Introduction 1 Freud's Melancholic Subject

Notes

Introduction

1. Juliana Schiesari quotes first from a then unpublished lecture by Derrida, ‘The Politics of Friendship’ (in October 1988 at Cornell University) and then from Julia Kristeva, 1989, pp. 5–6. 2. Alessia Ricciardi describes the transition from loss to lack in Freudian theory, but also at the threshold to Lacan’s reading of Freud (2003, pp. 17–21). 3. Cf. ‘Signature Event Context’: ‘All writing, therefore, in order to be what it is, must be able to function in the radical absence of every empirically determined addressee in general. And this absence is not a continuous modifica- tion of presence; it is a break in presence, “death”, or the possibility of the “death” of the addressee, inscribed in the structure of the mark … What holds for the addressee holds also, for the same reasons, for the sender or the pro- ducer’ (1982d, pp. 315–16). Derrida attempted here to show that the absence typical of writing is actually constitutive of language as such. 4. Cf. Butler: ‘[G]ender identification is a kind of melancholia in which the sex of the prohibited object is internalized as a prohibition’ (1999, p. 80). 5. Cf. Kristeva: ‘The child king becomes irredeemably sad before uttering his first words; this is because he has been irrevocably, desperately separated from the mother, a loss that causes him to try to find her again, along with other objects of love, first in the imagination then in words’ (1989, p. 6). 6. Similarly, sexual repression appeared at first as a condition peculiar to hysteria and only later as the condition of mature humanity in general. In ‘On Narcissism’ (first published in 1914), Freud explained that dementia praecox and paranoia could throw light on the psychology of the ego: ‘Once more, in order to arrive at an understanding of what seems so simple in normal phenomena, we shall have to turn to the field of pathology with its distortions and exaggerations’ (1914b, vol. 14, p. 82).

1 Freud’s Melancholic Subject

1. In ‘The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex’ (1924), Freud emphasised that the ideal outcome of the Oedipal complex is its complete destruction, but he still postulated a latency period which follows that destruction and which interrupts the child’s sexual development (vol. 19, p. 177). In ‘Two Encyclopaedia Articles: “Psycho-Analysis”’ (1923c), too, Freud described the latency period which separates the sexual desires of the child (aged two to five years) from those of the adolescent. The Oedipal phase is said to determine the direction of the later sexual period in puberty (vol. 18, p. 246). 2. According to Grahame Clarke the systematic investigation of Dordogne caves began in 1863 (1980, p. 16). The latter half of the nineteenth century

197 198 Notes

witnessed many archaeological discoveries. Schliemann’s digging took place in eight different phases between 1870 and 1890 (Easton, 1992, p. 51 and Cobet, 1992, p. 122). Between 1875 and 1880 the excavation of Olympia occurred (Kenyon, 1969, p. 540). 3. In the record of Freud’s library (Davies and Fichtner, 2006), 47 books are listed under the keyword ‘archaeology’ alone. Many more are listed under ‘ancient world’ and related entries. 4. In the Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter VII, Freud maps out the first topology. He presents a diagram that has the system of perception at one end and the motor system at the other end. In between, mnemic traces, the unconscious and the pre-conscious have their places. Freud himself identifies his model as primarily temporal: ‘Strictly speaking, there is no need for the hypothesis that the psychical systems are actually arranged in a spatial order. It would be sufficient if a fixed order were established by the fact that in a given psychical process the excitation passes through the systems in a particular temporal sequence’ (1900b, 5: 537). 5. This position of complete preservation was not always maintained by Freud. Bowlby points out that the Oedipus complex is one instance in which Freud postulated in 1924 not repression and preservation but a complete ‘destruction’. A year later, in 1925, Freud claimed that the complex was ‘smashed to pieces … by the shock of threatened castration’ so that it ‘exists no longer, even in the unconscious’ (qtd. in Bowlby, 2007, p. 155). 6. Freud’s early text ‘Project for a Scientific Psychology’, which dates from 1895 and remained unpublished until 1950, testifies to Freud’s physiological interest. The emphasis on repetition, which this essay reflects, and which is surely a legacy of scientists like Forel, Hering and Semon, resurfaces in ‘Beyond the Pleasure Principle’ (1920). Freud also reviewed Auguste Forel’s book Der Hypnotismus, seine Bedeutung und seine Handhabung (1889). 7. Freud’s edition of Forel’s lecture Das Gedächtniss und seine Abnormitäten (1885) is marked with a green pencil. The archivist of the Freud Museum, J. Keith Davies, assured me that Freud frequently used coloured pencils. The Hering lecture remained unmarked, but Freud took the trouble to have it bound together with other offprints of short lectures in a volume with the spine title ‘Vortraege I’. He owned Semon’s book in the revised edition of 1911. This book contains no markings but Freud might have taken other kinds of notes that were subsequently discarded. 8. The ‘imagination’ or ‘phantasy’ is one of three inner senses Burton distin- guishes in the tradition of Aristotle: ‘common sense, phantasy, memory’ (1948, vol. 1, p. 159). 9. Ficino and Burton are two prominent examples of a historical connection between desire and melancholia. Hersant also notes the link between seduction and melancholia in Lucas Cranach the Elder’s famous picture Melancholie (1528), which takes up Dürer’s celebrated image of the con- templating melancholic angel surrounded by astrological and geometrical symbols (Melencolia I). Cranach’s lady is clothed in red and is, in contrast to Dürer’s asexual allegory of melancholia, rather coquettish. In contrast to Dürer, Hersant explains, ‘Cranach has allegorized carnal desire’ (2005/2006b, p. 111). Hersant advances a compelling reading of this picture: the frivolous lady in the red dress is not turned into a passive object by our attention Notes 199

and desire; rather, she appropriates those that are careless enough to look at her for too long by means of her glance. After all, and here Hersant evi- dently refers to Ficino, the enchantment of the spectator is caused through a vapour – part of the spirit, which connects mind and body – which is sent out through the opened eyes of the observed and enters the heart of the unguarded onlooker (2005/2006b, p. 114). 10. According to Derrida, ‘the sign is usually said to be put in the place of the thing itself, the present thing, “thing” here standing equally for meaning or referent. The sign represents the present in its absence … The sign, in this sense, is deferred presence’ (1982a, p. 9). In his work, Derrida attempted to deconstruct this idea of representation by suggesting that language func- tions on the basis of ‘an irreparable loss of presence’ (1982a, p. 19). It is then impossible to reach beyond the sign to a pure referent.

