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Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff Formations, Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman

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Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff Formations, Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff formations, Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff formations, Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman Lucia Angiolini, Sylvie Crasquin-Soleau, Jean-Pierre Platel, Jack Roger, Daniel Vachard, Denis Vaslet and Moujahed Al-Husseini ABSTRACT Along the western flank of the Haushi-Huqf Upift in Oman, the upper Palaeozoic succession consists of (from oldest to youngest): (1) glaciogenic Upper Carboniferous- Lower Permian Al Khlata Formation; (2) marine Lower Permian Saiwan Formation (= Lower Gharif Member of subsurface Oman); (3) continental Lower and Middle Permian redefined Gharif Formation (= Middle and Upper Gharif members of subsurface Oman); and (4) lower part of the Middle Permian marine Khuff Formation. The succession overlies lower Palaeozoic-Proterozoic rocks, and the Khuff Formation is truncated by Triassic and younger unconformities. The Al Khlata Formation is about 100 m (328 ft) thick, and consists of a succession of diamictite, sandstone enclosing pebbles to boulders of sandstone, dolomite, black chert and pink granite clasts (ranging in diametre from a few centimetres to a metre). The overlying Saiwan Formation comprises two bioclastic units: lower ‘Bellerophon Limestone’ (10-18 m, 33-59 ft thick) and the upper ‘Metalegoceras Limestone’ (35-40 m, 115-131 ft thick). A basal Pachycyrtella Bed of the Saiwan Formation yielded Pachycyrtella omanensis associated with subordinate specimens of the genus Strophalosia indicating a mid-Sakmarian age. Brachiopod, ammonoid and bivalve assemblages in the main part of the Saiwan indicate a late Sakmarian age. The Saiwan Formation contains (5 metres above its base in the type section) Arabian Plate Maximum Flooding Surface MFS P10 of late Sakmarian age, and based on the latest Permian time scale is recalibrated at about 284 Ma (previously 272 Ma).The redefined Gharif Formation (70-100 m; 230-328 ft) lies unconformably above the Saiwan Formation, and consists of shale and sandstone deposited in floodplain and ephemeral shallow-lake environments. Uppermost Gharif ‘estuarine’ subunit B lies conformably below the first marine Khuff deposits, and contains a rich macroflora that is not diagnostic of a precise age, but is considered ?Roadian-?early Wordian. The incomplete Khuff Formation (30 m, 98 ft) consists of three informal members (1-3 from base up). The transition from Gharif subunit B to lowermost Khuff member 1 represents an environmental change from a distal fluviatile/estuarine system bordering a coastal plain, to a clastic transgressive shoal/barrier environment. Khuff members 2 and 3 reflect a carbonate shelf environment. The lower sequence boundary of the Khuff transgression is interpreted to be at the base of Gharif subunit B. Marine fauna in the Khuff Formation includes cephalopods, brachiopods, conodonts, ostracods and bivalves, which indicate a Middle Permian Wordian age. Conodont fauna from the uppermost levels of Khuff member 3 suggests a late Wordian age. The foraminifera indicate a Middle Permian age (Wordian and Capitanian). INTRODUCTION Along the western flank of the Haushi-Huqf Uplift (also Arch or High) in Oman, Upper Carboniferous- Middle Permian rocks outcrop in a SW-trending belt, and are mapped as the Al Khlata, Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff formations (Figure 1; Dubreuilh et al., 1992; Platel et al., 1992, Roger et al., 1992; hereafter combined where appropriate as BRGM, 1992). The Permian Khuff Formation, in this region, is truncated by several unconformities starting with the overlying Triassic Minjur Formation (Figure 2). These outcropping units pass, in part, to the subsurface Al Khlata, Gharif and Khuff formations of Interior Oman (Hughes Clarke, 1988; Osterloff et al., 2004a, b). The outcropping Saiwan Formation becomes the subsurface Lower Gharif Member; it was renamed by BRGM (1992) to highlight a regional angular unconformity at its top (supra-Saiwan unconformity, Figure 2), which is manifested in south and east Oman (Blendinger et al., 1990; BRGM, 1992; Osterloff et al., 2004b). The stratigraphic record in this region represents the following four depositional phases: (1) Al Khlata Formation reflecting the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian glaciation of southern Arabia (Arabian Plate 149 Angiolini et al., 2004 Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman 57 57 30' 58 58 30' Mafraq map area Haushi 21 21 Northern Cliff Saiwan Saiwan-1 type section Hayy 20 45' 20 45' Khaluf map area Fiem Jiddat 20 30' Al Harrasis H a 20 30' u s h Khaluf i - N a f u n F a u l t N 20 15' 0 30 20 15' km Sirab TERTIARY Fars Group (Miocene-Pliocene) and Quaternary Dhofar Group (Oligocene-Miocene) Hadhramaut Group (Palaeocene-Eocene) 20 END-CRETACEOUS 20 Aruma Group Huqf ARABIAN PLATFORM Triassic-Late Cretaceous Akhdar Group (Permian) (Khuff and redefined Gharif fms) PRE-MIDDLE PERMIAN BASEMENT Haushi Group (late Palaeozoic) 19 45' (Al Khlata and Saiwan fms) Wadi Al Khlata Arabian Sea 19 45' Haima Supergroup and Thumaylah fm (early Palaeozoic) Huqf Supergroup and (latest Duqm and Madraca Proterozoic to Cambrian) map area CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT Duqm Al Jobah granodiorite Major anticline 19 30' Major fault 19 30' Limit of sand dunes 57 57 30' 58 58 30' Figure 1: The Al Khlata and Saiwan formations (Haushi Group sensu BRGM), and Khuff and redefined Gharif Formation (Akhdar Group sensu BRGM) outcrop along the western flank of the Haushi-Huqf Uplift (also Arch or High). The Proterozoic to Cambrian Huqf Supergroup outcrops over the NE-trending Haushi-Huqf Uplift along the Arabian Sea. The Haushi-Huqf region was mapped in three areas by BRGM in 1992: Duqm and Madraca (18.8°-20°N; Platel et al., 1992); Khaluf (20°-21°N; Dubreuilh et al., 1992); and Mafraq (21°-22°N; Roger et al., 1992). 