Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) into the Local Land Use Planning System of the Local Government Units (LGU): Framework and Methods

Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) into the Local Land Use Planning System of the Local Government Units (LGU): Framework and Methods

October 2016

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Prepared By:

ECAN Plan Integration and Project Development Division Council for Sustainable Development Staff Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, City, Palawan, 5300 pcsd.gov.ph (048) 433-4235

Photo Credits:

ECAN Zones Management Division ECAN Plan Integration and Project Development Division Wild Expeditions

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Suggested Citation: PCSDS. 2015. Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) into the Local Land Use Planning System of the Local Government Units (LGU): Framework and Methods. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Pricnesa City, Palawan.

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Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... iv List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... vi 1.0. Introduction ...... 1 1.1.The Sustainable Development Framework of Palawan ...... 1 1.2. Administrative Machinery ...... 1 1.3. The ECAN Standard of Sustainable Development ...... 1 2.0. Objective of Mainstreaming ...... 2 3.0. Expected Results ...... 3 4.0. Principles of Mainstreaming ...... 4 4.1. Palawan as Biosphere Reserve ...... 4 4.2. Wise Use of Resources ...... 4 4.3. Disaster Risk Management ...... 4 4.4. Promoting Biodiversity Conservation...... 5 4.5. Partnership and Co-management ...... 5 5.0. Legal Frameworks for Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in Local Land Use Planning Process...... 6 5.1. Legal Basis of Framework ...... 6 5.2. The ECAN Resource Management Plan ...... 7 6.0. ECAN Special Management Areas ...... 7 6.1. Habitats of rare and endangered species ...... 8 6.2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones ...... 8 6.3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest ...... 11 6.4. Tourism Development Areas ...... 12 6.5. NIPAS areas ...... 12 6.6. Other management units ...... 12 6.6.1. Terrestrial zone ...... 12 6.6.2. Coastal/Marine zone ...... 13 7.0. Framework for ECAN Mainstreaming in the Land Use Planning Process ...... 13 7.1. Issues and Concerns Addressed by Mainstreaming ...... 13 7.1.1. Key management issues and concerns ...... 13 7.1.2. Planning issues and concerns ...... 13 7.2. Approach in Mainstreaming ...... 14 7.3. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming ...... 16 ANNEXES ...... 33 Annex A: ECAN as General Land Use Category of Tourism Economic Zone (TEZ) of San Vicente, Palawan...... 34 Annex B: Protected Areas of Palawan ...... 39 Annex C: General Strategy for Horizontal Integration of SEP ECAN Resource Management Plan with CLUP ...... 51

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Benefits exchange, interaction, and material flow among the various ECAN zones to increase resilience, adaptive capacity, and stability of the larger area...... 3 Figure 2. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified) ...... 7 Figure 3. PCSD Declared Tribal Ancestral Zone and Potential TAZ ...... 9 Figure 4. General Entry points of Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in the CLWUP Planning Process 17 Figure 5. Tourism Framework Strategy (CTMP 2014) ...... 35 Figure 6. ECAN Map of TEZ Priority Area and the proposed Integrated Tourism Master Plan . 37 Figure 7. Proposed 50-m easement along the TEZ Priority Area ...... 38 Figure 8. ECAN map of Ursula Island...... 39 Figure 9. ECAN map of El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area ...... 40 Figure 10. ECAN map of National Marine Park ...... 41 Figure 11. ECAN map of Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park ...... 42 Figure 12. ECAN map of Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area ...... 43 Figure 13. ECAN map of Protected Area ...... 44 Figure 14. ECAN map of Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 45 Figure 15. ECAN map of Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape ...... 46 Figure 16. ECAN map of Palawan Flora and Fauna Watershed ...... 47 Figure 17. ECAN map of Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 48 Figure 18. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified)...... 53 Figure 19. The ECAN zones management planning process ...... 53 Figure 20. ECAN-based plans integration framework ...... 54 Figure 21. Institutionalization of the ECAN ...... 55 Figure 22. INTEGRATE process ...... 57 Figure 23. Configuration of biosphere reserve zones...... 64 Figure 24. Terrestrial ECAN zones map of Palawan Province (Kalayaan Municipality, ...... 65 Figure 25. Land management unit (LMU), Pamantolon, Taytay (BSWM-DA and PIADPO, 1988) ...... 88 Figure 26. A proposed general model of a sustainable development project. (Salafsky et al. 2008, modified) ...... 99 Figure 27. Sample Problem Tree 1 ...... 106 Figure 28. The positive reinforcing benefits of SEP-ECAN ...... 115