2 Primitivism and Meaning in Heart of Darkness

1. The evolution of culture was also questioned from a non-polygenist angle as early as the 1890s. Torgovnick points out that Franz Boas and others argued from a cultural relativistic and anti-evolutionist stance ‘for the diversity and complexity of primitive social and mental formations’ (1990, p. 19). Then again, there were Darwinists like Huxley who believed that humanity constituted a single species but who were not interested in social evolution: ‘For Huxley, eth- nology is not primarily about customs and culture but about the physical and mental characteristics of the human races’ (Brantlinger, 2003, p. 171). 2. ‘Aryan’ is a notoriously difficult term. Despite its later use by the Nazis it was not always used for the construction of a race. It was first introduced by philologists to denote those who partake in the body of Indo-European languages. 3. I borrow this very suitable expression from Griffith (1995, pp. 109–10), who in his turn took it from Brook Thomas. The German expression Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen is often ascribed to Ernst Bloch. 4. Cf. the entry on Wallace in the Oxford Reader’s Companion to Conrad (2000, p. 442). Wallace developed and published the theory of natural selection at the same time as Darwin. 5. Arthur O. Lovejoy warned readers of Rousseau as early as 1923 against reading Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality as ‘a glorification of the state of nature’ (p. 165). He described the assumption ‘that its influence tended wholly or chiefly to promote “primitivism”’ as ‘one of the most persistent of historical errors’ (1923, p. 165). Nonetheless, Lovejoy identifies the origins of this historical error in Rousseau’s description of physical man: ‘It is when rhap- sodizing over the physical superiority of early man that Rousseau falls into the often-quoted language which probably has done most to give hasty readers the impression that he identifies the state of nature with the ideal state’ (1923, p. 170). 6. According to Karl, Conrad had assimilated ‘eighteenth- and nineteenth- century philosophy, Rousseau, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche’ (1979, p. 116). Karl also claimed that Conrad was a Hegelian in as much as he was ‘a dialectician, never an absolutist’ (1979, note on p. 568). 200 Notes

7. Torgovnick also stresses the role of ‘physicality’ in constructions of the primitive (cf. 1990, pp. 227–43). 8. Cf. Bowlby’s detailed discussion of ‘domestication’ in Feminism Beside Itself, ed. Elam and Wiegman. With reference to a usage of the French verb domes- tiquer which refers to ‘the subjugation of a tribe to a colonizing power’, Bowlby writes: ‘To “domesticate” is to bring the foreign or primitive or alien into line with the “domestic” civilization, just as a “domesticated” animal is one that has been tamed into home life. Something wild, precivilized, and verging on the non-human gets brought into line with an existing order represented in this case as more complex and sophisticated, but also as less natural’ (1995, p. 75). 9. Ricoeur applied the notion of a ‘surplus of meaning’ to the symbol. ‘By symbols Ricoeur understands all expressions of double meaning, wherein a primary meaning refers beyond itself to a second meaning which is never given directly. This second or surplus meaning provokes interpretation’ (Kearney, 2003, p. 444). As Kearney explains, ‘where the earlier hermeneutics of symbols was limited to expressions of double intention, the later hermeneutics of texts extended interpretation to all phenomena of a textual order, including narratives … and ideologies’ (Kearney, 2004, p. 3). Hermeneutic interpretation now solicits ‘a series of multiple, and often conflicting read- ings’ (Kearney, 2003, p. 447). 10. Miller has discussed techniques in Heart of Darkness, which ‘increase the distance between the reader and the events as they were lived by the characters’ (1965, p. 19). Besides Conrad’s ‘habit of multiplying narrators and points of view’ and his ‘reconstruction of the chronological sequence to make a pat- tern of progressive revelation’, Miller also names Conrad’s ‘use of a framing story’ (1965, p. 19). 11. Gillian Beer has written an excellent chapter on the Victorian fear of a dying sun in Open Fields (1996, pp. 219–41). 12. Cf. Armstrong: ‘The final irony of Heart of Darkness, then, is that Marlow may be as opaque to his audience, including the reader, as the Africans are to him because an absence of reciprocity prevents dialogue in both instances’ (1996, p. 39).

3 Desire, Loss and Storytelling in The Good Soldier

1. Cf. Justin McCarthy’s turn-of-the-century study A History of Our Own Times (1878–1910), but also the interest of C. F. G. Masterman and others in the conditions of life in city and countryside as well as in the ‘spirit of the people’, for example in The Condition of England (1909). As Sara Haslam points out in her introduction to Ford’s England and the English, the interest in the present had a strong national component, which was strengthened by the events of the Boer War (2003, pp. xiv–xv). 2. ‘The differences between a soldier, an artisan, a man of business, a lawyer, an idler, a student, a statesman, a merchant, a sailor, a poet, a beggar, a priest, are as great, though not so easy to define, as those between the wolf, the lion, the ass, the crow, the shark, the seal, the sheep, etc. Thus social species have always existed, and will always exist, just as there are zoological species’ (199–?, p. 23). Notes 201

