The Early Archaic to Middle Archaic Transition in Florida: An Argument for Discontinuity

Michael K. Faught1 and James C. Waggoner, Jr.2

1703 Truett Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32303 2. 1997-September, 2009

In Florida, “Kirk” points, in particular “Kirk Serrated,” points rather than excavated from good contexts…,” and have become the key component of an archaeological narrative Austin (2001:35-36) concluded that the lack of Kirk sites with that alleges unbroken human occupational and cultural radiocarbon ages in the Hillsborough drainage is partly due continuity from late Pleistocene (Clovis-related) Paleoindians to the paucity of excavations and archaeological unfamiliarity (PI) to middle Holocene Middle Archaic people along a with the chronozone. These opinions are necessary because simplified series of diagnostic points that include (from oldest there is no good continuous record of deposition in Florida to most recent): Clovis - Suwannee/Simpson - Bolen (Side that would confirm a cultural historical connection between and Corner Notched) - Kirk Serrated - Florida Archaic the two culture historical groups, as we will show. Stemmed - Florida Archaic Stemmed - Newnan. This This “Kirk” problem has interwoven themes, including sequence of changing projectile points was first outlined by population dynamics, variable artifact morphologies, inferred Bullen (1975:6; Farr 2006:26), and it is presented as narrative cultural-historical relationships, a cacophony of typological in the two textbooks on Florida archaeology (Milanich nomenclatures, and, not to mention, entrenched doctrines. 1994:63-64; Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:48-51; 54), as well We tackle the problem by outlining evidence for both culture as in the culture history background section of most research histories, showing with a robust sample of radiocarbon assays reports (e.g., Austin 2006:9; Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987:151; that there are no sites indicating the presence of people in Tesar and Jones 2004:28-30). Florida between, roughly 9000 B.P. (~ 10,200 cal B.P.), or As we expand below, the Clovis - Suwannee/Simpson a little later, and ca. 8,000 B.P. (~ 9000 cal B.P.), or a little - Bolen (Side and Corner Notched) part of the narrative earlier, a period of more than 1200 calibrated years. We offer can be buttressed with abundant artifact similarities, several two stratigraphic situations with lacunae between PI-EA and stratigraphic occurrences, and some radiocarbon ages. MA chipped stone assemblages, and we note a weak record Likewise, the Kirk Serrated - Florida Archaic Stemmed of overlap in Florida Master Site File (FMSF) data that is (Levy/Alachua/Putnam /Marion) - Newnan part of the consistent with our thesis. We discuss the facts that corner- narrative can be shown to have stratigraphic examples with notched “Kirk” points overlap in time and morphology with radiocarbon ages and abundant associated artifacts of bone, Bolen notched points, and that stemmed “Kirk Serrated” wood, and fabric; the early part of this sequence is characterized points in Florida are of many diverse shapes not always by peat/pond cemeteries, while the latter is marked by burials consistent with the definitions of “Kirk Serrated” intended by in sand/shell. What we are calling into question is the presence either Joffre Coe (1964:71-72) or Ripley Bullen (1975:37). of people in Florida between the Early Archaic (EA) and Furthermore, the specimens of interest are few, and mostly Middle Archaic (MA) culture histories, between roughly 9000 known from later MA contexts, not earlier PI-EA ones where and 8000 B.P. (~10,200 and ~9000 cal B.P.) as well as the they are expected. corollary that there is an ancestor/descendant relationship We infer from all of this that there is a lack of evidence between the two culture histories that is linked by Florida’s from “good contexts” because there is a lack of “good contexts” “Kirk Serrated” points. with evidence for occupational and cultural continuity, and that We are not the first to notice a possible paucity of post-9000 in this case the absence of evidence is evidence of the absence B.P. “Kirk” sites in Florida. Thirty years ago paleontologist S. people. We also argue that the two different culture groups David Webb (1981:116) proposed that these early Holocene were not culturally related based on different characteristics populations were seeking resources to replace the megafauna of chipped stone industries and burial traditions, regardless of that had died off at the end of the Pleistocene, and that they were whether or not there was a temporal hiatus between the two. probably at the coastlines of those times, on paleolandscapes that are now underwater on the continental shelf. Widmer Evidence from Florida for Paleoindians and Early (1988:64-6), noting the lack of “Kirks” in southern Florida, Archaic People: Clovis - Suwannee/Simpson - offered that there were no people farther south during this time Bolen (Side and Corner Notched) because of environmental deterioration. Milanich (1994:63- 64) related that “…stone tools believed to be early Archaic In Florida the sequence for late Pleistocene and early have been surface collected with early Archaic projectile Holocene human population continuity is buttressed with

Vol. 65 (3) The Florida Anthropologist Sptember 2012 154 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3) relatively abundant evidence from isolated finds of diagnostic Florida include two worked stakes on the edge of the basin that points, including fluted points, unfluted lanceolate points, drops into the sinkhole at Little Salt Springs, averaging 9550 + and both side- and corner-notched points, stratigraphic 95 B.P. (11,200 – 10,550 cal B.P.; Clausen et al. 1979). To date, occurrences, and some associated radiocarbon ages (Dunbar no diagnostic chipped stone artifacts, especially projectile 1991, 2006; Dunbar and Hemmings 2004; Thulman 2007; see points, have been reported from there, but wood, antler, and Table 1). In addition, we have compiled and illustrated a list bone artifacts are known. Gifford and Koski (2011) recently of radiocarbon ages that include those recently published by published an age estimate on wood associated with a worked Dasovich and Doran (2011), as well as some others that allow antler artifact from the basin at Little Salt Springs of 9240 + illumination of the sequence of radiocarbon dated PI-EA sites 60 (10,570 – 10,250 cal B.P.). Another age estimate on an oak and their associated point types. mortar at Little Salt Springs of 9080 + 250 B.P. (10,600 - 9800 Even though the tortoise shell and stick-like stake at cal B.P.) is intriguing, but it has a large standard deviation that Little Salt Springs (Clausen et al. 1979) are often referred to reduces its usefulness. At the Wakulla Springs Lodge Site, as pre-Clovis in Florida, unequivocal pre-Clovis ages come the Bolen occupation is secure by a two age average of 9300 from Page/Ladson (site numbers are given in Table 1 and + 28 B.P. (10,570 - 10,430 cal B.P.; Tesar and Jones 2004). Appendix I, site locations in Figure 1a, all radiocarbon ages These ages came from charcoal from levels 10 and 11 in the listed in Appendix I). At Page/Ladson a few chipped stone 2004 excavations. Three other estimates made on charcoal artifacts and a possible cut marked mastodon tusk were found from these levels were rejected by Tesar and Jones (2004:155- in a securely dated geologic bed with ages averaging 12,415 156), including two of approximately 4000 B.P., which are + 37 B.P. (roughly 14,400 cal B.P.1; Dunbar 2006; Kendrick egregiously young. The other, on charcoal and dated to 8710 2006; Webb and Dunbar 2006). A younger estimate consistent + 40 (9700 - 9560 cal B.P.), was associated with red ochre that with ages expected for Clovis of 11,050 + 50 B.P. (13,090 – may be indicative of late Bolen presence, but it is the certainly 12,860 cal B.P.) came from an ivory foreshaft found in Sloth most recent among the radiometric assays in this sample. Hole (Hemmings 2004; Waters and Stafford 2007). Diagnostic In addition to the diagnostic projectile points referenced fluted points were found there by early diver collectors as well. here, associated tools include a plethora of unifacial and Unfortunately, there are no radiometric ages for Suwannee bifacial chipped stone tools with regular shapes, as well as and Simpson unfluted lanceolates in Florida, but stratigraphic bone and ivory components (Daniel et al. 1986; Dunbar et al. examples consistent with the presumed sequence include 1989; Hemmings 2004; Purdy 1981; Thulman 2006a). There fluted and unfluted lanceolates associated at Paradise Park is little disagreement that these data support the received (a.k.a Silver Spring), Simpson unfluted lanceolates at Ryan narrative. Finally, a cremation burial was found at Wakulla Harley, and Suwannee and Simpson unfluted lanceolates along Springs Lodge that included a capping of red ochre (Tesar with Bolen Side and Corner Notched points together at Lake and Jones 2004:81-82). This is the only such example from Helen Blazes, Darby Springs; Wakulla Springs, and Harney Florida associated with Bolen, or earlier artifacts. This method Flats (Balsillie et al. 2006; Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987, 1989; of disposing of the dead by fire, also known from Kirk Corner Dolan and Allen 1961; Dunbar et al. 2005; Hemmings 1975; Notched contexts at Ice House Bottom (Chapman 1977:112- Neil 1958; 1964; Purdy 2008:64). 115), contrasts with burials in water as revealed at Windover Two sites in Florida have produced the earliest Holocene more than a thousand calibrated years later, as describe below. ages for notched points. The “Bolen surface” (stratigraphic Unit 5) at Page/Ladson produced 3 contemporaneous ages Evidence in Florida for the Middle Archaic: that averaged 9958 + 36 B.P. (11,500 – 11,250 cal B.P.) with Kirk Serrated - Florida Archaic Stemmed (Levy/Alachua/ notched points, antler components, and chipped stone tools for Putnam Marion) - Newnan working wood (Carter and Dunbar 2006; Dunbar et al. 1988; Peres 1997). Site 8LE2105 also produced notched points and a In Florida, the sequence of diagnostic MA points number of formal chipped stone tools with 2 contemporaneous associated with radiocarbon ages that indicate human ages averaging 9870 + 38 B.P. (11,360 – 11,200 cal B.P.) population continuity and evolution is somewhat problematic (Carter and Dunbar 2006; Faught et al. 2003; Hornum et al. because point shapes do not change much over millennia and 1996). The Cutler Fossil site (a distinct outlier at the most because there was less emphasis, in general, among Florida’s southern portions of the peninsula) produced fragments of MA people on chipped stone items, a clear difference with notched points and a single estimated age of 9670 + 130 their PI-EA predecessors. Nevertheless, and in addition to Kirk (11,350 – 10,550 cal B.P.; Carr 1986). An age consistent with Serrated points (discussed below), the diagnostic stemmed these two was calculated by Dunbar (2006:498) by averaging points are Levy and Alachua (rectangular based) and Putnam organic samples associated with Burial 1 at the 13-m ledge and Marion (round based), projectile points also referred to at Warm Mineral Springs. In addition to these sites with by the catch-all “Florida Archaic Stemmed” or FAS points. radiocarbon ages, excavations at other sites have produced These diagnostics occur throughout the MA sequence and into notched points as the only early diagnostics. These include the Late Archaic (LA) as well as the later ceramic times (Neil Bolen Bluff, Jeannie’s Better Back, and Ross Bay (Austin and 1958; Tesar 1980). Well-made Newnan points occur after the Mitchell 1999; Bullen 1958; Carr 1986; Gramly 1994). earliest examples of the FAS, and they also continue into the Somewhat later radiocarbon ages indicating people in Late Archaic (LA). Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 155