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List of Tables

Table 1. Proclaimed and potential Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) ...... 9 Table 2. Related Policies on Tribal Ancestral Zone ...... 11 Table 3. Sample of ECAN-Based Activities on TAZ Conserved Area ...... 11 Table 4. NIPAS Areas of Palawan Province ...... 12 Table 5. Alignment matrix of HLURB Zones and ECAN Zones ...... 14 Table 6. CLWUP Chapters and ERMP Chapters ...... 16 Table 7. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) in the Comprehensive ...... 18 Table 8. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant CLWUP ...... 25 Table 9. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant Zoning Ordinance ...... 28 Table 10. Comparison table for SEP ECAN zones and HLURB general land use zones...... 58 Table 11. Issues generated and recommended actions from topology overlays of the ECAN Map and Existing Forest Land Uses in Roxas (FLUP Roxas 2012, modified) ...... 60 Table 12. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of terrestrial ECAN zones ...... 66 Table 13. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of coastal/marine ECAN zones ...... 67 Table 14. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270)...... 69 Table 15. Spatial and non-spatial data sources related to ECAN mapping ...... 70 Table 16. Process flow of ECAN zones map amendment ...... 73 Table 17. Thematic planning modules for use in ECAN planning ...... 85 Table 18. A sector-based list of spatial data needs for sustainable development ...... 86 Table 19. LMU categories, Pamantolon, Taytay ...... 89 Table 20. Soil Type – Land Suitability and Capability Matrix, Pamantolon, Taytay ...... 90 Table 21. Existing, required, and needed forest area for timber and fuelwood (in gha) of Palawan Province ...... 93 Table 22. Major steps of threats and solutions analysis...... 99 Table 23. Sample Solutions Table ...... 107 Table 24. Illustrative recasting of a portion of PA 21 AA into Log Frame ...... 108 Table 25. Sample set of core themes ...... 109 Table 26. Ridge-to-reef management framework of ECAN zones ...... 113 Table 27. Zonal goals, management framework, and objectives of ECAN zoning ...... 114 Table 28. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270) vis a vis general and specific strategies in each zone ...... 115

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1.0. Introduction

1.1. The Sustainable Development Framework of Palawan

Achieving sustainable development for Palawan is already implicit in the 1987 document Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development1 which was the basis of the 1992 landmark legislation called the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act, or Republic Act No. 7611. Its strategy, the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) – a graded system of protection and development control – provided the general physical and policy framework towards sustainable development.

The abovementioned documents provided the framework for sustainable development in the province that complements both economic development and natural resource conservation where development activities support environmental protection. This is primarily because economic development is sustained by the maintenance of “the protective value and productivity of its various ecosystems.” Hence, the ideal course of natural resource conservation is “where people share and enjoy the bounties of nature, where there is no poverty, and where resources are channeled into giving back to nature what has been taken from her.” This framework chooses both paths of environment and development as each of these paths reinforces each other.

A sustainable development economy for Palawan is also defined as a self-sustaining economic system (green economy) that is supportive of environmental protection and natural resource conservation and that brings positive, beneficial impacts to humans. Transitioning to such an economy requires roadmap that is (1) pro-poor and (2) promotes resilience from geo- environmental and economic risks. Particular strategies to build this roadmap include making biodiversity conservation as one major investment portfolio of the province and allowing good governance to serve as the engine of ENR conservation and economic growth that it actually is.

1.2. Administrative Machinery

The machinery tasked to oversee the implementation of the SEP is the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), a multi-sectoral planning, policy-making, and rule-making body. Its Insert Council’s Photo –JSM members include the Governor of Palawan, the Deputy Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority, the Undersecretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the President of the Palawan Chapter of League of Municipalities, Undersecretary of the Department of Agriculture, the Mayor of Puerto Princesa City, the President of the League of Barangays, the Executive Director of PCSD Staff, representatives from the business sector and NGO sector. The Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS) is the regular professional support staff of the Council (PCSD).

1.3. The ECAN Standard of Sustainable Development

In the geographic context of the ECAN, a green economy for Palawan means economic industries co-existing with protected areas. Hence, the ECAN-based strategy means:

1 Hunting Technical Services Limited (England), Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. (Philippines), and Sir M. Macdonald and Partners (England). (1987). Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development. : National Council on Integrated Area Development.

