, 40m ASL and 100m north of "Limestone Point". Several terraces with midden eroding around their edges. 238 N42/928 (456648) MIDDEN. Eroding from cliff-top on edge of terrace, 50m north of "Limestone Point". N42/929 (454645) TERRACES and MIDDEN. On point, 300m north of "Bald Knob". Two terraces (each 5 x 4m) and scattered midden. N42/930(466655) MIDDEN. Eroding from behind middle of "Snapper Bay", 10 - 60m east of stream mouth. SITE TYPES Pa Only two pa sites are present on Motuihe, although a third may have been present on Te Tumurae (N42/146) and could have been destroyed by European activities. One of the pa sites (N42/145) is very small. It is located on the small, cliff-bound Mangoparerua Point and has a 2m deep, 3m wide ditch across the landward side. Within this ditch defence is 120m2 of artificially flattened ground in the form of an elongate platform and two elongate terraces down the south eastern slope (Fig. 2). Three rectangular pits are present on the terraces. The second pa site (N42/148) is large and is located on the flat to gently sloping top of the cliff-bound Te Raeokahu Point. A 70m long, 1 - 2m deep, L - shaped ditch protects the landward side and enclosed an area of 4500m2 of flattish ground within. A second ditch (2m wide, lm deep) cuts the enclosed area into outer and inner parts (Fig 3). Ten rectangular pits are present along the higher northern side of the outer part and a further seven large pits are present in the inner part. Fig. 3. Sketch plan of the large pa site on Te Raeokahu Point, Motuihe. Key to symbols is given on Figure 2. 239 Pits In addition to the pits within the two pa sites, there are forty pits located in twelve further sites. Most pit sites are located on well- drained knolls, ridges and spurs (e.g. N42/152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 908 909) although three are on cliff-tops at the edge of wide, flat areas (e.g. N42/923, 924, 926). The majority of pit sites are in the south western part of Motuihe, and have clusters of two to six pits (Fig 2). A few sites contain a solitary pit each. Undoubtedly these pits were the basal portions of buildings used to store kumara. Terraces Outside the pa sties, very few obviously man-made terraces have been recognised.
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