3. I allude here to Mina Loy’s charming characterisation of the process of writing autobiography: ‘Intermittent ... unfinishing’ (2006, p. 238) (qtd. in Parmar, 2008, p. 122). 4. ‘She looked exactly like the women in romantic novels’ (Flaubert, 2008, p. 11). 5. In his essay ‘On Narcissism: an Introduction’ Freud characterised the baby’s understanding of itself with the expression ‘“His Majesty the Baby” – as we once fancied ourselves’ (1914b, vol. 14, p. 91). 6. Cf. Beer: ‘When Darwin did eventually precipitate his theory of evolution, however, he paradoxically did away with the sexual pair as an initiating origin. For Darwin, the originary parental dyad is figured as the one, sexually undifferentiated – and irretrievable: “the single progenitor’’’ (1996, p. 29). 7. Beer discusses the substantial relations between evolutionary theory and language theory in the nineteenth century in considerable detail in her book Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter, in which she analyses ‘the intimacy with which language theory and evolutionary theory were inter-implicated, metaphors and models moving freely back and forth, providing projects and hopes as well as difficulties’ (1996, p. 106). She particularly emphasises the fact that evolutionary theory also borrowed from language theories.

4 From Melancholia to Wish-Fulfilment: The Inheritors and Romance

1. For a detailed account of the factors that played a part in their estrangement see Saunders, 1996, vol. 1, ch. 17. 2. See Ford’s own account in Joseph Conrad (1965, p. 249) as well as his presenta- tion of Conrad’s view (1965, p. 233f.). Cf. also Meixner in Ford Madox Ford’s Novels (1962, p. 30) and Saunders (1996, vol. 1, p. 142). 3. Cf. for example the review of The Inheritors in The New York Times (Saturday Review), 499 (13 Jul. 1901), qtd. in Harvey (1962, p. 279). 4. Ford referred to Nostromo, The Rescue and ‘The End of the Tether’ as objects of collaboration (Saunders, 1996, vol. 1, p. 150). Conrad biographer Karl acknowledged Ford’s influence on The Mirror of the Sea and The Secret Agent (1979, p. 564) and Zdislaw Najder explained that Ford contributed to six of the essays in The Mirror of the Sea and acknowledged Ford’s help with one instalment of Nostromo (2007, p. 341). 5. Cf. also Raymond Williams’s classic The Long Revolution (1961) and particularly his description of Northcliffe’s successes (pp. 225–9). 6. English translation: ‘her whole person is an explicit comment on the boarding house, just as the boarding house is implicitly suggestive of her’ (Balzac, 2009, p. 6). 7. Kittler links Freud’s ‘Project for a Scientific Psychology’ (written in 1895, published in 1950), which is concerned with memory and repetition, to the technical innovation of the phonograph (Kittler, 1999, pp. 37–8). 8. In fact, this concern is not restricted to modernist literature – see the use of the phonograph in Bram Stoker’s popular novel Dracula (1897). 9. Letter from 2 Aug. 1901, ‘To the New York Times “Saturday Review”’. The letter was published in The New York Times on 24 August 1901. 202 Notes

10. Cf. Conrad, 1986, Collected Letters, vol. 2, p. 344, footnote 4: ‘The Daily Chronicle review (11 July) had already seen a connection between Fourth Dimensionists and Übermensch.’ 11. Conrad, ‘Letter to the New York Times “Saturday Review”’, 2 Aug. 1901. 12. In The Sublime Object of Ideology, Slavoj Žižek ascribes a similar role to the phantasy of conspiracy on the basis of his reading of Lacan. According to him, even after ‘the subject is integrated into a given socio-symbolic field’ (Žižek, 1998, p. 110) there remains a gap of meaning. This gap results from the relation between subject and signifier. The subject is constituted dis- cursively, ‘pinned, to a signifier which represents him for the other’ (Žižek, 1998, p. 113), but because meaning is fixed performatively and retroactively there is no stable, self-evident relation between subject and signifier: ‘it can- not be accounted for by reference to the real properties and capacities of the subject’ (p. 113). There remains ‘a gap between utterance and its enuncia- tion’ (Žižek, 1998, p. 111) which provokes the question Che Vuoi? – ‘What do you (really) want?’ This question works both ways: it is a question which the subject addresses to the Other, to representatives of the socio-symbolic order who accord the subject a mandate, a place, a ‘meaning’. But it is also a question which the subject is ‘automatically confronted with’ (Žižek, 1998, p. 113) and which demands that it constantly justify itself. Imagining a conspiracy is an attempt to fill the void of not-knowing: ‘What does the Other want?’ (Žižek, 1998, p. 114). 13. In the ‘Descending Frequency List’ of Todd K. Bender’s and James W. Parin’s Concordance to Conrad’s Romance (1985), ‘Know’ occupies rung 13: variations of it occur 199 times throughout the novel. 14. Cf. Paul de Man’s analysis of the rhetorical question (1979, pp. 9–12). 15. Cf. Derrida’s critique of Austin: as Derrida sees it, Austin’s categories that determine the success of a performative utterance invoke belief in ‘an exhaustibly definable context, of a free consciousness present for the totality of the operation, of an absolutely full meaning that is master of itself: the teleological jurisdiction of a total field whose intention remains the organ- izing center’ (1982d, p. 323). Bibliography