Page | 1 the protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of ECAN Core Zones, the wise use of ECAN Buffer Zones, and the sustainable management of ECAN Multiple Use Zone.

Ultimately, a green economy is one where economic industries side by side with protected areas are well regulated and benefits from them trickle down to the needy and poor. It offers a diversity of sustainable solutions to improve socioeconomic and environmental conditions. The major economic industries of Palawan that will support its green economy are the so-called MOFFAT industries.

M – Mining O – Offshore energy F – Fisheries F – Forestry A – Agriculture T – Tourism

Related to these six Palawan industries, the conditions for the transition to a Philippine Green Economy as enumerated by the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (2012)2 is modified for Palawan as follows:

1. Production or technology innovations to improve efficiency in resource-energy use; 2. Promotion of material reuse or recycling; 3. Reduction of wastes, carbon emissions, effluents, and other pollutants; and 4. Conformity and compliance to the ECAN standards.

The conformity and compliance to the minimum sustainable development standards set by the SEP in Palawan ensures that Palawan is on the right track as it manages the competing land uses through an ECAN-based decision support system.

2.0. Objective of Mainstreaming

The three objectives of mainstreaming are (1) to align local initiatives toward sustainable development, (2) to provide the LGU a unifying platform for the myriad of land use plans and policies being required to be incorporated in the locally mandated plans, and (3) to harmonize SEP and ECAN or integrated it into land use planning system.

The ECAN provides a zoning strategy that is designed to optimize the use of land and waters. It is an integrated map delineating management zones in both land and sea based on a “graded system of protection and development control” in accord with the degree of human disruption that the area can tolerate.3 Core zones can be designated as sanctuaries for threatened species, selected coral reefs, seagrass, reserves, and other significantly important natural ecosystems. On the other hand, Buffer zones and Multiple use zones are open for regulated development. They shield the Core zones, as well as provide livelihood and other opportunities like fishery, mariculture, tourism and recreation, and education and research. Figure 1 illustrates the harmony and interaction among the ECAN zones. Alignment to this standard means aligning activities towards achieving sustainable development.

2 Philippine Council for Sustainable Development. 2012. Assessment of the Philippine Agenda 21, the Prospects for a Green Economy, and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. 3 RA 7611, Sec. 7-11.

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Figure 1. Benefits exchange, interaction, and material flow among the various ECAN zones to increase resilience, adaptive capacity, and stability of the larger area.

ECAN shall be the basis of LGU in the formulation of locally mandated plans such as Comprehensive Land and Water Use plan (CLWUP), Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP), and Annual Investment Plan (AIP). Several intermittent documents prepared in each locality that needs alignment at different level are the Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP), Protected Area Management Plan (PAMP), Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP), and Marine Protected Areas Management Plan (MPAMP).

The myriad of equally important plans and their legal framework weaken the LGU’s commitment in incorporating them in their mandated plans. Hence, a platform is imperative to provide avenue to harmonize these plans that the salient provisions, if not all, are integrated. In addition, the complexities of actors produce difficulty in coordination. SEP/ECAN can be a primary instrument in coordinating the activities of diverse actors and provide coherency in this complexity (Lejano 2001). However, for this to occur, Lejano (2001) recommend that SEP/ECAN should move beyond master planning and into implementation.

3.0. Expected Results

This document is produced based from the results of the implementation of PCSD Guidebooks4 drafted by the PCSD Staff to harmonize ECAN into the local planning processes. These methods were tested at the municipality of San Vicente where an Ecanized CLWUP and Ecanized Zoning Ordinance (ZO) are being drafted; and at the Batak Community of Brgy. Tinitian, Roxas Palawan where a Tribal Ancestral Zone Conserved Area Management Plan is being formulated. Results of these activities will reinforce SEP as a framework and ECAN as the ‘master plan’ of LGU in land use planning.

4 Major references: (1) General Strategy for Horizontal Integration of SEP ECAN Resource Management Plan with CLWUP; (2) Tribal Ancestral Zone Conserve Area Management Plan formulation; and (3) Zoning Ordinance of the City of Puerto Princesa

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4.0. Principles of Mainstreaming

The mainstreaming framework is guided by the following principles:

4.1. Palawan as Biosphere Reserve

In 1990, two years before the passage of the SEP Law, the province was included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program of UNESCO. It is recognized as “[a sample] of the world’s major ecosystem types … devoted to conservation of nature and scientific research in the service of man” and an area that “provides a standard against which can be measured the effects of man’s impact on his environment.”5

Under the 1995 Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves6, a biosphere reserve should strive to be a site of excellence to explore and demonstrate approaches to conservation and sustainable development on a regional scale. The three functions of BRs are (1) biodiversity conservation, (2) development that is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable, and (3) logistical support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, and research and monitoring related to issues of conservation and sustainable development. These functions of BRs are already well integrated into the SEP framework.