A sequence of radiocarbon-dated MA sites is presented in et al. 1991; Sassaman 2003). There are several MA sites with Figure 2 and Table 1, and with this, we can better discuss their ages around 6000 B.P. (~ 6840 cal B.P.); these are the result of associated point types (Figures 1b and 2). The age estimate work along the middle St Johns River by the National Parks at Windover on human bone of 8120 + 70 B.P. (9250 - 8990 Service and the Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology at cal B.P.) is the next earliest age, after the last of the Bolen the University of Florida. Newnan projectile points occur with ages, representing clear evidence for the presence of people these later sites, as do other FAS types. and what we consider the earliest of MA sites2. Figure 2 shows Gauthier, Diamond Dairy, and Johnson Lake are sites that the Windover radiocarbon samples range over more than with FAS points from excavated contexts. Unfortunately, a thousand years without other sites being represented. The they are without radiocarbon control or stratigraphic evidence youngest age at Windover, again on human bone, is 6990 + for PI or EA presence that would contribute to the sense of 70 B.P. (7930 - 7740 cal B.P.). A stake associated with one of cultural continuity between earlier and later times. Johnson the burials from the slough at Little Salt Springs, the Hazeltine Sand Pit also is without stratigraphic or radiocarbon control. site, returned a slightly later age of 6830 + 155 B.P. (7840 Paradise Park and Harney Flats produced FAS and Newnan - 7520 cal B.P.), and West Williams produced a single age points in upper stratigraphic levels, including both round- and below a zone of MA artifacts of 6810 + 40 B.P (7675 - 7610 rectangular-based Putnam and Levy varieties, and both sites cal B.P.) (Austin et al. 2004; Clausen et al. 1979). At Bay West produced evidence for a lacuna between earlier PI-EA artifacts three stakes average 6675 + 40 (7585 - 7505 cal B.P.), and and later MA assemblages, as described in more detail below at Republic Groves ages range from 6520 + 65 to 5745 + 65 (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987; Neil 1958:38). Unfortunately, B.P. (7510 - 7330 and 6640 - 6480 cal B.P.) (Beriault et al. there are no radiocarbon controls for either of these important 1981; Wharton et al. 1981). Windover, Hazeltine, Bay West, archaeological sites. and Republic Groves are each pond/peat burial cemeteries that have produced impressive numbers of preserved human Radiocarbon Data Gap remains associated with artifacts of antler, bone, wood, fabric, atlatl parts, and, occasionally, stone projectile points (Beriault In addition to chronological control for the sites and 1981; Byrd 2011; Carr and Jones 1981; Doran 2002 Wharton artifacts already discussed, frequency distributions of the et al. 1981). number of radiocarbon ages can be and have been used as Projectile points from Windover include three thick, proxies for population dynamics over the Holocene epoch. rectangular based “Kirk Serrated” specimens (Dickel Based on the theory that more people produce more sites 2002:117-118), two of which were associated with burials. from which archaeologists take more radiocarbon samples; or, Bay West burials also produced three points designated as likewise, that fewer people, produce fewer sites, and therefore FAS (Levy rectangular based) by Beriault et al. (1981), along fewer samples are taken by archaeologists (e.g., Breschini et with a round-based Newnan (not associated with any burials). al. 1988; Berry and Berry 1986; Faught 2008; Steele 2010). All three points at Bay West were wide with respect to length Of course there are preservation and sampling biases involved, (i.e., stubby), in contrast to the longer examples at Windover. and other data need to be taken into account for theorizing, but Beriault et al. (1981) reported that some of the points were heat we consider the current sample to be at the least sufficient for treated. At West Williams, two small rectangular-based points, preliminary analysis. found below the radiocarbon age of 6810 + 40 B.P. (7675 - 7610 The Dasovich and Doran (2011) compilation includes cal B.P.) mentioned above, were designated “Kirk Serrated” 1254 radiocarbon ages, ranging from late Pleistocene to historic (Austin et al. 2004). Similar points were designated Wacissa time (Dasovich 1996). From this sample we culled 143 ages by Tesar (1994) at the Johnson Sand Pit, but no radiocarbon older than 5000 B.P. from 27 sites. We added 78 radiocarbon or stratigraphic information exists for this site. The burials ages from 12 sites not included in their sample. This results in from Republic Groves produced a large inventory of chipped a collection of 221 radiocarbon ages older than 5000 B.P. from stone items including round-based Putman FAS points, but 39 Florida sites. These ages, and their standard deviations,, are none from radiometrically-dated contexts. At Jeannie’s Better presented in Appendix I and illustrated in Figure 2 (frequency Back, a single Kirk Serrated point was designated in the MA distribution of the ages to the left, calibrated probability curves assemblage, but, again, no radiocarbon date (Austin and to the upper right, and sites discussed in the text are indicated). Mitchell 1999). Likewise, one specimen was designated as Radiocarbon ages indicating human behavior, human Kirk Serrated from the upper MA levels at Wakulla Springs presence, or those made on skeletal remains are bolded (Tesar and Jones 2004), and two were culled from the Johnson (n=124), while ages with a standard deviation of more than Sand Pit collection (Tesar 1994). We discuss these specimens 200 years, or those downgraded for other reasons, particularly again below. environmental samples such as peat or wood not indicating Table 1 and Figure 2 show that sites producing human presence, are shown in gray (n=97)3. Most sites are radiocarbon ages later than 6500 B.P. (~ 7430 cal B.P.) are represented by single ages, but Page/Ladson (n=43), Warm more frequent, including Hontoon Dead Creek, Horr’s Island, Mineral Springs (n=30), Little Salt Springs (n=20), Windover Live Oak Mound, Lake Monroe, Salt Springs, and Ussepa (n=13), J&J Hunt (n=10), Lake Monroe (n=8), Salt Springs Island (Austin et al. 2004; Deming 2000; Marquardt 1992; (n=8), Tick Island (n=8), Bay West (n=7), Groves Orange O’Donoughue et al. 2011; Randall and Sassaman 2005; Russo Midden (n=7), Hontoon Dead Creek (n=7), Mouth of Silver 156 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

Table 1. Sites and diagnostic artifacts discussed in the text, including site numbers, age if known, and references to the data. PI is for Paleoindian, EA for Early Archaic, and MA for Middle Archaic, S&C refers to side- and corner- notched examples produced; additonal age information available in Appendix A. Site PI EA MA Chronology Site Name Citation Number Diagnostics Diagnostics diagnostic (B.P) Page-Ladson Pre-Clovis age - 12,400 Unit 3 Webb and Dunbar 2006; 8JE591 Bolen Unit 5 Units 3 and 5 Unit 3 9958 Unit 5 Dunbar 2006 Clovis age ivory 8JE121 Sloth Hole 11,040 Hemmings 2004 artifact Fluted points with 8MR92 Paradise Park FAS with ceramics no 14C Neil 1958 Suwannee Suwannee / 8JE1004 Ryan-Harley no 14C Dunbar et al.. 2005 Simpson Kirk, FAS, and Daniel and Wisenbaker 8HI507 Harney Flats Suwannee Bolen (S&C) no 14C Newnan 1987 8AL301 Darby Springs Suwannee Bolen no 14C Dolan and Allan 1961 Lake Helen 8BR27 Suwannee Bolen no 14C Edwards 1952 Blazes 8AL439 Bolen Bluff Suwannee isolated Bolen (S&C) no 14C Bullen 1968 Clause et al. 1975; Warm Mineral 8SO19 Greenbriar 10000 - 9900? Cockrell and Murphy Springs 1978; Dunbar 2006 Wakulla Bolen (S&C) 8WA329 Suwannee "Kirk" and FAS 9200 -8700? Tesar and Jones 2004 Springs Lodge Cremation "Kirk Serrated", no 14C, no Johnson Sand Greenbriar, Dalton, 8LE73 Bolen (S&C) Hamilton, Savannah stratigraphic Tesar 1994 Pit and Simpson River, Wacissa control 8LE2105 LE 2105 Bolen (S&C) 9880 Hornum et al. 1996 T8A143 Ross Bay Bolen (S&C) no 14C Gramly 1994 possible CN 8DA2001 Cutler Fossil 9800 Carr 1986 Bolen Bolen ages - Little Salt 8SO18 no 9500 Clausen et al. 1979 Springs diagnostics Jeanie's Better 8LF54 Bolen (S&C) "Kirk", FAS no 14C Austin and Mitchell 1999 Back

Windover "Kirk Serrated" 8BR246 8100 - 6990 Doran 2002; Dickel 2002 Peat Cemetery Bay West 8CR200 FAS 7550 Beriault 1981 Peat cemetery Hazeltine 8SO79 NA 6800 - 5200 Clausen et al. 1979 Peat cemetery "Kirk Serrated" and 8HI509 West Williams 6800 Austin et al 2004 FAS Republic 8HR4 Groves FAS 6520 Wharton et al. 1981 Peat cemetery Hontoon Dead Randall and Sassaman 8VO214 FAS, Newnan 6400 - 5600 Creek 2005 8CR209 Horr's Island NA 6300 - 6000 Russo et al. 1991 Live Oak 8VO41 NA 6200 - 6100 Sassaman 2003 Mound Gauthier 8BR193 FAS no 14C Carr and Jones 1981 Peat cemetery Diamond "Kirk Stemmed", 8HI476 Greenbriar no 14C Austin 2006 Dairy Newnan 8MR63 Johnson Lake FAS no 14C Bullen and Dolan 1959 Lake Monroe 8VO53 FAS, Newnan 5000 Deming 2000 Outlet Midden Salt Springs 8MR1 NA 5700 - 5100 O’Donoughue et al. 2011 Run Midden 1 8LL51 Useppa Island NA 5600 - 5100 Marquardt 1992 Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 157

Figure 1. Distribution of sites discussed in the text and from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF), including bathymetric contours indicating the extents of the peninsula at the different periods of time. 158 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3) Figure 2. Distribution and frequency of radiocarbon ages from Appendix A. with calibrated probabilities for the timeframe between 9500 and 7800 B.P. for A. with calibrated probabilities Appendix of radiocarbon ages from 2. Distribution and frequency Figure Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 159