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A All the Year Round (ed. Dickens) 147 Abbott, Edwin A. 158–9, 161 ambiguity 82, 114, 127, 135, 178, Abraham, Karl 24–7, 53 183–5, 190, 193 acedia 8, 48–51 ambivalence 11, 25–6, 57, 59, 69, adventure 151, 168, 170, 175 76, 79–81, 89, 95, 103, 106, 127, literature 15, 20, 72, 84, 147, 150, 145, 190 167, 171–3 amor hereos 51 novel 20, 72, 84, 150, 172 Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton) adventurer 95, 97 23, 47, 52 adventurer-archaeologist 35, 59 anthropological psychiatry 12–13 affect Anthropological Society of affective experience 174 London 65 affective interpretation 137 anthropology affective power of words 93 comparative method of 65–6, 69, affective turn 1, 4 70, 120 and desire 1, 28 and Conrad 71, 149 and Dimensionist 156, 163–4 evolutionary anthropology see and emotion 2 evolutionary anthropology and impressionism 133–6, 144 and Freud 34, 36 and linguistic paradigm 1–4, reformer’s science 68 196 science of remembrance 69, 165 meaning of 1–2 time-sensitive science 15, 32–3, and melancholia 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 40, 82, 108 17–19, 23–7, 46–7, 63, 68–9, 85, Anthropology (Tylor) 66 98, 102, 106, 131, 135, 150–1, Aquinas, Thomas 49, 50 174, 188–9, 190, 192, 194–6 appropriation and modernist writing 4, 6, 17–18, and acedia 50 19, 63, 68, 69, 93, 102, 106, and archaeology 35 133–6, 144, 150, 188, 192, 195 and assimilation 27 and postmodernism 6–7 colonialist appropriation 73 and primitivism 76–8, 99 through identification 27, 29–31, and temperament 102 45, 56 theory of 1–4 and Kurtz 86, 88 truth of 78, 87 of lost past 83, 114 afterlife 7, 40, 46, 125, 187, 195 of loved object 8, 43, 45, 50, 55, Agamben, Giorgio 8, 18, 19, 48–51, 58 54–6, 59, 190, 194 and modernism 195 À la recherche du temps perdu (Proust) in oral phase 26–7 160 primitivist appropriation 64 see alienation 73, 150, 152, 176, 187 also primitivism allegory 152, 154, 158, 167, 183, of past in psychoanalysis 59 184, 198 resistance to 18