4.2. Wise Use of Resources

The Sustainable Development principle adopted by the SEP means the improvement in the quality of life of the present and future generations through the complementation of development and environmental protection activities. This complements other global development framework that is also present in the province such as the “wise use” concept of the Ramsar Convention. The “wise use” Insert photo of PPUR-JSM of wetlands in the Ramsar philosophy is defined as “the maintenance of [a wetland’s] ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development”7. Two sites in Palawan – the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) and the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP)8 – are already included in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.

4.3. Disaster Risk Management

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCA/DDR) into CLWUP is already approved by the HLURB through the Res. No. 14-9159. The processes and methods are stipulated in the approved Supplemental Guideline on Mainstreaming CCA/ DRR in CLWUP. The framework illustrates how the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) is undertaken and how the assessment results are integrated in the CLWUP process.

It should be noted that ECAN is not enough basis for CCA/DRR integration into CLWUP (Candido 2015, pers. comm.). However, there is a strong link between CCA/ DRR and ECAN. For example, in disaster risk reduction planning, the ECAN Core Zone is highly indicative of

5 1990 citation by UNESCO. 6 The Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (1995), Article 3. 7 Ramsar Convention [website]. What is the "wise use" of wetlands? Available at: http://www.ramsar.org/ cda/en/ramsar-about-faqs-what-is-wise-use/main/ramsar/1-36-37%5E7724_4000_0__ [Accessed 21 April 2012]. 8 These two sites are also in the UNESCO list of natural World Heritage Sites. 9 HULRB Res. No. 915 series of 2014 Approving the Supplemental Guidelines for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan

Page | 4 geohazard areas since the layers used in geohazard mapping are also used in ECAN mapping. In addition, the ecological infrastructures, maintained through ECAN, are stock of natural ecosystems and species of Palawan that provide a steady flow of ecosystem goods and services to the people.

Ecological infrastructures such as ECAN Core Zones are frontline defenses against natural disasters. Experience from Typhoon Haiyan has shown that thick canopies of mangrove Core Zones serve as effective natural environmental infrastructure as they act as natural defense of coastal settlements against strong winds and wave surges, reducing exposure of coasts to inundation by waves. Hence, the need for ECAN to be mainstreamed in local planning systems is paramount.

Another essential ecosystem service provided by ECAN zones is the avoidance of erosion. Based on a study by experts from University of the Philippines Los Baños, the cost of damage avoided (based on replacement cost) for soil erosion in Mount Mantalingahan Protected Landscape is quite significant, as much as 57 million pesos per year if the Core Zone is protected from land use change (Cruz et al. 2008).

4.4. Promoting Biodiversity Conservation

Two the goals10 of SEP/ECAN explicitly stipulated in section 7 (3) and (6) have high regard on the biodiversity conservation. These are preservation of biological diversity; and the protection of rare and endangered species and their habitat. This is supplemented by RA 9147 (Wildlife Act) and RA 9072 (Caves Act) – special laws which implementation was vested to PCSD complementing the goal of conserving the country’s wildlife resources and their habitat for sustainability. ECAN is highly concerned on the natural capital for continuous flow of goods and services from biodiversity. This natural base is the basis for the creation of economic wealth delivering four major ecosystem services: regulating, provisioning, cultural, and supporting services.

4.5. Partnership and Co-management

Promoting partnership and co-management enable stakeholders to co-govern the ECAN through participation in planning activities, resource sharing, implementation of ECAN programs and projects identified in the ECAN Plans and its policy guidelines. ECAN landscapes and resources are common interest of the people of Palawan, therefore, its management shall also be shared. ECAN Board – which is created to act in its city or municipal jurisdiction in the same way the Insert Photo of ECAN board in PCSD governs SEP concerns at the provincial level – action-jsm has institutionalized co-management and partnership in ECAN governance to certain extent. Strengthening the Board’s capacities are follow-on activities to ensure sound management of ECAN in their territory. In addition, the PCSD in its inherent capacity, established partnerships with NGOs, POs, Academe, NGAs, business sector and other stakeholders.