Glen Run (n=7), and Mitchell River (n=6) each have produced Springs (Paradise Park). Both sites produced PI-EA artifacts more than five samples. in lower levels and MA artifacts in upper levels, with sterile The ages graph as continuous with lower slope indicating stratigraphic zones between the two at both sites. At Harney more ages in that frame and increased slope indicated less Flats, the dark brown, organic, hardpan (Zone 3) essentially ages (Figure 2). There are gaps in the bolded sample between sealed PI-EA artifacts (below) from MA artifacts above pre-Clovis ages in Unit 3 at Page/Ladson, the single Clovis (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987:33). This sterile hardpan age on the ivory foreshaft at Sloth Hole, and ages associated indicates an interval of environmental change without human with notched points at Page/Ladson and 8LE 2105 after 9,900 activity between the earlier and later occupations. If the PI-EA B.P. (~ 11,300 cal B.P.). We assume the gap between Clovis occupation is no younger than ~ 9000 B.P. (10,200 cal B.P.), ages and Bolen point ages represents Suwannee time, based on based on the data presented above, and the MA assemblage typological inference from an abundance of known specimens can be estimated between 6000 and 5,000 B.P. (6880 - (Dunbar 1991; Thulman 2006b), as well as stratigraphic 5660 cal B.P.) based on the presence of diagnostic Newnan examples that indicate antiquity as presented above. We projectile points (Austin 2006:170; Daniel and Wisenbaker understand that this has some resonance with the argument we 1987:28), then there were 3,000 or more years between the are making for an occupational gap later on, but we consider two occupations and a clear difference in artifact assemblage. the abundance of Suwannee lanceolates to be stronger At Silver Spring both Neil and Hemmings noted a supporting data in this age frame than in the later one where significant stratigraphic lacuna between PI and MA artifact examples of “Kirk Serrated” points are expected but actually occurrences. Deposits there produced fluted and unfluted occur in very few numbers (and often doubtful as legitimate lanceolates, tools, and debitage in the lower portions of representatives). the profile (Faught and Thulman 2009; Hemmings 1975; As the frequency distribution in the lower left corner of Neill 1958). While no EA notched points were produced Figure 2 demonstrates, there are fewer ages (n=14) in the age stratigraphically in Neil’s or Hemmings’s excavations, they frame between 9000 and 8000 B.P. (~ 10,200 and 9000 cal occur locally as isolated finds. Above the levels producing B.P.); only two of which are potentially indicative of human fluted and unfluted lanceolates there was a foot or moreof presence (the Wakulla Springs estimate of 8710 B.P. described sterile fine sand sediments. Above this sterile zone, artifacts above and the Windover skeleton unequivocally at 8120 B.P.). (and coloration indicating soil development) increased, first It is difficult to assess accurately, or precisely, how much time chipped-stone artifacts without ceramics, and then heat- actually may have accrued between occupations, but at least treated chipped-stone artifacts with fiber-tempered and sand- several hundred calibrated years at minimum and more than tempered ceramics in succession (Neil 1958:42). As noted 1200 at maximum. The Windover skeleton with a radiocarbon previously, round- based Putnam or Marion FAS projectile age of 8120 B.P is an unequivocal terminus post quem, but points also were found higher up in the profile, associated with whether the estimates at Wakulla and Little Salt Springs sand tempered ceramics. around 9200 B.P. ( 10,400 – 10,280 cal B.P.) or the 8700 B.P. Certainly, these are two select examples, but if Florida’s (9680 - 9600 cal B.P.) estimate at Wakulla Springs Lodge is PI-EA people evolved into Florida’s MA people, one might the best potential estimate of terminus ante quem is unclear expect sites with PI-EA designations in the Florida Master Site at this time. Except for the Wakulla 8710 B.P. age and the File (FMSF) also to include MA components. Of the 31,575 Windover skeleton 8100 B.P. age, the few samples in the 9000 recorded sites in the 2012 FMSF database, 725 contained one to 8000 B.P. age frame are from Little Salt Springs and Warm or more of six PI-EA categories (Figure 1a) and 887 contained Mineral Springs, and each was rejected by the original authors MA cultural components (Figure 1b)4. Of the PI-EA sites only as contaminated or determined as not indicative of human about one quarter (188 of 725) also included MA components. association because they relate to environmental variables Similarly, one quarter (224 of the 887) of the MA sites (Figure 2 upper right, and Appendix I) 4. As stated, other contained PI-EA components. We interpret this as meaning data need to be taken into account for theorizing population that MA people mostly were not active at sites where PI-EA dynamics, and we would expect that as more radiometric ages people had been. Certainly this can be because of changing are made available, this apparent gap will remain. But there environmental conditions affecting settlement and subsistence are other data consistent with the notion of a timeframe when procurement patterns, but it can also indicate different cultural humans are gone or in low numbers in Florida discussed next, choices where sites are located because there are different and there is the argument we make after that that there is a modes of survival. lack of convincing evidence for cultural historical continuity It is also interesting to note that the FMSF database between PI-EA and MA culture groups. includes ten (n=10) sites with Early Archaic Kirk (Corner, Notched, or Stemmed) as a culture group category, as expected Stratigraphic and Site File Data by the received view. Of the PI-EA sites in the FMSF, a little more than 1 percent (n=9) also contained an Early Archaic The inference of population decline based on a lack Kirk component, whereas less than one percent (n=6) of the of associated radiocarbon ages can be buttressed with MA sites had this component. In other words, these are rare geoarchaeological examples of stratigraphic gaps between examples. We note that in the 2010 FMSF database there was archaeological assemblages, like at Harney Flats and Silver only one site with this designation, and in 2005 the category 160 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3) had not been introduced to the database. Of the Early Archaic the stemmed specimens, some of which were serrated, were Kirk sites, all but one (West Williams), are located in northern shallower, but both were in the one geologic bed. Occupational portions of the state. and cultural-historical continuity (of the tool makers) were Regardless of these few examples, to us the radiocarbon, indicated by continuous deposition of sediment and aspects of stratigraphic, and FMSF data show two culture histories on the artifact production indicating descent with modification of each side of an occupational hiatus. Because the projectile the chipped stone industry (i.e., affinity). points that allegedly bridge these two culture histories in The Hardaway typological sequence and its cultural- Florida are “Kirk” (in particular “Kirk Serrated”), the question historical inferences were quickly appealed to as an example, might be asked, what do these “Kirks” look like and where are first by Gordon Willey in his Introduction to North American they found? Archaeology (1966) and later by Betty Broyles (1966, 1971) in her work at St. Albans. In fact, it now seems that all researchers Florida’s Typological Cacophony east of the Mississippi have somehow incorporated either Kirk Corner Notched or Kirk Stemmed/Serrated, or both, into their We are going to switch argument genres now and focus on own area of study (Brookes 1985; Fagan 2000; Justice 1987, a typological cacophony that has developed in Florida (indeed, Kimball 1986; Oliver 1985). Ripley Bullen (1975:32) included the Eastern U.S. in general) that we would like to shed some it as “Kirk Serrated” in his 1975 booklet. Apparently Bullen light on. As is well known by most researchers “Kirk “ projectile ignored the similarities of the Bolen notched series with Coe’s points include two basic kinds, corner-notched and stemmed; Kirk Corner Notched type at that time. and they belong in a series of point types that begins with fluted Comparison of Coe’s (1964:71, Figure 60, rows A and and lanceolate points, transitions to side- and corner-notched B) photographs of Kirk Corner Notched points with Bullen’s points, and then, sometime after 9000 B.P. (~ 10,200 cal B.P.), (1975:51-52) silhouette shapes for Bolen Corner Notched several different kinds of notched, bifurcated- and stemmed- shows morphological similarities, although Coe’s Kirks based points converge on the landscape with concentrations tend to be larger. It is understandable, morphologically and that we think indicate social-cultural boundaries (sensu chronologically, that Bolen Corner Notched and Kirk Corner Sassaman 2010). These diversities of shape befuddle artifact Notched designations can be used interchangeably on many assemblage interpretations, which in lower strata seem easy to specimens. As shown above, side- and corner-notched points affiliate with a fluted point technological ancestry as described in Florida range from 10,000 B.P. (Page/Ladson and 8LE2105) above. to perhaps 9200 B.P., if not 8700 B.P. (at the Wakulla Lodge As it turns out, not only are there multiple kinds of points Site), and Kirk Corner Notched points are supposed to range being made at these times to confuse simple seriation models, from 9500 to 8900 B.P., depending on which authority one but regional differences of nomenclature by collectors and uses. Thus, the two types overlap in time and morphology archaeologists cloud the understanding of these evolving (Justice 1987:71). In fact, some corner-notched points in patches. On the one hand many projectile points have similar Florida that could have been called Bolen have been designated shapes and similar stratigraphic positions, but different names, “Kirk Corner Notched” (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987:34-35; depending on which state they were found. On the other Carter and Dunbar 2006:498; Latvis and Quitmeyer 2006:27). hand, points of different shapes, especially different basal Grayal Farr (2006:66-68) goes as far as to recommend that all shapes for hafting are referred to with the same name, even corner-notched points in Florida be referred to as “Kirk.” to though they may have different stratigraphic occurrences or distinguish them from side-notched Bolens. While this may positions. Florida’s side- and corner- notched “Bolen” points be a useful strategy for the future, our compilation shows are excellent examples of the first kind of problem as they also that side- and corner-notched points are found together in the can be designated as “Big Sandy,” “Pine Tree,” “Plevna,” earliest cases discussed above (Page/Ladson and 8LE2105), “Taylor,” “Palmer,” or, especially, “Kirk” Corner Notched thus confusing a sense of “sequence” (Faught et al. 2003). points in other States in the eastern U.S. (Anderson and Bullen’s (1975:37) “Kirk Serrated” silhouettes, on the Hanson 1988; Bullen 1975:51-52; Farr 2006; Justice 1987:82; other hand, are not similar to Coe’s (1964:71-72, Figures Kimball 1986:157-159; Oliver 1985:202). The opposite 60, row C and Figure 61A-H) “Kirk stemmed/serrated” phenomenon also exists in Florida because points of different photographs. Coe’s stemmed specimens have rectangular- shapes are referred to with the same name; for instance, “Kirk shaped stems with straight to concave, intentionally thinned Serrated,” is often applied to a specimen because the point bases, including some with flute-like flake scars clearly may have a serrated blade, regardless of its overall shape or indicating a concern with the morphology of the biface for basal attributes. So how did so many different kinds of points hafting. As with all the projectile points in the sequence, the end up being called “Kirk?” haftable areas were treated with multiple blows to thin the base It is a matter of archaeological historiography that “Kirk” so that it could be attached, theoretically, by lashing a split points (both corner-notched and stemmed varieties) were stick shaft (or a composite shaft) and smaller piece to bind the found in, and named for, one geologic unit, the Kirk Bed at the biface between them with sinew or other cordage (Lahren and Hardaway site in North Carolina, in the late 1950s by Joffre Bonnichsen 1974). Coe (1959; 1964:57; Daniel 1998). The Kirk family owned Bullen’s emphasis was on thickness in his point the land. The corner-notched specimens were deeper, and description of Kirk Serrated along with rectangular bases and, Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 161 of course, serrated blades, but he does not focus on evidence Dolan 1959:92, Figure 4; Tesar 1994). Regrettably, there are of basal thinning, or any basal concavity as did Coe. These no radiocarbon ages for either site, and Johnson Sand Pit is attributes are emphasized in his descriptions of Hamilton lacking stratigraphic control. It is of interest in the cacophony and Arredondo points, which, by the way, he equates in time of types that points from both of these sites could also be with Kirk Serrated. Review of Dickel’s Figure 4.19 (2002:91) designated Savannah River, Hamilton, or other large bladed, shows the points from Windover are easily consistent with basally-thinned, but stemmed varieties. Same shapes, same Bullen’s “Kirk Serrated” or Purdy’s (1981:34) similar “Kirk basal treatments, but different names. Serrated” because they are thick stemmed points, with mastic In fact, the range of forms considered through the years for hafting in socketed shaft, not a split stick. Certainly, none to be “Kirk Serrated” by different researchers in Florida can of these examples are arguably similar to Coe’s type specimens be understood by study of specimens curated in the Florida (Bullen 1975:37; Dickel 2002:117-118). Another discrepancy Division of Historical Resources (FDHR). In December of is that the radiocarbon record at Windover puts these points, 2011 Faught observed more than one-hundred “Kirk Serrated” and subsequent potential “Kirk Serrated” specimens, at specimens, and the collection (n=109) could easily be sorted 8100 B.P. or younger (terminus post quem), at the very end into four groups. The majority (n=48, or 43.6 percent) were of Justice’s (1987) estimate of time range for Kirk Stemmed broadly consistent with Coe’s basally-thinned, rectangular- from 8900 to 8000 B.P. Tesar and Jones (2004) and Austin based Kirk points or Bullen’s “squarish to rectangular tang” (2001:37; 2006) have proposed that there is a longer Kirk Points. Of course, several of these examples also could chronozone in Florida, first in the 9000 to 8000 B.P. (10,200 have been designated Hamilton, Savannah River, Wacissa, - 8900 cal B.P.) frame, as expected in the greater Southeast, or other large-bladed, stemmed point varieties depending and then another Floridian form that occurs from 8000 to 7000 on where they were found or who designated them. Twenty B.P. (8900 - 7850 cal B.P.) where Florida’s “Kirk Serrated” (18.1 percent) of the specimens were corner-notched points specimens seem to occur (Table 1). This post-Kirk “Kirk” that also could have also been designated “Bolen.” Of course, zone serves to retain the type name, and its assumed cultural there were “others” (n=14, or 13 percent) that did not have historical meaning, over two millennia of calibrated time. bases or possessed other problems that inhibited classification. Unlike the earliest examples at Windover, the stemmed Finally, a little more than a quarter (n=29, or 26.3 percent) points found at two other early MA pond burial sites, Bay West of the collection consisted of thicker, round-based stemmed and Republic Groves, were short, stubby broad-bladed points, points, not retouched at the base for thinness, that possessed with round bases like Putnam or Marion FAS, only shorter, but large blades with a single characteristic of serrations, but certainly having more potential for hafting into a socket than not consistent with either Coe or Bullen types. In fact, the split-stick hafting (Bullen 1975:32; Beriault 1981:52; Wharton common denominator in the collections, and clearly the focus et al. 1981:67). At Wakulla Springs, points designated “Kirk of researcher attention, was blade serration, as only seven Serrated” from MA levels are like these specimens and not specimens (6 percent) were not serrated. consistent with either Bullen or Coe definitions except for the serrations (Tesar and Jones 2004). At West Williams, two Discussion short (stubby), rectangular-based, serrated projectile points designated “Kirk Serrated” were found below other MA The problems we have with this typological cacophony artifacts, as expected, and also below the radiocarbon age are not that the similarities in points are not convincing estimate of 6810 + 40 B.P.. However, neither are consistent or important, or that point types cannot indicate temporal with Bullen’s or Coe’s type descriptions (Austin 2004:169; position or cultural historical relatedness when there is no 2006:101-102), and no PI-EA occupation is indicated below other evidence, such as is the case with fluted points, or even them to confirm a culturally-related evolution (descent with that blade treatments are important indicators of shared tool modification) of the chipped stone traditions. Similar points in use, which they are. Rather, it is the particular narrative in the collections at Johnson Sand Pit were designated Wacissa Florida that PI-EA people became MA people on the basis of by Tesar (1994). the presence of Kirk points in the state. In particular, we take One site in Florida often associated with “Kirk” that exception to the related assumption that Windover people are substantiates the notion of continuity between PI-EA and “Kirk” people. Remember Milanich’s (1994:63-64) inference: MA culture groups is Harney Flats, because Daniel and Early Archaic peoples might be viewed as a population Wisenbaker (1987:34; Figure 11, E & F) called two specimens changing from the nomadic paleoindian subsistence pattern to there “Kirks.” Both are roughly rectangular-based stemmed the more settled coastal and riverine associated regimes of the points, one apparently corner notched (Daniel and Wisenbaker Middle Archaic period. 1987:35). Both were serrated and refitted with fragments that Under the old theory that continuity existed between came from upper MA sediments on the one hand and from PI-EA and MA peoples, and given that aspects of the MA displaced contexts on the other (Daniel and Wisenbaker in Florida can be followed into the LA and later ceramic 1987:34-35). Johnson Lake (Bullen and Dolan 1959) and times, and because those assemblages can be associated with Johnson Sand Pitt have produced select points with attributes people known at European contact, people known at contact consistent with Coe’s stemmed Kirks considering both basal would ultimately have been related to fluted point-making PI treatment and possibly the associated tool kits (Bullen and people. Given the evidence presented here to the contrary, we 162 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3) emphatically disagree with this equivocal chain of inference, in Tennessee (Chapman 1977:112-113). Preservation of the especially given that the best evidence for EA-MA continuity skeletal remains in pond burials earlier, and in middens and has rested on “Kirk Serrated” points, which we have shown to mounds later, rather than cremating, is certainly typical of MA be dubious index fossils bridging the two culture groups. people in Florida. We argue that MA people in Florida probably did not learn The question of whether these are significant indications how to chip stone from their PI-EA predecessors based on of culture groups with different ancestries or transformations notable differences in the two assemblages, even though MA of one culture group into the other is left open for additional people surely found examples to re-use or try to imitate, just research and debate. We consider these differences to indicate as we do today. Those familiar with chipped stone reduction different culture groups regardless of the possible gap in time strategies and tool types of the two archaeological assemblages between occupations that also supports our interpretation recognize fundamental differences between PI-EA artifacts here. We consider replacement as a legitimate and perhaps (sometimes referred to as “formal”) and MA artifacts more accurate alternative explanation for the data we see in (sometimes referred to as “expedient”) (Austin 2006:169; Florida. As Milanich and Fairbanks (1980:51) have noted: Daniel and Wisenbaker 1983:144; Purdy 1981:38-39). Austin differences between artifact assemblages can be “ethnic or… (2006) has reported finding more unifacial tools in the earlier functional.” Our opinion is that we (archaeologists) need to assemblages and more emphasis on biface production in the address such topics with questions about what attributes of later assemblages. Heat treating is considered diagnostic of which artifacts actually identify learned behaviors and their MA assemblage, and it is indicative of distinct differences in material outcomes. the kinds of tool stone known and utilized by MA knappers compared with those stone resources known and utilized by Conclusion PI-EA knappers (Austin 2006; Purdy 1981; Tesar 2004). It is true that MA sites and isolated finds collections Florida has produced multiple lines of evidence for have produced abundant numbers of MA projectile points population persistence and cultural continuity from the makers (or knives) that were made with knapping skills as practiced of PI fluted and unfluted lanceolates through the makers of as any PI-EA artifact. These include shaping and thinning EA side- and corner-notched points to some time after 9000 biface performs, or flake blanks, into haftable tools, having B.P. (10,200 cal B.P.). On the other hand, there are just two symmetry and low edge sinuosity. Newnan’s, in particular, are sites with ages between 9000 B.P. (10,200 cal B.P.) and 8000 usually made with care, even by definition (Bullen 1975:31; B.P. (8990 cal B.P.) in Florida that indicate human presence, Clausen 1964:8-11). On the other hand, and as introduced Wakulla Springs and the earliest Windover skeleton. To twist already, we interpret the bases of most Florida MA stemmed the usual phrase - the absence of evidence can be evidence points as prepared for hafting in a socket, rather than hafting of absence, and we interpret these data to indicate a lacuna by lashing the point with a split shaft, as we assume was done of human presence in Florida during the 9000-8000 B.P. with PI-EA points. Alan Bryan (1980) has presented an in- timeframe. Whether this lacuna was due to population decline depth discussion of these fundamental hafting differences: by attrition or retreat, or whether by environmental or social lashing split shafts versus socketed and cemented hafting factors is not addressed here5. (which, of course, can also be lashed outside the socket). In addition to, or because of, this possible lacuna, there The edges of socket-based projectile points do not need to is no convincing evidence for direct historical continuity be ground to protect the lashing from cutting, but they need from the makers of PI-EA-related assemblages containing to be thick to add to the surface area contacting and holding early Holocene-aged notched points through to the makers the biface. The Windover specimens clearly demonstrate that of MA lithic assemblages containing large bladed, sometimes MA knappers hafted their thick, stemmed-based bifaces using serrated, round- and square-based stemmed points of middle mastic, and we infer this to imply their concomitant use of Holocene age after 8000 B.P. (8990 cal B.P.). The parsimonious socketed shafts. This markedly differs from PI-EA knappers inference is replacement. who hafted by lashing basally thinned bifaces between a split For archaeologists this means we should give greater stick shaft or possibly as a composite with a small piece lashed consideration to parsing out details of population dynamics to a longer shaft (Lahren and Bonnichsen 1974:149, Figure and social group identity and diversity in Florida via chipped 3). We are not aware of any mastic remaining on any earlier stone and other assemblages (e.g., Byrd 2011; Sassaman 2010) lanceolate or notched points, but mastic could be involved in rather than reinforcing long-established chronologies stacked split stick hafting as well. in neat and tidy sets that may not have supporting data. It also Another possible indicator of differences in the ancestries means that Native Floridians encountered at Contact were of the two culture groups is treatment of the dead. We argue arguably not descendants of fluted point-making PI-EA people that the burial practices of the two groups indicate different of Florida (Bolnick and Smith 2003; Granberry 1991). cultural traditions, and although there is only one example Our “received view” of the early cultural chronology of a PI-EA burial in Florida, the Wakulla Springs Lodge Site of eastern North America evolved with Coe’s stratigraphic cremation (Tesar and Jones 2004:81-82), other cremations excavations way up north in the Carolina Piedmont in the 1960s, associated with notched-point archaeological assemblages where stratigraphic and technological continuity of social are known in the eastern U.S., such as at Ice House Bottom groups from PI-EA to MA continues to be more demonstrable Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 163 to this day. Blanket application of this prehistoric framework et al. 1992). Other published stratigraphic sequences down here in Florida may have been appropriate in the past with environmental data relevant to the timeframe of to fill in gaps of knowledge, but it is certainly inappropriate this discussion come from Warm Mineral Springs, for modern prehistoric reconstructions if the data are not in Page Ladson, Windover, Silver Springs, Harney Flats, support. This is especially true given the accumulation of so and Little Salt Springs (Faught and Carter 1998). After much more regional data since the 1960s. We know so much 8500 B.P. lakes filled and conditions ameliorated toward more about chronology, assemblages, and distributions today, present conditions. why would we choose authorities of the 1950s and 60s to appeal to about culture historical complexities? Acknowledgements Finally, the argument made here that MA people in Florida are potentially foreign groups migrating to the peninsula The ideas presented here about an occupational gap and reflects similar ideas from data in other areas of the lower doubts “Kirk” points in Florida was to a good extent the Southeast (Elliot and Sassaman 1995) and contributes to the basis of our relationship (Waggoner and Faught 2006). This growing awareness of evidence for the cultural identity and manuscript has been in progress over several years and my cohesion of the Archaic Cultures of the Southeast and their good friend and former student Jamie Waggoner crossed evolution to more complex social groups later in time (Gibson over before it was finished— to his frustration. May this and Carr 2004, Kidder and Sassaman 2009; Sassaman 2010). product honor his memory, his drive to be productive, and his enthusiasm for archaeology. To those colleagues and Notes friends who had to endure the endless commentary of “how the ‘Jamie paper’ was going” I appreciate your forbearance 1. Averaging methods used here include pooled mean and help. Robert Austin, Jim Dunbar, Ken Sassaman, Michael averaging of Chi Square-proven contemporaneous Russo, Louis Tesar, and David Thulman offered opinions, ages. All ages are presented with 1α range including commentary, radiocarbon ages, and other helpful leads. In the the calibrated ages. Calibrations and probability curves end, only Faught is responsible for errors and omissions. illustrated were done with INTCal09 curve data in OxCal 3.10. References Cited 2. Others have designated Windover as an Early Archaic site based on age frames (i.e., EA = 10,000 to 7000 B.P.), but Anderson, D.G., and G.T. Hanson certainly its artifact assemblage is more similar to later 1988 Early Archaic Settlement in the Southeastern United MA sites than earlier PI-EA sites, as are burial types. States: A Case Study from the Savannah River Valley. 3. Ages with a standard deviation of more than + 200 years American Antiquity (53):262-286. are too imprecise to be useful in this context (as discussed in Faught 2008). We also downgraded ages without lab Austin, Robert J. numbers and environmentally- related ages on materials 2001 Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology in the Middle such as peat, bark, gytta, and tufa, mainly from Warm Hillsborough River Basin: A Synthetic Overview. Mineral Springs and Little Salt Springs. These are listed Report on file, Division of Historical Resources, in Appendix I, column 7, labeled “opinion” Tallahassee. 4. The FMSF allows for 6 site type categories and 8 cultural 2006 Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive historical categories for any particular site. Terms used for Deconstruction: The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter the queries used in this publication include: Paleoindian, Research in Florida Publication No. 16. Florida 10,000 B.C. – 8500 B.C., Possible Paleoindian or Late Anthropological Society, Tallahassee. Paleoindian/Early Archaic, Early Archaic, Early Archaic Kirk (Corner or Stemmed), Dalton, Archaic, and Early Austin, Robert J., and Scott E. Mitchell Big Sandy for what we are calling “PI-EA” sites. There 1999 Archaeological Investigations at Jeanie’s Better was only one referent for MA and that was Middle Back (8LF54), An Early Archaic Site in Layfette Archaic. Note that 2563 sites were designated in one of County, Florid. .Report on file, Division of Historical the eight categories as Archaic 8500 B.C. – 1000 B.C., Resources, Tallahassee. which we considered too inclusive for usefulness in this case. Austin, Robert J., Bradley E. Ensor, Lisabeth Carlson, and Jon 5. Watts and Hansen (1988) and Faught and Carter (1998) Endonino have compiled evidence for depositional lacunae before 2004 Multidisciplinary Investigations at West Williams, 8500 B.P. in stratigraphic columns of several cores taken 8Hi509: An Archaic Period Archaeological Site for pollen analysis in Florida and in other archaeological Located Within Florida Gas Transmission Company’s contexts. Evidence also includes decreased Pinus pollens Bayside Lateral Pipeline Corridor, Hillsborough and increased Quercus pollens indicating dryer conditions County, Florida. Report on file, Division of Historical at Camel Lake, Shellar Lake, Mud Lake and Lake Louise Resources, Tallahassee. (Grimm et al. 1993; Watts and Hansen 1988; Watts 164 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