220 Index 221

and theory of melancholia 21, 46, Collins, Wilkie 62 50–1, 57–8, 95, 131, 194 colonisation 35, 74, 95, 161–2, 189 archaeology 15, 19, 21, 32–42, 48, Commentary on Plato’s Symposium on 59, 108, 198 Love (Ficino) 53 Aristotle 23, 51–2, 110, 198 Congo 153, 194 Ashburnham, Edward 105–7, 113–4, Congo (river) 70, 73, 82, 181 116–7, 123, 125, 135, 141, 145, Conrad, Joseph 191 ‘Autocracy and War’ 63 Ashburnham, John 116 Chance 93, 100 Ashburnhams, the 104–5, 116, ‘End of the Tether, The’ 73, 201 118–9, 131, 139, 191, 194 ‘Falk’ 73 assimilation 10, 27, 55–6, 59, 63, Heart of Darkness 11, 14, 18, 76, 80–2, 94–5, 114, 129–31, 142, 19–20, 34, 59–60, 61–103, 104, 144, 189, 191, 194, 195–6 107, 138, 140, 141, 144, 145, 147, Austin, J. L. 184, 202 149–50, 157–8, 174, 175, 180–2, author-turned-journalist 154, 163 188, 190, 192–4, 200 authority Inheritors, The (Conrad and Ford) authoritative account 62, 98, 100, 11, 14, 18, 20, 60, 70, 145, 106, 112, 182 146–186, 190, 201 authoritative origin 149 Lord Jim 71, 81, 83–4, 91, 96, 150, external 89 175 Avicenna 23, 51, 54 Nature of a Crime, The (Conrad and Ford) 146, 147–8, 168 B Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’, The 73 Balzac, Honoré de 108, 156, 201 Nostromo 81, 201 Baudelaire, Charles 133 ‘Preface’ to The Nigger of the Benjamin, Walter 3, 11, 18, 87–8, ‘Narcissus’ 101–2 95, 111, 138, 182 Romance (Conrad and Ford) 14, 20, Bergson, Henri 12–13 145, 147–51, 167–72, 173, Bingen, Hildegard von 47 175–6, 178–81, 184–6, 193, 202 Binswanger, Ludwig 11–12 Some Reminiscences 147 black bile 1, 47, 53 ‘Youth’ 100 Bright, Timothie 21, 52 conspiracy 144, 177, 178–80, 202 Burton, Robert 5, 21, 23–4, 47, 51–5, construction 32, 37, 59, 61, 85, 91, 198 155, 199, 200 Butler, Judith 3, 5, 7, 25, 26, 29–30, contingency 92–3, 141, 143, 175–6 56, 95, 197 continuity 32–3, 41, 57, 63, 69, 76, 106, 125–6, 151, 165, 167–8, 188, 193 C Cuvier, Georges 41 case history 3, 61, 123 catastrophic theory 41 celebrity culture 155, 174 D Certeau, Michel de 124–5 Daily Mail 153–4 Chronotrope 70 Darwin, Charles 41, 44, 65, 71, 78, civilisation 57, 61, 65–6, 68, 70, 121, 125, 127, 129, 174, 188, 199, 71–4, 79–82, 170, 200 201 cognition 1–4, 194, 196 Darwinian literary criticism 4 collaboration 20, 145–9, 177, 201 Daseinsanalyse 12 222 Index daydream 172, 186 origin of desire 43, 45–6 deferral 29–30, 144 same-sex desire 29 degeneration 120, 148, 157, 161 social framework of desire 84 Deleuze, Gilles 2, 63 structure of desire 20, 136 De Man, Paul 18, 183–4, 202 and subjectivity 9, 19, 24 depression 1, 8, 11, 12–13, 19, 22–3, desired object 8, 10–1, 24–31, 46, 46, 88, 115, 124, 191–2 49–53, 57–9, 81, 106, 115, 131, Derrida, Jacques 5, 7, 32, 37, 59, 93, 142, 163, 168, 179, 186, 190, 99, 112, 127, 129, 184, 197, 199, 194 202 despair 7, 11, 29, 50, 63, 71, 90, desire 105, 149, 152, 178, 184, 190, 93, 96, 107, 126, 136, 139, 192, 197 144, 169, 174, 177, 182–3, and affect 1, 3 185–6, 188 ambiguities of 9 Dickens, Charles 108, 147, 155 and ambivalence 127, 190 différance 129 deferral of 29–31 Dimensionist 14, 151–4, 156–8, desire to forget 113–4 160–7, 173, 175–6, 177–8, 180–1, and effect of distance 151 183–4, 192–3, 202 existence beyond desire 151 dislocation 6, 167, 189 frustration of 51, 163, 173, 185, dissemination 91, 93, 101, 129, 136, 191 191 fulfilment of 20, 145, 168, 172, Dowell 19, 104–7, 112–15, 117–45, 185 149, 152, 164, 179, and human 3, 165, 192 187–92, 194 for future 163–4, 166 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 150 for incorporation 10, 26, 46, 53–5, Dracula (Stoker) 150, 201 190 Dreyfus, Georges L. 23 for identification 107 and loss 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 21, E 24, 27–8, 46, 48, 101, 138, 144, Economy and Society (Weber) 149, 172 109, 123 for mastery 115–16 Edison, Thomas Alva 157 for meaning or truth 4, 32, 36, L’Éducation sentimentale 84–8, 90–1, 93, 98, 100–1, 107, (Flaubert) 118 116, 138, 139–40, 143 ego 7, 8, 21–2, 25–8, 30–1, 40, 43, and melancholia 3–5, 8, 10–11, 45, 49, 51, 56, 58, 95, 190, 193, 19–20, 21, 24, 31, 46–59, 63, 197 80, 83, 101, 144, 165, 194, 198–9 élan vital 12 and modernist writing 22, 149–50, Eliot, George 108, 155 185 epistemological crisis 63, 103, negative logic of 136, 142–3, 132–6, 145, 151, 174 144–5 epistemological doubts 18, 64, for origins 10, 32, 57, 105, 119 150–1, 180, 185–6 for past 32, 57, 76, 83–4, 105, 116, epistemological obsession 179 119, 168 epistemological paradigm 46 for the primitive 76–7, 79, epistemological scepticism 101, 191, 80–2, 84 196 primitive desires 95 epistemological uncertainty 6, 180 Index 223 evolution 15, 41–6, 57, 120–2, Ford, Ford Madox 125–6, 157, 174–5, 191–3 Ancient Lights 122 aimless mechanics of 126, 128 Benefactor, The 107, 142 and Conrad 61, 71, 80–1 Call, A 107 cultural 64–5, 71–2, 101, 107, 120, Cinque Ports, The 107, 116, 119 161, 199 ‘Creative History and the Historic cyclical 175 Sense’ 109 and inevitability of change 20, England and the English 108, 120, 104, 144 124, 200 inheritance of acquired English Girl, An 107 characteristics 44–5 English Review, The 148, 146–7, and Lamarckian theory 43 148 and master narrative 104, 121, Fifth Queen, The 107 125, 145, 191 Good Soldier, The 11, 14, 18–20, mental 68 60, 62, 103, 104–45, 146, 147, and progress 162 149–50, 152–3, 167, 174, 179, and subjectivity 43, 45 180–1, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194 Evolution and Ethics ‘Half-Moon’, The 107 (Huxley) 121 Inheritors, The (Conrad and Ford) evolutionary anthropology 20, 34, 11, 14, 18, 20, 60, 70, 145, 35, 40–1, 59, 64–66, 70, 72, 79, 146–186, 190, 201 101, 120 It Was the Nightingale 109 evolutionary-archaeological Ladies Whose Bright Eyes 107 paradigm 5, 12, 22, 57, 63, 193 Little Less Than Gods, A 107 evolutionary theories 41–6, 58–60, Mr. Apollo 175 104–5, 122, 125–6, 201 Mr. Fleight 107, 166 existential crisis 18, 64, 75, 77, 79, Nature of a Crime, The (Conrad and 82, 84, 103, 145, 151, 174–7, 179, Ford) 146, 147–8, 168 185–6, 191, 196 ‘On Impressionism’ 132–3, 136 extinction 14, 98–9, 104, 113, 114, Parade’s End 107 120–2, 125, 131, 136–7, 141–3, Portrait, The 107 145, 189, 191, 193 Romance (Conrad and Ford) 14, 20, 145, 147–51, 167–72, 173, F 175–6, 178–81, 184–6, 193, 202 Ficino, Marsilio 5, 21, 23, 52, 53–5, ‘Seraphina’ 147 174, 198–9 Soul of London, The 106, 108–9, ﬁ n de siècle 22, 149 113, 116, 124, 126, 128 first-person narrator 18, 62, 86, 103, Young Lovell, The 107 150, 192 Ford, Stella 112, 125, ‘First Pregenital Stage of the Libido, Forel, Auguste 44–5, 198 The’ (Abraham) 26 fourth dimension First World War 14–15 Flatland (Abbott) 159, 161 Flaubert, Gustave 5, 108, 118, 132, The Fourth Dimension 201 (Hinton) 159 Fliess, Wilhelm 36, 39 ‘Plane World, A’ (Hinton) 159 Florence (The Good Soldier) 105, 117, ‘What is the Fourth Dimension?’ 119, 130–1, 132, 35, 140, (Hinton) 159 142, 187 frame narrative 61, 70, 98, 100 224 Index