10 Section 7 of 7611

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5.0. Legal Frameworks for Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in Local Land Use Planning Process

5.1. Legal Basis of Framework

The conformity of all projects and undertakings in Palawan with the SEP framework is vital in the mainstreaming process since the SEP formulated is effectively the “master plan” for the sustainable development of the province. The enactment of the SEP Law has several legal implications (Sec. 6, RA 7611):

i. The SEP shall serve as the framework to guide government agencies in the formulation and implementation of plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting the environment and natural resources of Palawan. ii. The SEP shall be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan of . iii. All local government units (LGUs) and national government agencies (NGAs) shall coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and policies of the SEP, as administered by the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), the administrative machinery for the implementation of the SEP.

The adoption of the SEP as framework and prescriptive plan was already sanctioned by the law. Under the rubric of SEP, all plans and projects must conform to the zoning requirements of the ECAN. When it comes to environmentally critical projects (ECPs) in environmentally critical areas (ECAs), the regulatory function of the ECAN must be considered to rationalize the entrance of ECPs in the province.

At the provincial level, the planning environment in Palawan is a preponderance of overlapping and interconnected mandates, institutions, and plans governing land use. Figure 1 indicates the relationships of the several planning documents. It shows multi-objective plans being implemented by multi-level institutions. The boxed portion highlights the three possible areas of integration: (1) horizontal integration between the City/Municipal (C/M) ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) and the C/M CLWUP, (2) horizontal integration between the Provincial (P) ERMP and the P CLWUP, and (3) vertical integration from provincial to municipal plans.

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P ECAN Plan

C/M ECAN Plan

Figure 2. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified)

5.2. The ECAN Resource Management Plan

The ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) is a stand-alone document prepared by the Municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of PCSDS. Its primary objective is to guide the long- term sustainable management of the municipally-adopted ECAN Zones. It is formulated independently and need not require to follow the CLWUP formulation process. It can be integrated before or during the updating of the latter plan. It shall serve as the general plan of every municipality or city. Thus, it is another basis of planning activities, such as land use planning, tourism master planning and resource management planning as a whole. Its formulation is outlined in Annex C of this guidebook.

The implementation of ERMP is a joint responsibility of the LGU and PCSDS through the ECAN Board. Its formulation is one of the avenues in harmonizing and aligning the provisions of the SEP into the CLWUP.

5.3. The City/Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan

The Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC or Republic Act 7160) mandates the LGU to co- manage with the state the environment and natural resources within the LGU’s administrative boundary. One important function devolved by the state to LGUs is the enactment of municipal or city Zoning Ordinance based on the formulated CWLUP. The ZO and the CLWUP are the primary bases for the future use of land resources (LGC, Section 20(c)). Its formulation is described in the guidebook of HLURB.

6.0. ECAN Special Management Areas

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Prior to mainstreaming, the site managers/planners should identify first the “special management areas” in their area of operation. These areas are still subject to ECAN zonation but their management may entail “special treatment” owing to specific management plans and management authorities intended for the areas.

These special areas may include the following:

6.1. Habitats of rare and endangered species

Selected areas in Palawan were already designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue of local Insert Photo –jsm resolutions. Examples are portions of Island and Culasian (Rizal) for the critically endangered Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia). At present, habitats of endangered species can be declared as Critical Habitat (CH) guided by PCSD Res. No. 13-48111. This type of habitat can also be declared as ECAN Core Zone as it one of the criterion in identifying such zone.

6.2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of any of the following instruments.

- Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Administrative Orders - Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) - Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC)

11 PCSD Res. 13-481: Confirming the action of executive committee adopting the Guidelines on the Establishment and Management of Critical Habitats

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Figure 3. PCSD Declared Tribal Ancestral Zone and Potential TAZ

Consistent to the IPRA Law, SEP designated Tribal and Ancestral Zones (TAZ) areas traditionally occupied by cultural minorities. These areas shall be treated with the same graded system of control and prohibition except for strong emphasis in cultural considerations, and that the zonation shall fulfill the material and cultural needs of the tribes using consultative processes and cultural mapping of the ancestral lands. Figure 3 shows the location of PCSD declared TAZs as well as the potential areas for TAZ proclamation. The details of which are presented in Table 1. To this effect, the PCSD has issued several guidelines to harmonize the needs of IPs into ECAN (Table 2). Successful attempt in harmonizing ECAN and IP concerns through ECAN planning was done at Brgy.Tinitian, Roxas, Palawan. Workshop results related to zoning were summarized at Table 3. It should be noted that ECAN zones were designated to fulfill the material and cultural needs of the IP community.