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Edwards, W.E. Gibson, Jon L., and Philip J. Carr 1952 The Helen Blazes Site of Central Florida. Unpublished 2004 Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York. in the Southeast. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Elliott, Daniel T., and Kenneth E. Sassaman 1995 Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Gifford, John A., and Steven H. Koski Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, 2011 An Incised Antler Artifact from Little Salt Spring Laboratory of Archaeology, Series Report Number (8SO018). The Florida Anthropologist 64:47-51. 35. Gramly, Michael R. M. Endonino, Jon C. 1994 The Ross Bay Archaic Encampment. Amateur 2009 The Thornhill Lake Archaeological Research Project. Archaeologist 1:45-57. The Florida Anthropologist 61:149-165. Granberry, J. Fagan, Brian M. 1991 Amazonian Origins and Affiliations of the Timucua 2000 Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Language. In Language Change in South American Continent. Thames and Hudson, New York. Indian Languages, edited by M.R Key, pp. 195-242. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Farr, Grayal Earle 2006 A Reevaluation of Bullen’s Typology for Preceramic Grimm, Eric C., Jr. George L. Jacobson, William A. Watts, Projectile Points. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Barbara C. S. Hansen, and Kirk A. Maasch Department of Anthropology, Florida State 1993 A 50,000-Year Record of Climate Oscillations University, Tallahassee. from Florida and Its Temporal Correlation with the Heinrich Events. Science 261:198-200. Faught, Michael K. 2003 Bullen’s Bolens and Coe’s Kirks: Typology and Hemmings, Christopher Andrew Nomenclature in Florida and the Greater Southeast. 2004 The Organic Clovis: A Single Continent-Wide Paper presented at the 55th Annual Meetings Florida Cultural Adaptation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropological Society, Tallahassee. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 2004 The Underwater Archaeology of Paleolandscapes, Gainesville. Apalachee Bay, Florida. American Antiquity 69:235- 249. Hemmings, E. Thomas 2008 Archaeological Roots of Human Diversity in the 1975 The Silver Springs Site, Prehistory in the Silver New World: A Compilation of Accurate and Precise Springs Valley, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist Radiocarbon Ages from Earliest Sites. American 28:141-158. Antiquity 73:670-69. Hornum, Michael B, Donald J. Maher, Clifford Brown, Julian Faught, Michael K., and Joseph F. Donoghue Granberry, Frank Vento, Arlene Fradkin, and Michele Williams 1997 Marine Inundated Archaeological Sites and 1996 Phase III Data Recovery at Site 8LE2105 for the Paleofluvial Systems: Examples From a Karst- Proposed Florida Gas Transmission Phase III Controlled Continental Shelf Setting in Apalachee Expansion Project, Leon County, Florida. Report on Bay. Geoarchaeology 12:417-458. file, Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