150 Saiwan, Gharif and Khuff formations, Haushi-Huqf Uplift, Oman Carboniferous-Permian Stratigraphy INTERIOR HAUSHI-HUQF UPLIFT ARABIAN CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY Ma OMAN PLATE TRIASSIC ICS (2002) RUSSIA TETHYS Sudair Fm 251.1 Changh- Dora- ± 3.6 singian shamian 253.0 ± 0.3 Wuchia- pingian Dzhulfian Khuff Triassic and Late (Lopingian) Formation younger unconformities Tatarian Akhdar Group Capitanian Midian member 3 264.1 member 2 mfs Wordian Kazanian Murgabian ± 2.2 member 1 unit D unit C DS P17 Upper subunit B Middle (Guadalupian) Gharif Roadian Kuber- Ufimian gandian Member ? subunit A DS P15 upper unit Kungurian Bolorian Akhdar Group sensu BRGM (1992) 272.2 ± 3.2 PERMIAN Middle Gharif lower unit Member redefined Gharif Formation Artinskian DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE P13 Lower supra-Saiwan unconformity DS P10 280.3 Gharif ± 2.6 Member? 'Metalegoceras Lst' Haushi Group 'Haushi Saiwan Limestone' Formation 'Bellerophon Lst' MFS P10 Sakmarian Pachycyrtella bed 284 Ma Early (Cisuralian) Rahab shale Asselian Al Khlata Formation Haushi Group (AP G3) (AP 290.6 ± 3.0 3 GLACIATION ARABIAN PLATE CARBONIFEROUS Figure 2: The outcrop stratigraphic scheme of BRGM (Debreuilh et al., 1992; Platel et al., 1992; Roger et al., 1992) that is adopted in this study, is compared to the subsurface stratigraphic scheme (Hughes Clark, 1988; Osterloff et al. 2004a, b). Note the definitions of the Haushi and Akhdar groups are inconsistent between subsurface and outcrop. The Permian Khuff Formation in this region is truncated by several unconformities. The geological time scale is adopted from Jin et al. (1997). Glaciation 3, AP G3 of Sharland et al., 2001); (2) Saiwan Formation (subsurface Lower Gharif Member) representing the first Early Permian post-glacial marine flooding (Maximum Flooding Surface MFS P10, Sharland et al., 2001); (3) a late Early and early Middle Permian period of continental deposition seen in the redefined Gharif (subsurface Middle and Upper Gharif members); and finally (4) the start of the Middle Permian transgression (Khuff and coeval rock units). These four phases prevailed over most of southern Arabia and are recognized in the Wajid, Unayzah and Khuff formations of Saudi Arabia (e.g. Evans et al., 1991). 151 Angiolini et al., 2004 This paper starts with a brief review of the Al Khlata Formation (for a more detailed review see Osterloff et al., 2004a). This is followed by a detailed and updated overview of the lithostratigraphy, depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy, fossils and age of the Saiwan, redefined Gharif and lower part of the Khuff formations. This overview provides important stratigraphic constraints on the depositional history of the hydrocarbon-bearing Unayzah, Gharif and Khuff formations on the Arabian Plate. HAUSHI AND AKHDAR GROUPS The Haushi Group was first defined in the north of the Haushi-Huqf Uplift by Hudson and Sudbury (1959). Hughes Clarke (1988) and Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) (Osterloff et al., 2004b) adopted this group’s definition that combines the Al Khlata and Gharif formations (Figure 2). In contrast, BRGM (1992) define the Haushi Group to comprise the Al Khlata and Saiwan formations, the latter being equivalent to the Lower Gharif Member (Figure 2). The difference in where to place the upper boundary of the Haushi Group is caused by the identification of a significant unconformity at the top the Saiwan Formation (supra-Saiwan unconformity, Figure 2) (Blendinger et al., 1990; BRGM, 1992). The supra- Saiwan unconformity constitutes an important surface in understanding the stratigraphic framework of the Arabian Plate. According to Le Métour et al. (1995), the unconformity has a regional dip of 10o- 15o and possibly marks a hiatus in the Early-Middle Permian, Artinskian-early Roadian (Angiolini et al., 1997, 2001). The redefinition of the Lower Gharif Member as the Saiwan Formation (BRGM, 1992) cascaded several other redefinitions that encompass much of the Carboniferous-Permian lithostratigraphic scheme in the Haushi-Huqf Uplift; namely (Figure 2): (1) Redefinition of the Lower Gharif Member as the Saiwan Formation; (2) Limitation of the redefined Gharif Formation to the Middle and Upper Gharif members; (3) Inclusion of only the Saiwan Formation together with the Al Khlata Formation in the Haushi Group sensu BRGM (otherwise the group comprised the Al Khlata and Gharif formations, Hughes Clarke, 1988); and (4) Inclusion of the redefined Gharif Formation (Middle and Upper Gharif members) in the Akhdar Group sensu BRGM.
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