Frazer, Sir James 64, 66–7, 69 and time-sensitive sciences 15 Freud, Sigmund way into 125, 128 ‘Aetiology of Hysteria, The’ 36, 37 and writing 65 Civilization and Its Discontents 12, 37, 42, 72, 143 G ‘Constructions in Analysis’ 32, 37, Galen 46 42 Garnett, Edward 153, 161, 174 ‘Creative Writers and Day- Gaskell, Elizabeth 108 Dreaming’ 172 Gebsattel, Victor Emil Freiherr ‘Development of the Libido, The’ von 12–13 28 gender 7, 16, 29, 117, 170 ‘Dissection of the Psychical Gender Trouble (Butler) 7 Personality, The’ 38 genealogy 5, 178 Ego and the Id, The 3, 8–9, 14, 19, geology 15, 33–5, 39, 41, 108 21–2, 24–5, 27–30, 39–40, 43, 51, Gissing, George 154–5 56, 190, 192 Golden Bough, The (Frazer) 66, 69 Interpretation of Dreams, The (Die grand narrative 74, 76, 85, 87, 91, Traumdeutung) 14, 17, 27, 198 95, 131, 192 ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ 8–9, Granger 149, 152, 154–8, 160, 14, 19, 21–7, 47, 51, 56, 190, 162–7, 169, 173–9, 181–3, 187–9, 192 191–2 ‘Note Upon the Mystic Writing Pad, Guyau, Jean-Marie 157 A’ 38 ‘On Narcissism’ 22, 30, 55, 197, 201 H ‘Preliminaries to a Metapsychology’ Haggard, Rider 72, 170–2 22 Hamlet 23 Studies on Hysteria 114, 143 Heidegger, Martin 12 Totem and Taboo 12, 34 Hering, Ewald 44–5, 178, 198, Traumdeutung, Die (The Interpretation hermeneutics of suspicion 93, 140, of Dreams) 14, 17, 27, 198 150, 181 Froude, J. A. 110 Hinton, Charles Howard 158–9 future Hippocrates 46, 48 for the benefit of 113 historical romance 118, 143 of British empire 170 history deferral of desire into 28–9, 31 and agency 127 desire for 163–7 allegory of 152 and Dimensionist 162–7, 183–4 Benjamin’s angel of 11 eternal return of the same 104, of British empire 70 126, 141–2, 154, 162, 189 discipline of 33–5, 59 experience of future in melancho- in Ford’s oeuvre 107–12, 120, 129 lia 11, 13–14, 17, 60, 84, 142, historical development 104 149, 151, 164–7, 185, 189 historical perspective on future fate of man 80–2, 98–9, 156 melancholia 12, 16 and identification 31 imaginary 116 of literature 19, 128 individual 37, 114 orientation towards future 116 of melancholia 21, 24, 46–55 and paranoia 179 modern melancholic experience and primitivism 77, 79 of 12–14, 19, 64, 105, 126, 130, and romance 169–70, 173 174, 185, 188, 189 Index 225

and natural history 15, 104, J 126–8, 141, 174 James, Henry 61–2, 85, 132, 36, 140, and Nietzsche 165 148, 172–3 of object-choices 27, 43, 46 James, William 63, 85 phylogenetic history 43–6 Jim 81, 83–4, 96–7, 192 and prehistory 15 journalism 154–5 and primitivism 76–7 of psychoanalysis 17 K and writing 65 Kant, Immanuel 193 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von 4, Kemp 149, 167–8, 175–82, 184 97, 129, Kierkegaard, Søren 50 Hueffer, Elsie 146–7 King Solomon’s Mines (Haggard) 170, Hueffer, Ford Hermann see Ford, Ford 175 Madox Kittler, Friedrich 157–8, 201 Hunt, James 65 Kraepelin, Emil 22–3 Husserl, Edmund 12 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von 93 Huxley, T. H. 33, 41, 71, 80, 121, Kristeva, Julia 5, 7, 197 199 Kurtz 62, 69, 75, 81, 85–9, 92, 131, 141, 157, 191 I African lover 77, 94 id 9, 38, 40, 43, 45, 51, 193 Intended, the 78, 89 identification 27–31, 40, 42–3, 45–6, 55, 58, 86, 98, 105–6, 163, 192, L 195, 197 Lacan, Jacques 7, 30, 51, 100, 129, melancholic identification see 197, 202 melancholia, and identification Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de 43–6 identity 16, 32, 137, 158, 168, 180 Lang, Andrew 71, 170–1 ideology 80, 87, 158, 202 latency 28, 31, 41, 197 imagination 8, 19, 20, 51–6, 62, 68, Leonora 105, 116–18, 120–1, 123, 81, 83–4, 88–9, 92–3, 96, 101, 127, 130–1, 132, 140, 141–2, 187, 102, 117, 137, 144, 162, 175, 177, 193 179, 186, 190, 192, 195, 197, 198 Lepenies, Wolf 15, 108 impression 19, 38, 43, 44, 96, 113, libido 9, 25–6, 48, 50–1, 59, 114 135,150, 181 linguistic paradigm 1–2, 4, 196 impressionism, literary 19, 64, London 69, 73, 108–9, 121, 124–5, 101–2, 107–9, 115, 124, 128, 128, 167, 175, 176 132–6, 143–4, 150, 152, 180–2, Lord Chandos letter 4, 97 193–5 lost object 8, 11, 25–6, 31–2, 40, 46, incorporation 3, 5, 9–10, 24–7, 55, 48, 59, 68–9, 95, 115, 142, 186, 57, 95 189, 190 inheritance of acquired characteris- Lost World, The (Doyle) 150 tics, see evolution love-melancholy 8, 46, 48, 52, 55, In Memoriam (Tennyson) 125 57 intention 48, 87, 94, 149, 178–80, love-object 7–8, 10, 26–7, 31, 42–3, 184, 200, 202 51, 55, 59, 61, 144, 192 introjection 26, 51, 55, 56, 59, 190, Lubbock, Sir John 34, 64–5, 68–9, 193 71–3 irony 84, 91, 106, 117, 136–7, 150, Lukàcs, Georg 95 200 Lyell, Charles 174 226 Index