Faught, Michael K., and David Thulman Horvath, Elizabeth A. 2009 Silver Spring (8MR92) Paleoindian Research 2000 Archaeological Investigations at the Colorado Site Project: Report of Field Operations December 15 (8He241) - A Lithic Workshop in Hernando County, - 17, 2003. Report prepared for the Archaeological Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 53:82-97. Research Cooperative. Justice, Noel D. Faught, Michael K., Michael Hornum, Brinnen Carter, R. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinent Christopher Goodwin, and S. David Webb and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, 2003 Earliest Holocene Tool Assemblages from Bloomington. Northern Florida with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Estimates (Sites 8LE2105 and 8JE591). Kendrick, David C. Current Research in the Pleistocene 20:16-18. 2006 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. In First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, edited by David S. Webb, pp. 49-82. Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 167

Springer, Dordrecht. (8MR2322), Marion County, Florida. Technical Report 11 Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology Kidder, Tristram and Kenneth E. Sassaman Department of Anthropology University of Florida, 2009 The View from the Southeast. In Archaic Societies: Gainesville. Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent, edited by T. E. Emerson, D. L. McElrath and A. C. Oliver, B.L. (editor) Fortier, pp. 667-694. State University of New York 1985 Tradition and Typology: Basic Elements of the Press, Albany. Carolina Projectile Point Sequence. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Kimball, Larry R. 1996 Early Archaic Settlement and Technology: Lessons Peres, Tanya Michelle from Tellico. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic 1997 Analysis of a Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Faunal Southeast, edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth Assemblage from the Page/Ladson Site (8JE591), E. Sassaman, pp. 149-186. University of Alabama Jefferson County, Florida. Unpublished Master’s Press, Tuscaloosa. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Lahren, Larry, and Robson Bonnichsen 1974 Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial in Purdy, Barbara A. Southwesteren Montana. Science 186:147-150. 1981 Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Latvis, Joseph M., and Irvy C. Quitmyer 2008 Florida’s People During the Last Ice Age. University 2006 Underwater Excavation Methods. In First Floridians Press of Florida, Gainesville. and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River, edited by David S. Webb, pp. 1-28. Randall, Asa R., and Kenneth E. Sassaman Springer, Dordrecht. 2005 St. Johns Archaeological Field School 2003-2004: Hontoon Island State Park. Technical Report 6, Marquardt, William H. Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology, Department 1992 Culture and Environment n the Domain of the of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Calusa. Monograph 1. Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, Gainesville. Russo, Michael, Ann Cordell, Lee Newsom, and Sylvia Scudder McGee, Ray M., and Ryan J. Wheeler 1991 Final Report on Horrs’s Island: the Archaeology 1994 Stratigraphic Excavations at Groves’ Orange Midden, of Archaic and Glades Settlement and Subsistence Lake Monroe, Volusia County, Florida: Methodology Patterns. Report submitted to Key Marco and Results. The Florida Anthropologist 47:333-349. Developments, Marco Island by the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville FMSF Survey # 2762. Milanich, Jerald T. 1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Sassaman, Kenneth E. Press of Florida, Gainesville. 2003 St. Johns Archaeological Field School 2000-2001: Blue Spring and Hontoon Island State Parks. Milanich, Jerald T. , and Charles H. Fairbanks Technical Report 4. Laboratory of Southeastern 1980 Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Neill, Wilfred T. 2010 The Eastern Archaic, Historicized. Altamira Press, 1958 A Stratified Early Site at Silver Springs, Florida. The Lanham. Florida Anthropologist 11:33-52. 1964 The Association of Suwannee Points and Extinct Sassaman, Kenneth E., Zackary I. Gilmore, and Asa R. Randall Animals in Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 2011 St. Johns Archaeological Field School 17:17-32. 2007-2010:Silver Glen Run (8LA1). Technical Report 12, Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology, Newsom, L.A. and B.A. Purdy Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1990 Florida Canoes: A Maritime Heritage From the Past. Gainesville. The Florida Anthropologist 43:164-179. Saunders, Rebecca O’Donoughue, Jason M., Kenneth E. Sassaman, Meggan E. 2010 The Archaic Above Choctawhatchee Bay: Blessing, Johanna B. Talcott, and Julie C. Byrd Hydrodynamics, Adaptation, and Abandonment. In 2011 Archaeological Investigations at Salt Springs Trend, Tradition, and Turmoil: What Happened to 168 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

the Southeastern Archaic?, edited by Davis Hurst Thomas and Matthew C. Sanger, pp. 103-112. Waters, Michael R. and Thomas W. Stafford Jr. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of 2007 Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Natural History, Number 93. Peopling of the Americas. Science:1122-1126.

Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N Driskell, Asa Randall, and Scott Watts, W.A. and B.C.S. Hansen C. Meeks 1988 Environments of Florida in the Late Wisconsin and 2004 Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. Holocene. In Wet Sites Archaeology, edited by B.A American Antiquity 69:533-554. Purdy, pp. 307-323. Telford Press, West Caldwell.

Steele, James Watts, W.A., B.C.S. Hansen and E.C. Grimm 2010 Radiocarbon Dates as Data: Quantitative Strategies 1992 Camel Lake: A 40,000 YR Record of Vegetational for Estimating Colonization Front Speeds and and Forest History from Northwest Florida. Ecology Event Densities. Journal of Archaeological Science 73:1056-1066. 37:2017-2030. Webb, S. David Tesar, Louis D.. 1981 Holocene Food Resources, Section 4.1.4.2 in 1980 The Leon County Bicentennial Survey Report: A Cultural Resource Survey of the Continental An Archaeological Survey of Selected Portions Shelf from Cape Hatteras to Key West, Volume I: of Leon County, Florida. Bureau of History and Introduction and Physical Environment, Science Records Management, Florida Department of State. Applications Inc, pp 116-123. Miscellaneous Report # 49. 1994 Johnson Sand Pit (8 Le 73): An Analysis and Webb, S. David and James S Dunbar Comparative Review of a Paleoindian Through 2006 Carbon Dates. In First Floridians and Last Early Deptford Base Camp in Leon County, Florida. Mastodons, edited by S. D. Webb, pp. 83-101. Bureau of Archaeological Research, Division of Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Historical Resources, Report 32. Wharton, Barry, George Ballo, and Mitchell Hope Tesar, Louis D., and B. Calvin Jones 1981 The Republic Groves Site, Hardee County, Florida. 2004 Wakulla Springs Lodge Site (8WA329) in Edward The Florida Anthropologist 34:59-80. Ball Wakulla Springs State Park Wakulla County, Florida: A Summary of Eleven Projects and Widmer, R.J. Management Recommendations. Report on file, 1988 The Evolution of the Calusa. University of Alabama Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. Press, Tuscaloosa.

Thulman, David K. Willey, Gordon R. 2006a A Suwannee/Bolen Artifact Assemblage from the 1966 Introduction to American Archaeology. Prentice-Hall Santa Fe River. The Florida Anthropologist 59:21- Anthropology Series, Englewood Cliffs. 34. 2006b A Reconstruction of Paleoindian Social Organization in North Central Florida. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University. 2007 A Typology of Fluted Points from Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 60:165-177.

Tucker, Bryan Duane 2009 Isotopic investigations of Archaic Period subsistence and settlement in the St. Johns River drainage, Florida. Unpublished Ph,D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.