Table 1. Proclaimed and potential Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) Name and Location TAZ IP Community Area (ha) So. Daan Aporawan TAZ* 1,700 Barake/ Iraan Tagbanua

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Name and Location TAZ IP Community Area (ha) Cabigaan 13,080 Balabac Agutayan/ Indalawan/ Melville/ Pasig/ Rabor Molbog Bulalacao TAZ* 194 Culandanum/ Igang-igang/ Iwahig/ Sandoval/ Sarong Pala’wan Buliluyan/ / Pandan/ Sebaring/ Puring/ Tagnato Molbog Brooke’s Point Amas TAZ* 725 Maasin/ Mambalot/ Calasaguen Pala’wan Aribungos/ Amas/ Imulnod/ Ipilan/ Mainit/ Oring-oring Pala’wan Busuanga Caluit Tagbanua Buluang Tagbanua San Isidro/ Black Island Tagbanua Coron Coron TAZ* 22, 248 Tara, Malawig, Buenavista Tagbanua Tambon Is. Tagbanua Bulalacao Is. Tagbanua El Nido Calebambangan/ Pical Tagbanua Narra Boong and Dumangueña TAZ* 68.6 Dumangueña, Estrella, Taritien Tagbanua Puerto Princesa City Maoyon, Babuyan & San Rafael* 1,443 Cabayugan* 5,092 So. Cayasan, Tagabinet* 7,530 Isaub/ Kamuning/ Inagawan/ Inag-Sub/ Montible/ Luzviminda Tagbanua Apurawan Tagbanua Macarascas/ Buenavista Tagbanua Irawan Tagbanua Quezon So. Galop, Tagusao TAZ* 314.6 Sowangan Pala’wan Maasin/ Isugod/ Kalatagbak Pala’wan Aramaywan/ Berong Tagbanua Roxas Abaroan TAZ* 896 Tagnipa/ Tinitian Batak Rizal Campung Ulay and Punta Baja TAZ* 15,093 Culasan/ Canipaan/ Latud/ Taburi Pala’wan San Vicente Sto. Nino/ Alemanguan Tagbanua Sofronio Española Isumbo/ Panitian Taytay Yakal and N. Guinlo* 780 *with PCSD Proclamation

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Table 2. Related Policies on Tribal Ancestral Zone Resolution No. Policy Title PCSD Resolution 94-63 Resolution amending PCSD re 94-51 granting preferential rights to indigenous cultural communities in the collection and gathering of minor forest products in Palawan PCSD Resolution 94-51 A policy of giving preferential rights to the ICCs of Palawan to collect and gather minor forest products in the province PCSD Resolution 97-107 Prescribing the interim policy governing the issuance of licenses for the almaciga resin concessions in Palawan PCSD Resolution 04-233 A resolution allowing Almaciga tapping by IPs in the core zone in areas classified by the PCSD as Tribal Ancestral Lands pursuant to sec 11 of RA 7611 Memorandum Circular 05-1 Harmonization of the implementation of IPRA and SEP law for Palawan PCSD Resolution 06-274: Approving harmonization of the implementation of IPRA and SEP law for Palawan PCSD Resolution 08-375 A resolution amending section V, 4.2 (B) of the Joint NCIP- PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-1

Table 3. Sample of ECAN-Based Activities on TAZ Conserved Area Conserve Area* Current ECAN Zone Proposed ECAN Reasons for Zone Zone Updating Dausan Controlled Use Zone Core Zone Sacred Place Paggebgan (Area 1) Restricted and Core Zone Sacred Place Controlled Use Zone Paggebgan (Area 2) Controlled Use Zone Restricted Use Zone NTFP gathering Paggebgan (Area 3) Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone NTFP gathering Paggebgan (Area 4) Controlled Use Zone Traditional Use Zone NTFP gathering, traditional agriculture Paggebgan (Area 5) Controlled Use Zone Multiple Use Zone NTFP gathering, traditional agriculture Pangaroroyan Core Zone Core Zone Sacred Place Balinsasayaw Restricted Use Zone Restricted Use Zone Sacred place Tiubu Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone Livelihood source Kilala Controlled Use Zone Controlled Use Zone Livelihood source Torotoro (Area 1) Core Zone Core Zone Sacred place Torotoro (Area 2) Restricted Use Zone Restricted Use Zone Sacred place Tinimbanan/ Multiple Use Zone Multiple Use Zone Livelihood source Sabunayaw Tagnipa/ Multiple Use Zone Multiple Use Zone Livelihood source Kaybinyutan * Area name in native language (Batak)