M melancholic humour 47, 49, Mal d’archive (Derrida) 112 52, 54 Marlow 19–20, 62–4, 70, 72–96, melancholic time scheme 11–14, 98–103, 129, 135, 140–1, 144, 126, 149, 151, 185, 193 149–50, 181, 187–90, 102, 200 modernist melancholia 1, 3–4, 6, Marwood, Arthur 146–7 10, 16, 19, 61, 64, 149, 174, 187, mass culture 154 189, 191–3, 195–6 Massumi, Brian 2 and nostalgia 10–11 master narrative 20, 60, 114, 116, and oral phase 26–7 120, 125, 129, 131, 136–7, 141, and phantasy 26, 52, 55, 64, 74, 143, 191 79, 81–2, 84, 86, 98, 99, 101, 179, Maupassant, Guy de 108, 191 112, 132 and plot 85, 190 meaning of life 75, 95, 174, 189 and primitivism 80 meaning, linguistic 18, 93, 185 of signification 4, 17–19, 20, 64, dissemination of meaning 91, 93, 99–100, 130, 139, 174, 191 101, 129, 136, 191 style of expression 19, 61, 63, 107, melancholia 188 aetiology of 1, 47, 53 and subjectivity 56–8, 189 and affect see affect and symptoms of 1, 21, 22, 24–5, 31, melancholia 47, 48, 52, 79 and affect studies 1–4 of theory 4–7 alternative to 171, 193 Melancholie und Manie (Binswanger) ambiguity of melancholic 11 object 191 memory 198, 201 ambivalence of 11, 25–6, 57, 59, and Burton 52, 198 69, 76, 79–81, 89, 95, 103, 127, cultural 70 145, 190 existence beyond 151 comparison with mourning 8–10, and hereditary processes 44–6 23–5, 47–50, 56, 64, 192 and impressions 109, 133 desire see desire and melancholia involuntary 133 in Freud’s writings 3, 5, 7–11, 19, and melancholia 52–3, 164–5, 21–60, 63, 68, 95, 190–2 187, 192 of gender 7, 28–30 and narrative 107, 115 historical 4, 12–17, 17–18, 20, 61, and nostalgia 10 63–4, 82, 84, 99, 105, 126, 128, and phonograph 157, 201 130, 144–5, 165, 167, 169–70, restoration of 130 174, 189 theories of 19, 32, 34, 41, 46 history of 5–6, 8, 21–4, 46–55, 89, traces 39, 45, 113–14 174, 191 Meyer, Adolf 23 and human existence 165–6, 192 Minkowski, Eugène 12 and identification 3, 7–9, 21–2, Mitscherlich, Alexander and 24–31, 43, 51, 107, 113, 131, 141, Margarete 12, 16 145, 163, 192, 194 modernity 11, 150, 166 and impressionism 144, 194–5 and ancient survivals 57 love-melancholy 8, 46, 48, 52, and bird’s-eye view 124 55, 57 and city life 106, 109, 152, 177 melancholic experience 63, 85, of Dimensionist 152, 177 107, 188, 191–2, 194 experience of 112, 126, 150 Index 227