Waggoner, James, and Michael K. Faught 2006 Cultural Continuity versus Social Diversity In the Early and Middle Archaic Southeast. Paper presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 169

14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

2006

Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 14.1 Table Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; eference 4.2

R able 4.2able 4.2able Table 4.2 Table 4.2 T Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 : : : : : : : : : : : : :T : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dasovich and Doran 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and

unbar 2006 d Dunbar 2006 1993; b and Dunbar b 2006 Gifford 1979, et al. Clausen and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Web and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb an Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb et1979; Clausen al. and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Webb and D and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb

is

- level

ment Webb pe

1, in

Paleolama jugal

sc = plant material skull frag skull

-

124 in Webb and Mammut 1

- 15 +

+ Palaeolama y 2006 Webb and Dunbar y Mammut 12297 and and Dunbar 2006

on

to F' and Notes - C'

- rejected by Webb and Dunbar and Dunbar Webb rejected by rejected b Webb rejected by Webb and Dunbar Dunbar and Webb by rejected ; ;

corn collected from F' ontext test '91 test

-

test '97 curcurbita C -

F' F'

5 - -

F' head in; B' C' C'

- - - - 26b from lower part of unit 3b near a a 3b near unit of part lower from 2636 for stake 2636 for '91

- 20b

test '91 test

F' C' F' level

- - -

5 '91 5 ES; ES; from lower digesta level 97 end of wall north from ES; A UPPER;

- - - - level

'91 '97 '91 to recalculated 4 4L 12,200 U; 1 1 1 1 B B peat; recalculated 4 test '91 4 test ee Tx level

- - - - - F, A rejected by rejected DunbarWebbA and by table 4.3 4.3table Dunbar and Webb by rejected strawmat A Latvis head collection CS diver in rejected by F F F F C S diver rejected6 core by B 6 core head in SC diver ------level level able 4.3able 4.3able 6 84 level level -

ortoise, associated possible with stake, collagen date Tx See T stake 2636 for Carbonate offraction tortoise, 20.9m below mean sea level, pit B75, test1 S 3 83 Unit 3 83 Unit 3, 91 Unit 3 88 Unit Dunbar 2006 and 3 97 Unit jugal 3 97 Unit 3 97 Unit 3 97 Unit collagen Bone digesta" 3 9"lower Unit 3 88 Unit 3 97 F Unit 5 Unit Dunbar 2006 Webb and in test 4L Unit test 4L Unit test 4L Unit 3 87 Unit test 4U '84 4L Unit test 4U '97 4L Unit 3 84 Unit 2006 Dunbar test B75, pit level, sea mean below 20.9 at Reentrant shell tortoise test 4U '95 4L Unit 4 87 Unit 5 level below 4 U Unit digesta sample 3 83 A Unit 2006:T 4 U Unit below 4 U Unit 4 88 Unit 2007:T 4 U Unit 4 Unit 4 Unit

k k k k k k k k k k sigma sigma oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor - - Ok O O O O O O O O O O P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Quality oor oor P P

d eat P aterial Paleolama Bone Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Woo Wood Wood Wood Wood Acorn Acorn Organics Organics M Plant seed Plant seed Plant seed Plant material Plant material Plant material Plant material Plant material Plant material Bone, tortoise Bone, Bone

dson Salt Springs Salt

ite Name S Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/La Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little

8365 8759 7452 7453 25430 2335 15088 22268 15090 2636 22267 26722 - 11048 116493 116499 116500 116497 112236 116280 116494 116281 015090 116495 093654 118907 129550 116496 118906 129554 129553 ------ab # ------13591 13590 L - - I I TX TX AA AA AA Beta AA Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

ite # S 8SO18 8SO18 8SO18 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591

Radiocarbonages compiledfrom Dasovichand Doran2011 and other sources as referenced.

. 80 50 75 90 50 50 60 90 50 60 90 50 90 90 70 50 90 90 310 190 200 200 100 100 100 130 110 110 124 120 200 210 One A Sigma

ate D (B.P.) 17340 13450 13130 12570 12570 12545 12480 12460 12420 12400 12390 12375 12370 12330 12310 12290 12260 12240 12200 12160 12120 12030 12030 11790 11790 11770 11730 11630 11570 11460 11300 11240 Appendix 170 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

.1

Table 14.1 Table Table 14.1 Table Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Table Table 14 Table 14.1 Table

: : : : : : :

nbar 2006 Table 14.1 2006 nbar Table Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar Dunbar 2006 14.1 Dunbar 2006 Table Du ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

eference and and Doran 2012 Doran Doran 2012 R

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 ; ; Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table : : : : : : Faught et al. 2003 Faught et al. Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich Dasovich Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012

; ; ; ; ; ; FMSF FMSF; FMSF sovich and sovich Doran 2012

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and and Doran Dasovich 2012 Da

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 et al. 1983

Webb Clausen et 1979 al. and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Doran 2002 and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Radiocarbon files, 1990; Cockrell Radiocarbon files, Radiocarbon files, Clausen et 1979 al. 1996 etHornum al. FMSF; FMSF; Hubbs and Dunbar 2006 Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Cockrell 1990; Cockrell 1990; Cockrell 1990; Cockrell Clausen et 1975 al. 1975 et al. Clausen Hemmings 2004 Hemmings Clausen et 1979 al. 1990; Cockrell Clausen et 1975 al. Doran 2002 FMSF;

+ m

115

2.3 016 +

,

ean sea ean sea ,

m ble 4.3 ble a

below 2006:T

Burial 1

calculatedto 10

2, tag#14336 by Jim Jim Wallace tag#143362, by

- and Notes 72

-

from pedestal of skull #14322 pedestal skull of from , not used in this analysis this in used 6459 , not

Dunbar and Webb rejected by

us -

; e west

ontext F' C' C called C m of cave deposit, 1.83m back from the the from back deposit, cave 1.83m of m

- -

; C belowBolen point n - 2b charcoal; burned re humer

- C (log) m ledge m - - 1a and and to th south the to

level of human vertebra rejected by Webb and Dunbar Dunbar and Webb by rejected 2b desiccated wood; recalculated to 10360 wood; recalculated desiccated 2b ison

C ; , 3 2 - B

S C surface stake surface cutC with marks C - - - st digesta in A C - level level

687 n grayn sand, from informal hearths6.1m Burial 1 Burial 1 Burial table 4.3 6 surface, 95 6 92 - - - m under water,m 2

ial 1 m ledge worked, split fossil toothshark worked,fossil split ledge m m ledge finely worked bone pin worked bone finely ledge m 124 in and Dunbar 2006 124 Webb in in Dunbar 2006 Webb and in Distal end of Spring basin belowburial, level sea mean below Unit 4U upper test '91 3 88 Unit Peat water of base lily upper 4U 88 Unit Unit 4U upper test '88 13 - Te 3? Unit 2006 :T 5 Unit Beside Calcaneum on 13 Found with skull, but beneath at 45' level Beside Basin o level Bole III Component Burial 1 Burial 1 11.6 outermost stalactites Scripps date, Lab bone close human in contact 5 Unit 13 - Bur Zone 3, 3, Zone 4 level 3, Zone Peat water of base lily Under andledge, stalactite over skull near 3, Zone Age on artifactAge Mandible from zone 3 area of ledge LABNUMBER as Same I Unit 5 Unit 5 test 87 Unit

ed ed ed ed ed

k k k sigma sigma sigma sigma sigma oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor ood - - - - - O O O P P P P P P P P P P P P P P eject eject eject eject eject G Quality R oor R R R oor R oor oor oor Very good Very Very good Very Very good Very good Very P P P P P

shaft

-

brown

Peat Peat Peat aterial Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Charcoal Charcoal M Leaf mold Leaf mold Leaf mold Bone, bison Bone, Tooth, shark Bone artifact Bone, human Bone, human Bone, human Humic debris Ivory fore Ivory Algal gel, Algal Organic sediment Organic Bone, Proboscidean Bone,

ings Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Spr Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs ite Name LE2105 Windover Windover Bison Kill Bison Sloth Hole S Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs

reject reject reject reject reject

2 - - - - - 5942 8360 3997 3998 3996 120 22268 13907 23753 2595 21752 21750 11382 - - - - - 129552 023753 72 ------ab # 6459 7207 7206 7208 7218 7217 7209 ------L I I I I I I I LJ C SL SL 2850 TX Gak Gak Gak Beta Beta Beta 81469 Beta 58857 Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta number Beta 103889 Beta Beta

no number no no number no number no number

ite # NA S 8SO18 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO18 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO18 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE121 8JE591 8JE591 LE2105 8BR246 8BR246

70 70 70 70 80 50 40 80 70 80 130 210 100 130 190 130 120 145 145 145 145 145 200 210 210 110 190 120 470 180 120 One 1450 Sigma

ate 0260 D (B.P.) 11170 11050 10980 10980 10980 10970 10800 10750 10630 10600 10600 10550 10520 10340 10300 10285 10280 1 10260 10255 10240 10225 10190 10160 10090 10085 10080 10025 10020 10000 10000 10000 Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 171

1 le 14.1 le Table 14.1 Table Tab 14.1 Table Table 14. Table : : : : and Doran 2012 and Doran

C inventory Sept.C 2002 inventory Sept.C 2002 inventory Dasovich and Doran 2012 and Doran Dasovich Dasovich 14 14 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar 2006 Dunbar 2006 Dunbar Dunbar 2006 Dunbar h ; ; ; ;

eference R Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Table 4.2 : : : : sovich and sovich Doran 2012

Faught et al. 2003 Faught et al. Faught et al. 2003 Faught et al. Dasovich and Doran 2012 and Dasovich Da and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012

; ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

1983

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 1983 ; ;

an 2002 an ureau Archaeological of Researc ureau Archaeological of Research Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Webb B previously collected dates; excluded and Dunbar 2006 Webb FMSF; Clausen et 1975 al. FMSF 1996 etHornum al. Carr 1986 and Dunbar 2006 Webb FMSF Clausen et 1979 al. Clausen et 1975 al. Clausen et 1975 al. Clausen et 1975 al. Tesar and Jones 2004 2011 and Koski Gifford Clausen et 1975 al. Clausen et 1979 al. Dor B previously collected dates; excluded Clausen et 1975 al. Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb Hoffman Clausen et 1979 al. Doran 2002 Clausen et 1975 al. Tesar and Jones 2004 FMSF; Doran 2002 Clausen et 1975 al. Hornum et al. 1996 etHornum al. in

105

+

pointed split pine pine pointed split

pointed peeled peeled pointed

date notassociated directly date not in directdate in not association date not in directdate in not association

ea level,

;

;

and Notes

ontext

below mean sea level,

C carved oakportion mortar, basal

below mean s m 3 #14183

C cypress log with cut marks? with log cypress C -

m 2006:Table 4.22006:Table

72 - evel; - l

B burned wood;to recalculated burned 9466 B -

12, ea s m topm below of deposit m topm below of deposit off, 12.4 off, off, 12

18 - - - - 70 ean test 84 B Peat around Bolen Point; recalculatedPoint; to test 9697 Bolen around 84 B Peat .