6.3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and Insert Photo –jsm anthropological interest

Areas of historical and anthropological significance include the Tabon Cave Reservation in Lipuun Point, Quezon; the Tau’t Bato Reservation in Singnapan Valley, Barangay Ransang, Rizal; the Ile Caves in El Nido; the walled fortresses in Balabac, Cuyo, , Taytay, , etc.; and other similar sites.

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6.4. Tourism Development Areas

These refer to the identified tourism areas of the national and local government units. These are designated tourism areas supported by national and local ordinances. In Palawan, the national government through Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) of the Department of Tourism (DOT) declared the whole municipality of San Vicente as their flagship Tourism Economic Zone (TEZ) (see Annex A for further information). Insert Photo –jsm

A Tourism Master Plan (TMP) was formulated consisting two documents: (1) Integrated Tourism Master Plan (ITMP) and Conceptual Tourism Master Plan (CTMP). This will guide the tourism development for the whole municipality. A closer look at the zoning strategy of TMP, ECAN zonation and the PCSD Res. 05-250 were used as primary reference in designating tourism zones and the allowable activities in each zone.

6.5. NIPAS areas

These refer to protected areas declared under the National Integrated Protected Areas System. Table 4 below is a list of large-scale protected areas in Palawan.

Table 4. NIPAS Areas of Palawan Province Protected Area Municipality Location Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Busuanga Sanctuary (CGPWS) Coron Island Protected Landscape Coron Coron Island El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource El Nido, Taytay Portions of El Nido and Protected Area Taytay Municipalities Malampaya Sound Protected Landscape Taytay Taytay and Seascape Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Puerto Princesa City Northwestern Puerto National Park (PPSRNP) Princesa City Palawan Flora, Fauna and Watershed Puerto Princesa City Barangay Irawan Reserve (PFFWR) / Irawan Watershed Reserve Rasa Island Wildlife Reserve Narra Rasa Island Mount Mantalingahan Protected Quezon, Rizal, Mantalingahan Landscape (MMPL) Española, Brooke’s Mountain Range Point, Bataraza Ursula Island Bird Sanctuary Bataraza Ursula Island, Sulu Sea

Zoning strategy of PAs in the province closely followed the ECAN Zones. In fact, the PAs in the province had adopted the ECAN Zones as the PA Zones (refer to Annex B).

6.6. Other management units 6.6.1. Terrestrial zone  Watershed reserves or forest reserves  Municipal parks (terrestrial)  Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA)  Communal Forest areas  ISF and other forest-related tenurial instruments

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6.6.2. Coastal/Marine zone  Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem reserves – may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass, and  Communal fishing grounds  Municipal waters – covering the 15 kilometer limit from the shoreline  Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA)  Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species – e.g., turtle nesting sites

Planning for these Special Management Areas cannot be monopolized by one agency or one group of stakeholder. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in order for the plan to gain total acceptance by the affected communities and management authorities.

7.0. Framework for ECAN Mainstreaming in the Land Use Planning Process

7.1. Issues and Concerns Addressed by Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming addresses key conservation and development issues on ECAN landscapes and resources in the province. Each locality is faced with differing practical realities, thus ECAN should be contextualized with each specific concerns. The following are some of the major issues and concerns to be considered in mainstreaming process.

7.1.1. Key management issues and concerns  Urbanization of city/municipal centers where there is no in-placed environmental safeguards established thereby polluting adjacent coastal and forest ecosystems  Tourism boom that increases the demand for ecosystem services and goods. Unregulated tourism industry also cause environmental degradation (pollution, tourist attraction destruction)  Borderless trade under BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East Asia Growth Area)  Population growth due to natural birth and in-migration leading to increase demand of natural resources and encroachment in natural forests  Climate change impacts and natural disaster risks (coral bleaching, wildfires, species lost)  Land use change/ land conversion (e.g., proliferation of plantations into timberland)  Biodiversity loss (resource extraction, wildlife poaching, encroachment by settlements in Core and Restricted Zones and other biodiversity rich areas, multiple and conflicting land uses in biodiversity rich area)

7.1.2. Planning issues and concerns  Competency of LGU planners in ECAN planning and management (technical capacities in integrating different plans)  Availability of information and the cost of gathering data relevant to ECAN  Presence of ECAN policies although guidelines in mainstreaming them into CLWUP, CDP and AIP is lacking  Weak coordination among agencies with stake in preparation of land use plan (DENR, HLURB, NCIP)  Planning fatigue due to numerous and simultaneous integration of different important concerns (CCA/DDR, FLUP, ADSDPP, PAMP, Gender, MPAMP, CH, Etc.)