and flat display window 118 O levelling effect of 121, 127 Oedipus complex 28–31, 197, 198 Modern, the 121 Of Grammatology (Derrida) 99 modern age 83–4, 154 On the Genealogy of Morals modern existence 100–1 (Nietzsche) 137 modern experience of his- ‘On the Utility and Liability of History tory 12–14, 112, 160 for Life’ (Nietzsche) 165 modern fiction 108 ontogenesis 34 modern life 104, 115–17, 119, oral phase 26, 51, 55 154, 182, 185, 191–3 Origin of Civilization and the modern man 121 Primitive Condition of Man, The modern melancholic experi- (Lubbock) 65 ence 143, 187, 191–3, 195 ‘modern savages’ 15, 65–6 P modern sailors 73 Painter of Modern Life, The (Baudelaire) modern spirit 121, 126–7 133 modern subject 5–6 palimpsest 191 modern traveller 71 paranoia 89, 92, 101, 140–1, 152, modern understanding of 177–80, 197 subjectivity 21 Pater, Walter 96, 132–3, 136, 181, and ready-made clothes 121 195 and romance 171 Patusan 81, 83–4 and rupture 14, 127 Peirce, Charles Sanders 115, 183–4 and technological innovation 166 perspectivism 63 and traditions 126–7 phenomenology 12 modernist literature 3–4, 10, 11, 16, phonograph 150, 157–8, 161, 185, 17–18, 19, 20, 62, 97, 103, 136, 201 145, 146, 149–50, 158, 191, 192, phylogenesis 34 196, 201 Pinker, J. B. 149, 169 modernist writers 5, 6, 21, 22, 136, plot 70, 84, 85, 91–3, 100, 110, 140, 194 143, 153–4, 162–3, 168, 172–3, The Moonstone (Collins) 62 174, 175, 177–8, 180 mourning 1, 3, 7–10, 15, 16, 21, Poetics (Aristotle) 110 22, 24–5, 27, 47–50, 56, 64, 151, point of view 19, 73, 98, 103, 106, 192 111, 112, 115, 124, 132–3, 143, myth 32, 36, 46, 67, 75–6, 82, 86, 145, 150, 152, 162, 177, 181, 165, 187 188 polygenists 65 N postcolonial 64 Nachträglichkeit 112–13 postmodernism 5, 6 Nancy 105, 120, 131, 141, 142 poststructuralism 4–7, 16 narcissistic 25, 30, 51, 55, 58, 163 Pre-historic Times as Illustrated by natural history 15, 141, 174, 189 Ancient Remains and the Manners New Grub Street (Gissing) 154 and Customs of Modern Savages Newton, Charles Thomas (Lubbock) 65 Nietzsche, Friedrich 59, 63, 84, 119, prehistory 15, 26, 34–5, 46, 59, 64, 131, 137, 140, 165, 174, 199 68–9, 70, 76–7, 79–80, 193 Northcliffe, Lord Alfred 153–4, 201 presence 46, 75, 77, 86, 94, 95, 99, nostalgia 10–11, 167, 184, 185 157–8, 160, 174, 185, 197, 199 228 Index present, the and affect 2, 4 antithetical to romance 169–70, of the future 163 172, 186 and impressionism 101–2, 133–4, and change 104–5, 124 194–5 and co-existence of different and meaning 183 times 39, 41, 65, 66, 69, 79, and melancholia 17–18, 136, 151, 83–4, 151, 156, 158, 170, 193 174, 188, 193–4 and deferral 28–9, 31 representational logic of as determined or haunted by simulacrum 155–6 past 32–4, 38, 39, 40, 44–6, 57, retrogression 68–9 59, 79, 119, 165, 195 retrospective narration 14, 131, 193 and devaluation 126 ‘Rhetoric of Temporality, The’ and emptiness 11, 15, 64, 73, 82, (De Man) 184 84, 107, 149, 156, 170 Ricoeur, Paul 17, 38, 43, 140, 200 as formative of past 113, 115, 117, romance 84, 118, 139, 145, 149, 128 168–73 historian of 109, 112, 128 allegorico-realist 152 and lack of change 162 anthropological 34 living entirely in 76–7, 79, 117 historical 143 making sense of 32, 141, 192–3 scientific 159 perpetual present 104 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 68, 76, 199 present-day politics 173, 200 ‘present stage’ 108 S as repetition 46 sadness 1, 4, 6, 9, 24, 46–9, 52, 63, temporal view of 57, 59, 109, 112 95, 107, 126, 164, 191, 194 Primitive Culture (Tylor) 66, 68 Saint-Hilaire, Geoffrey 108 primitivism 15, 20, 34, 41, 57, savage(s) 34, 57, 59, 66–8, 70–2, 74, 64–82, 93–4, 95, 98, 101, 171, 76, 78–80, 82, 95, 161, 171, 189 191, 193, 194, 199–200 ‘ancient savages’ 66 progression d’effet 148 ‘modern savages’ 15, 65–6 Proust, Marcel 5, 109, 132, 133, 136, savage state 64 160 scepticism 6, 18, 63–4, 98, 101, 149, Psychic Life of Power, The (Butler) 7 176, 191, 196 psychoanalysis 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, Scheler, Max 12–13 16–17, 31–4, 38–40, 42, 46, 55, Semon, Richard 44–5, 198 57, 59, 69, 190 Shaw, George Bernard 108 She (Haggard) 72, 170, 172 Q ‘Short Study of the Development of the Libido, A’ (Abraham) 26 R Sickness Unto Death, The realism 132, 134, 151, 152, 156, 171, (Kierkegaard) 50 172–3 signifier 4, 6, 7, 20, 59, 64, 91, recapitulation theory 41, 44, 125 99–100, 129–30, 144, 182, 184, remembrance 69, 119, 152, 165 185, 191, 202 reminiscence 109, 113, 115, 137, social evolutionism see evolutionary 151, 156, 167, 177 anthropology Renaissance 5, 8, 15, 16, 21, 23, 46, sociology 108–9, 121, 122 47, 53, 55, 57, 89, 96, 174 Spencer, Herbert 108, 121–2, 161 representation Spinoza, Baruch de 1–2 Index 229 spirit 52–5 Time Machine, The (Wells) 72, 159 spirit of the age 122, 161–2, 168, 174 topology, second 40, 43, 198 Stanzas (Agamben) 8, 19, 48–51, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 54–6, 59 (Wittgenstein) 75 Stein 83–4, 97–8 transience 160, 188 Stevenson, Robert Louis 170–1 trauma 3, 14, 103, 129–30 Stoker, Bram 150, 201 travel writing 71 Straus, Erwin W. 12–13 Treasure Island (Stevenson) 170–1 subjectivity 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16, 19, Treatise of Melancholie (Bright) 52 21–2, 24, 27, 34, 40–2, 51, 57–8, truth see epistemological crisis and 60, 64, 134, 136, 181, 193, 195 desire for meaning and truth super-ego 10, 28, 40, 43, 58, 95 The Turn of the Screw, The survival 15, 42, 57, 64, 66–9, 79, 83, (James) 61–2 104, 117, 171, 186 Tylor, Sir E. B. 64–9, 71 survival of the fittest 120 type 41, 109–11, 117, 120–3, synchronicity of the non- 125, 126 synchronic 70, 79 type of object-choice 55

T U temporality 6, 17, 20, 32, 70, 77, 85, uncertainty 3–4, 6, 18, 20, 85, 93, 116, 120, 128, 144, 184, 188, 192 103, 107, 137, 140, 143, of allegory 184 178–83, 185 and change 159, 193 unreliability 61–2, 134, 182, 184 and fourth dimension 159–60 Unwin, Fisher T. 153 of identification/incorporation 10, 31 V and impressions 109, 113, 133, 195 visuality 102, 180–2 and modernist melancholia 149, voice 64, 75, 78, 84–8, 96, 97, 99, 193 101, 138, 157–8, 181 Nachträglichkeit 112–13 and paranoia 179 W and phonograph 158 Wallace, Alfred Russel 41, 65, 71, and progression of narrative 129 72, 199 and rupture 151, 167, 188 War of the Worlds, The (Wells) 159 spatio-temporal model 40, 57, 66, Wells, H. G. 71–2, 108, 148, 159 72, 83 will to power 131 of structure 7, 129 wish-fulfilment 146, 172 of subjectivity 11 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 75, 162 of survival 67, 69 temporal consciousness of melancholia 126 X temporal dislocation 189 X–ray 87 temporal disorder 12 temporal distance 151, 169–70, 186 Y temporal perspective 57, 167 temporal sciences 15 Z Tennyson, Alfred Lord 125 Zadig’s method 33 Textbook of Insanity (Krafft-Ebing) 93 Žižek, Slavoj 202 three-volume novel 154 Zöllner, Johann Carl Friedrich 162