6 surface, 95C hickory nut on contact of Unit 5 an 6 5 an Unit of contacton nut hickory 95C 6 surface, 6 surface 92

m and Dunbar Dunbar and

- - 22, 19302B; wood from under rock 4 22,(stalactite), wood from 19302B; skeletal with human association wood(bark),06; in - - 73 72 130 ak wood found cutnear antler - -

elow Webb Zone 3 3 pieces of3 skull pieces C associated with human burial 1. 5 Unit Burial 1 5 level 3, Zone Eastof skull in Burial 1 Component III Bolen Hearth 6L Unit + #3 rock under level 45' at 1 burial as strata Same Basin drop #768 slide Zone 3 1 level 3, Zone topdeposit of below 3, Zone .37m with human material w charcoalof T70/L11 sand flecks O 3, Zone with human material Spring basin on gray sand associated with informal hearth 4.8m b Peat at water fibrous pondof lily edge C remains from the Florida Archaic Bone collagen of mammoth 57A (6990) contactburial Peatin red with Brown Zone 3 Peat rubber of base .10 3, Zone with human material T71/L10 material TBA T71/L10 material Near skull on north side of spring at 45' level Unit 5 Unit Component III Bolen Basin drop C called sapling, test 6U 85 Unit

k k k k k k k k k sigma sigma sigma sigma sigma sigma oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor ood ood ------O O O O O O O O O P P P P P P P P P P P G G Quality oor oor oor oor oor oor Very good Very good Very Very good Very good Very P P P P P P

oal Oak Peat Peat Peat Peat aterial Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charc Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal M Plant seed Leaf mold Bone, bison Bone, Wood, stake Wood, stake Wood, charred Bone, mammoth

kill site Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs ite Name LE2105 LE2105 Windover Windover Windover Bison Kill Bison S Page/Ladson Fossil Cutler Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Page/Ladson Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Wakulla Springs Wakulla Wakulla Springs Wakulla Guest Mammoth Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs

112 5941 3999 3995 3993 3991 4512 3992 - 11905 2460 2594 14650 14649 13908 15089 ------1212 1153 1245 195380 ------ab # 7216 7205 7214 6460 7203 - - - - 06512 - - - - - L - I I I I I I W W W UM TX TX Gak Gak Gak Gak Gak Gak Beta Beta 81467 Beta 16750 Beta 58858 Beta 81468 Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta UGA 10442 UGA UGA 10439 UGA Beta 103888 Beta

NA - ite # S 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO18 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8SO18 8SO19 8SO18 8SO18 8SO19 8SO18 8SO19 8SO19 8SO19 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 8JE591 WA329 WA329 LE2105 LE2105 8JE 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8MR130 8DA2001

70 50 40 60 60 60 40 90 200 100 145 230 140 120 120 160 120 400 150 190 180 250 110 145 370 190 160 110 100 400 235 190 One Sigma

ate D 9990 9950 9950 9945 9930 9900 9880 9870 9860 9850 9840 9760 9730 9645 9565 9530 9500 9500 9450 9420 9370 9350 9 330 9270 9240 9220 9125 9080 8990 8960 8955 8920 (B.P.) 172 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

d 2012 Doran

C inventory Sept.C inventory 2002 C inventory Sept.C 2002 inventory Dasovich an Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 14 14 Dunbar 2006 14.1 Table Dunbar ;

eference R

Table 4.2 : 1997

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 2011 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

. ; Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

1981 1981; 1981; et al.1981

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 2002 ureau Archaeological of Research ureau Archaeological of Research FMSF; Tesar and Jones 2004 Crabtree B previously collected dates; excluded Doran 2002 et1979; Clausen al. Doran 2002 B previously collected dates; excluded Doran 2002 Doran 2002 Crabtree and Doran Dasovich 2012 Doran 2002 Doran Doran 2002 Doran 2002 Doran 2002 1997 Donoghue Faught and Doran 2002 Donoghue Faught and 1997 Donoghue Faught and Doran 2002 Doran 2002 et1975; Clausen al. 1997 Donoghue Faught and Webb and Dunbar 2006 Webb et alO'Donoughue Beriault Doran 2002 Doran 2002 Doran Doran 2002 Doran 2002 Doran 2002

;

7.3 ; - take 3 21 3 21 1 -

, under under

;

Beta

(

90

wooden s wooden 7 m below

+ ; ;

2006

6980

ean sea level) =

iased datesiased bone this from b biased biased datesbone this from

ower

; l ; is of adult male ; from cache of cache of from subadultmany metacarpal and cranialmetacarpal

subadult, collagen, old 5 year ;

; ; and Notes m abovem m

level 66

Webb and Dunbar and Webb ssociated with Burial 83 ontext

ssociated with Burial 129, stake, wooden Burial with ssociated

Burial 57a, facial bone, 27 year old old male 27 year 57a,bone, facial Burial a Burial 150, almost intact bottle gourd,150, intact almost bottle Burial C

femur and pe and femur rown

brown, inside crania brown outside crania brown top brown of stake brown , a b brown, Burial brown, brown Burial 73 Burial brown brown Burial 63 Burial brown brown , mean sea sea mean level

------rejected by

;

mean sea mean level

C - mean sea mean level 88 IV wood

- 01; wood (bark), in association with human skeletal skeletal with human association wood(bark),01; in tuffa growth pieces with and 10, bits wood, 19304; - - 72 73 - - Beneath skull of Burial 1 at 45' level 1 at of 45' Burial skull Beneath Red ochre charcoal with area midden C remains from the Florida Archaic Peat of lower red base brown portion to Burial above of 2, (within next burial Below mud thigh, 3.9 of Back along femur rib fragments C burial of west rock 4, Peat theof rubbertop peat peat, lower red subadult fragments, Evidence soil of acid contamination area midden Directly associated Burial 1, test with 2 36F of Burial cranium inside Peat brown Red Peat, lower red Peat, lower red Unprovenienced Peat, lower red placedeposit not Area in C, stump, Quercus stump secondary is below 4.3 m child 1 Pit Test L, clay, Locus sand gray fine Wood in level sea mean of Core 91 bottom L, clay, Locus sandy gray fine Wood in below m ft/6.4 Peat, lower red 19316 ) Peat red brown Lower zone of bone concentration in second highest strata deer/bear (?) of Pit Test bottom L, clay, Locus sandy gray fine Wood in m below Peat contactred 36F brown in burial with Unit 6L 6L Unit Core 1 #1 core site, of quadrant NW deep, cm 253 peat, Basal peat, lower red Evidence of soil Evidence soil of acid contamination Peat, lower red Peat, lower red siceraria Lagerania Peat, lower red old elements, 5 year post and cranium cranial Unprovenienced peat, lower red

k k sigma sigma sigma oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor oor - - - O O P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Quality oor oor oor Very good Very good Very good Very good Very Very good Very Very good Very good Very Very good Very good Very good Very P P P

like

-

at

VI Wood - Peat Peat Peat Peat Peat Peat Peat Peat aterial Shell Bone Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Gourd Charcoal Charcoal M Wood, bark Wood, Bone, human Bone, human Bone, human Bone, human Bone, human Bone, human Wood, myrtle Wood, Wood Leaf and Core 1 Wood and Pe Wood and

Springs Springs ite Name Bay West Bay Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover Windover S JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt Devil's Den Devil's Salt Springs Page/Ladson Warm Mineral Warm Mineral Wakulla Springs Wakulla Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs Little Salt Springs

111 638 518 5803 241 7186 207 1100 2211 1099 2213 2227 - 8872 7454 13909 10855 11383 11383 11381 19722 19315 14132 18295 11381 20450 1323 ------10511 11047 ------6714 ------ab # 7204 a - - - 06458 - L - I A I TO TO TO GX UM TO AA AA UM UM UM UM UM Beta Bet AA AA Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta UGA 10441 UGA Beta 279610

4

4 VEL ite # S 8SO19 8SO18 8SO18 8SO19 8SO18 8SO18 8SO18 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 8JE591 WA329 LE 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8CR200 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 8BR246 MR 2322 MR 8

40 40 80 80 80 70 70 95 75 90 80 80 65 40 70 80 70 80 70 590 140 100 115 120 290 100 100 100 185 820 125 120 190 One Sigma

ate 455 D 8905 8715 8710 8570 8 8430 8360 8145 8120 8030 7950 7930 7830 7750 7550 7465 7410 7410 7360 7360 7330 7300 7290 7240 7210 7160 7130 7100 7050 7050 7045 7010 6990 (B.P.) Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 173

, 2011 , 2011 , 2011 , 2011 , 2011 , 2011 , 2011

C inventory Sept.C 2002 inventory Dasovich and Doran 2012 and Doran Dasovich 14 eference R Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

;

94 sonal communication 19 19 94 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 personal communication personal communication per personal communication personal communication personal communication personal communication

; ; ; , , , , , , ,

heeler 3

saman 1991

et al.1981 et et al. 1981; 1981; et al. Sassaman Sassaman Sassaman Sassaman Sassaman Sas Sassaman

et al.1981 et al.1981 et al.1981 et al.1981

riault e ureau Archaeological of Research Doran Doran 2002 Clausen et 1975 al. 1997 Donoghue Faught and Beriault 1997 Donoghue Faught and B Beriault Wharton Beriault B previously collected dates; excluded Kenneth Russo et al. Kenneth Sassaman 200 2010:106; Saunders andMcGee W Clausen et 1979 al. 1997 Donoghue Faught and Tucker 2009 Kenneth Kenneth 1997 Donoghue Faught and Doran 2002 McGee andMcGee Wheeler Kenneth Faught and Donoghue 1997 Donoghue Faught and Wharton Clausen et 1979 al. 2004 al. et Austin 1997 Donoghue Faught and Kenneth Kenneth

-

; - Beta below below (

fragment

mean sea sea mean

90 (bag 11 of of 11 (bag

5 m 6.7 m below below 6.7 m + ;

3 18 3 18 - 7100

= = carbonate fraction,

mean sea sea mean level top Core 91 ; associated with human

L, bottom of TestPit 1 digging stick, portion of of digging portion stick, ;

;

87 and Notes Locus L, Test Pit 1

FS ean seal level; level; seal ean 4.6 m below below 4.6 m ;

ontext 7

ilty clay marl ean sea level; level; sea ean C

mean sea sea mean level

wn bottom of stake of bottom wn level and and

s s 2087 m above m m 7/

-

-

bro XIII - BLOCK T

IV X XVII 22, 20, -

m above m m

atum TU3 IV 7.6 m below below 7.6 m level level 1 - - tr - s tratum

Feature s stratum stratum stratum of , 15; 15; material from irregular oval feature of Lamar "pre - - -

same as Um ; 72 - - epth ragmentary, both radii, both ulnas, one humerus, skull Peat, lower red 19315 ) Upper zoneof bone concentration in highest strata; deer/bear (?) clay marl, silty dark gray From level sea mean FS#515 from within human bone d 14) of 14 post, Wooden (bag FS#578 burials wooden human burials with post FS#578 Associated 14) of wood 18 human (bag burials FS#577 with Associated post, 25) taperedWooden 420D R.G. stake, Spanish" Apalachee context CORE 2 C B, stratum Mound 8VO215 LP1A TU 3/ Zone V, Zone V, 4 burial, Slough, f femur and BULK3 atShell surface of C Area X9110 LP71 MSL below M 3.7 sand deposit 12 ft, Marine Peat black of base Wood from dark gray s dark gray Wood from level sea mean Wood in gray fine sandy clay, Locus Stratum 7/8, operation A, below Kirks at 6/7 Kirks below A, 7/8, operation Stratum C 418B R.G. taperedWooden stake, below30 Cm C 15 surface, ft/4.6 Area m Shell below Slough, 4.1Slough, level LP71 LP71 wood tool found with Archaic period extended burials period extended with Archaic tool woodfound

d

k k k k k k k k k k k k sigma oor oor oor oor oor oor oor ood oo ood ood ood ood - O O O O O O O O O O O O P P P P P P P G G G G G G ery goodery Quality oor V good Very good Very good Very good Very Very good Very P

NA Peat Peat aterial Shell Shell Bone Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal M Nut Shell Hickory nut Hickory nut Hickory Shell, oyster Human Bone Bone, human Soot on steatite

prings 1 Creek Creek Creek Creek Midden Midden ublic Grove ite Name Bay West Bay West Bay West Bay West Bay Windover Windover S JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt JandJ Hunt Tick Island Devil's Den Devil's Horr's Island Velda Mound Velda Hontoon Dead Dead Hontoon Dead Hontoon Dead Hontoon Hontoon Dead Dead Hontoon West Williams Groves' Orange Groves' Orange Rep Republic Grove Republic Live Oak Mound Oak Live Mound Oak Live Live Oak Mound Oak Live Mound Oak Live Little Salt Springs Little Salt S Mitchell River Site

8

637 2169 2087 2088 2085 1920 1102 1157 8859 19316 65861 13910 65863 - 10510 ------1050 11048 - 10513 11045 274192 219933 164961 139264 244051 274191 168962 270208 270209 255906 - - - - - ab # ------06606 L - M X9110 I GX AA UM UM UM UM U UM UM AA AA AA AA AA Beta Beta Beta Beta UF museum UF UF museum UF Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

4

4 ite # S 8HR4 8HR4 HI509 8V041 8LE44 8V041 8V041 8SO18 8SO18 8VO41 8VO24 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 8JE740 LEVEL 8BR246 8CR200 8CR200 8CR200 8CR200 8CR206 8BR246 8VO214 8VO214 8VO214 8VO214 8VO2601 8VO2601 8WL1278 8

90 85 80 65 50 85 40 50 40 60 95 80 83 40 50 60 90 40 80 60 80 80 50 50 70 60 180 120 135 135 155 290 One Sigma

ate D 6980 6975 6830 6825 6810 6785 6780 6755 6675 6630 6520 6520 6490 6460 6430 6375 6330 6280 6260 6260 6210 6210 6210 6200 6180 6140 6135 6125 6110 6110 6100 6070 (B.P.) 174 The Florida Anthropologist 2012 Vol. 65(3)

, 2011 , 2011

eference R

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 ;

ovich ovich and Doran 2012 1994 19 94 ; Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 Das Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 personal communication personal communication 2011 2011 Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012

; , , . .

Dasovich and Doran 2012 Dasovich

; Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012

1 975 1975 ;

Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 .

1991

1992

et al. 1981; 1981; et al. 1981 Sassaman Sassaman

et al. 1981 et al. et1981; al.

et al. 1993;

asovich and Doran asovich 2012 andall and Sassaman 2005 andall Russo and Doran Dasovich 2012 Tucker 2009 R 2010; Saunders andMcGee Wheeler Tucker 2009 Beriault Crabtree Tucker 2009 Wharton et alO'Donoughue Marquardt and Doran Dasovich 2012 Kenneth Beriault D and Doran Dasovich 2012 2010; Saunders and Doran Dasovich 2012 Saunders 2010 Saunders Doran Doran 2002 Clausen et al. Clausen et al andMcGee Wheeler Clausen et al.1979; Berkin et 1995 al. et alO'Donoughue Purdy et 2011 O'Donoughue al Kenneth Kenneth

1, Unit 36, 36, 1, Unit - 2b, 4,65ft bs

-

carbonate fraction,

cm usedcm offor verification

side of pond,of core #2 side leistocene clay layer, clay lowest leistocene 43 P ; and Notes

sand zone, Sq. 1a Sq. zone, sand - east ean sea ean sea level,

to the the to ’ below surface ontext

IIIb C IV

um e, shell midden e, shell

131 cm deep, cm 131 atum

- strat 21, Lower Shell Midden 21, Lower Shell 1.32m below shell midden shell below 1.32m

stratum V stratum -

7, 7 str

B

evel 19, Lower Shell Midden 19,evel Lower Shell -

level l s and and s femur 1

- Taylor sit - level

level II nutshell level II nutshell nutshell 1B - - - - ment 39 1/4 inches, driven driven in 39 1/4 inches, 2 -

Stratum C, Mound B C, Mound Stratum Palmer projectile point, possibly Culbreath X9112RA TU 3 Zone IV, X9109A peat,Basal 121 contamination acid soil of evidence Midden X9111A 26 taperedstake409, R.G. wooden stake, TU5 Test Useppa Island, midden 2, backhoe test 7 FS137, U#2, level TU bone human around from 2 # Sample occupation, of preceramic from top 6, sq. OR65, level Level firepit Charcoal lens burial at of base 9 Level EU1 / 12, 6 burial Pit containing EU 6, EU 6, Peat within the upper part of the red the brown of lower upper part the Peat within Newnans Lake type site Lake type Newnans site Lake type Newnans Slough, burial, 4m above m fragmentary, both radii, both ulnas, one humerus, skull frag TU1 Zone IV, TU3 BULK8 6, Auger 1.10 20 ofpieces charcoal, 17 pine, 3 oak from Feature36 Block B

k k k k k k k k sigma sigma sigma oor oor oor ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood - - - O O O O O O O O P P P G G G G G G G G G Quality oor oor oor Very good Very good Very good Very good Very good Very Very good Very good Very good Very P P P

Pomocca NA NA Peat Peat Peat aterial Shell Shell Shell Wood Wood Carbon Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal M Nut Shell Nut Shell Nut Shell Hickory nut Hickory Hickory nut Hickory Shell, Conch Marine Shell Human Bone Human Bone Human Bone Bone, human Shell, Hickory nut Shell Hickory

-

2

-

Lake Lake

-

er Glen lt Springs 1 1 1 Springs

Creek Creek Creek 1/2/3: P109 1/2/3: Fish C Palmer Mound Midden Midden Monroe ite Name - Bay West Bay West Bay Windover level S Tick Island Tick Island Tick Island Salt Salt Springs Salt Springs Harris Creek Harris Creek Horr's Island Midden/Tick Midden/Tick Newnan Lake Newnan Lake Newnan Useppa Island Useppa Si Hontoon Dead Dead Hontoon Dead Hontoon Hontoon Dead Dead Hontoon Midden 1/2/3:X169F Groves' Orange Groves' Orange Groves' Orange Republic Grove Republic Taylor/Shapfield Little Sa Little Salt Springs South of Williams P110 Mitchell River Site Mitchell River Site Mitchell River Site

146 - 9652 1155 2226 2215 2260 1835 2170 1103 40276 59804 38182 59805 10764 79843 59803 ------202281 143030 217769 1264 1268 255907 ------ab # ------L M M X9109A X9111A FSU WK9649 UM UM UM UM UM UM UM WK X9112RA GAK 2930 GAK 2931 GAK Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta 264452 Beta 264449 Beta 264447 Beta Beta Beta Beta

ite # S 8HR4 8SE18 8LL51 8SO18 8SO18 8TA32 AL356 AL356 8VO24 8VO24 8VO24 8VO24 8VO24 8JE878 8CR206 8CR200 8CR200 8BR246 8VOXX 8VO214 8VO214 8VO214 8MR123 MR 2322 MR MR 2322 MR 2322 MR 8VO2601 8VO2601 8WL1278 8WL1278 8WL1278

90 65 70 70 80 62 62 50 60 80 50 50 70 80 60 50 80 50 50 105 120 120 105 100 260 510 300 180 150 130 110 One Sigma

ate D 6070 6060 6053 6040 6010 5950 5930 5910 5904 5900 5860 5856 5850 5830 5825 5800 5760 5745 5730 5660 5625 5620 5580 5570 5500 5500 5470 5460 5450 5450 5450 (B.P.) Faught and Waggoner Early to Middle Archaic Transition 175

C inventory Sept.C inventory 2002 Dasovich and Doran 2012 and Doran Dasovich 14

B eference and and Doran 2012 R esearch Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 R ;

94 11 19 1994 1994 Appendix B

Dasovich Dasovich 2011 20

; . . Dasovich and Doran 2012 Dasovich Dasovich and Doran Dasovich 2012 and Doran Dasovich 2012 2011:Appendix 2011:Appendix and Doran Dasovich 2012 2011:Appendix B 2011:Appendix B 2011:Appendix B 2011:Appendix

Dasovich and Doran 2012 . . . . Dasovich and Doran 2012 and Dasovich ; ; rchaeological

ue ue et 2011 al A 88 19

onino 2009 ureau of End Sassaman et al and Doran Dasovich 2012 O'Donough 2011:Appendix B et Sassaman al 2011:Appendix B et Sassaman al et 2011 O'Donoughue al Clausen et 1979 al. and Doran Dasovich 2012 Marquardt 1992; 2009 Endonino Faught andMcGee Wheeler et alO'Donoughue and Doran Dasovich 2012 et alO'Donoughue 1993; Newman andMcGee Wheeler 2000 Deming B previously collected dates; excluded andMcGee Wheeler and Doran Dasovich 2012 Sassaman et al Sassaman et al Sassaman et al Saunders 2010; Saunders 2010; Saunders Sassaman et al 2011: et Sassaman al Doran 2002 Endonino 2009 Endonino

3b, 1 to 1 1.5ft 3b, -

collagen

evel, evel, l

ea

s

ean ean m BAG 137 BAG - and Notes

elow

below surface below

XXII 5 4 VI 9 3 4

- - m b - - p rehistoric shoreline ontext

3 C IV wood, Zone 3, Fs 729. sample will will 729.help wood, Fs 3, sample Zone

-

of

C14 - 3b, 3 - stratum stratum - stratum stratum stratum

evel 9 evel 4 6 l 5

- - - stratum stratum

ckish context age indicates possible inundation age TU5E uid - - evel 14, Lower Shell Midden 14,evel Lower Shell Midden 11,evel Lower Shell Midden 16,evel Lower Shell 18 l l l 60 60_uid 60_uid - - West TU10A C14 TU10A West TU5 West West Feature 6 TU8 West C14 TU10A West TU10AWest

------1B nutshell 1B IA nutshell IA nutshell level - - - C trench, locus 1 Useppa Island, Calusa Ridge Calusa Island, 1 Useppa trench, locus C

elow surface 8VO58 8LA1 8LA1 Horizontal charcoal layer above burial zone, Sq. 2a b Core wood 1b charcoal 8LA1 8LA1 7, EU5 Level TU5 Spring basin, burial, 2 EU1/ OP 8VO58 Wood in bra Zone IV, 8LA1 TU5 Canoe 8LA1 TU7 level concretion of Bottom Zone IV, 13 FS#340 TestLevel A Unit 1982; No number, bar determine inundation Zone IV, 13 / Fea EU7 / Sq. 2a tool in Shell Peat red brown 8LA1West - 8VO58

ood

od k k k oor oor oor ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood o ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood ood O O O P P P G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Quality Very good Very good Very good Very Very g good Very

l

ypress Busycon Peat aterial Shell Shell Shell Wood Wood Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal M Nut Shell Nut Shell Nut Shell Hickory nut Hickory nut Hickory nut Hickory Shell, oyster Bone, human Shell, Wood, C Wood, Charred materia

er er er er er er er

level level level level level level level Tick

Orange Orange 1 1 Wreck Midden Midden Midden ite Name Cheetum Complex Complex Complex Glen Run Glen Run Glen Run Glen Run Glen Run Glen Run Glen Run Windover S Salt Springs Salt Springs Salt Springs Salt Springs Harris Creek Harris Creek Midden/Tick Midden/ Lake MonroeLake Bch. Douglas Useppa Island Useppa Outlet Midden Outlet Thornhill Lake Lake Thornhill Lake Thornhill Thornhill Lake Lake Thornhill Groves' Orange Groves' Orange Groves' DeLeon Springs DeLeon Spencer's Midden Econfina Channel Econfina Little Salt Springs Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mouth of Si Mitchell River Site Mitchell River Site

NA - 3548 50153 39854 59802 59801 65862 14021 - 231051 298847 299734 298848 231050 146749 1270 1265 248527 236137 231052 248528 298849 - - 4696 - - - - ab # NA ------12764 L - A I M M Beta WK 9646 WK 9650 WK Gak Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta 279611 Beta 264451 Beta 264450 Beta 264448 Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

ite # S 8LA1 8LA1 8LA1 8LA1 8LA1 8LA1 8LA1 8SL17 8LL51 8SO18 8VO58 8VO58 8VO30 8VO53 8VO24 8VO24 8VO58 8TA531 8BR246 MR 2322 MR 2322 MR 2322 MR 2322 MR 8DU5623 8VO2601 8DA1058 8VO2601 8VO2601 8WL1278 8WL1278

40 30 40 40 40 50 90 80 80 40 80 50 50 70 80 60 40 40 50 40 50 40 50 100 100 160 110 200 200 100 One Sigma

ate D 5420 5400 5320 5320 5300 5290 5290 5280 5270 5230 5220 5210 5190 5190 5170 5160 5160 5151 5150 5140 5130 5130 5120 5100 5090 5080 5050 5040 5030 5030 (B.P.)