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7.2. Approach in Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming ECAN into CLWUP requires overlaying of different concerns (plans and maps) stated in previous sections into the adopted municipal ECAN Map. This will check the compliance of different municipal plans to the ECAN map and will identify possible conflicts in land uses needing resolutions. It also requires information from recent studies that can be located on the ground and that will affect the configuration of ECAN. Table 5 shows the physical integration of land use zones CLWUP suggested by the HLURB and ECAN zones. As earlier stated, CLWUP Zones should be aligned with the ECAN Zones.

Table 5. Alignment matrix of HLURB Zones and ECAN Zones

Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB) zone Zone Zone Zone Core Zone Core Zone Transition/ Sustainable/ Buffer zone General use Coastal/Marine

Restricted Use Multiple Use Zone Controlled Use Traditional Use 1. General Residential Zone (GRZ) - An area within a city or municipality for dwelling/ housing x x x x √ x x x purposes 2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ) - Shall be used principally for socialized housing/ dwelling purposes for the underprivileged and homeless as x x x x √ x x x defined in RA 7279 3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x √ x x x density of 20 dwelling units and below per hectare

4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x x √ x x x density of 21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare

5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3)- A subdivision of an area principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a density of 66 or more x x x x √ x x x dwelling units per hectare 6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ) -An area within a city or municipality for trading/ services/ x x x x √ x x x business purposes 7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1)-An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for trade, services and business x x x x √ x x x activities ordinarily referred to as the Central Business District 8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C-2) -An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY with quasi-trade business activities and service industries performing complementary/ x x x x √ x x x supplementary functions to principally commercial zone (CBD) 9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3)- An area within a city or municipality intended for regional shopping centers such as large malls and other commercial activities which are regional in scope or where market activities generate traffic and require utilities and services that extend x x x x √ x x x beyond local boundaries and requires metropolitan level development planning and implementation. E.g. high rise hotels, sports stadium or sports complexes are also allowable in this zone

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Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB) zone Zone Zone Zone Core Zone Core Zone Transition/ Sustainable/ Buffer zone General use Coastal/Marine

Restricted Use Multiple Use Zone Controlled Use Traditional Use 10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: x x x x √ x x x a. non-pollutive/ non-hazardous b. non-pollutive/ hazardous 11. Medium Industrial Zone (I-2) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: x x x x √ x x x a. pollutive/ non-hazardous b. pollutive/ hazardous 12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: a. Highly pollutive/ non-hazardous b. Highly pollutive/ hazardous x x x x √ x x x c. Highly pollutive/ extremely hazardous d. Pollutive/ extremely hazardous e. Non-pollutive/extremely hazardous 13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for general types of institutional establishments e.g. government offices, schools, x x x x √ x x x hospital/ clinics, academic/research, convention centers 14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for particular types of institutional establishments e.g. welfare homes, orphanages, x x x x √ x x x home for the aged, rehabilitation and training centers, military camps/ reservation/ bases/ training grounds, etc. 15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED for cultivation/ fishing and pastoral activities (e.g. x x x x √ x √ √ fish, farming, cultivation of crops, goats/ cattle raising etc.) 16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for integrated farm operations and related product processing x x x x √ x x x activities such as plantation for bananas, pineapple, sugar, etc. 17. Forest Zone (FZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for √ √ √ √ √ √ x x forest purposes 18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ) -An area designed for diversion/ amusements and for the maintenance of ecological balance of the x x x x √ x √ x community 19. Water Zone (WZ) - Are bodies of water WITHIN CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES which include rivers, streams, lakes and seas x x x √ √ x √ √ except those included in other zone classification 20. Tourist Zone (TZ) - Are sites within cities and municipalities endowed with natural or manmade physical attributes and resources that are * * * * √ * √ √ conducive to recreation, leisure and other wholesome activities

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Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB) zone Zone Zone Zone Core Zone Core Zone Transition/ Sustainable/ Buffer zone General use Coastal/Marine

Restricted Use Multiple Use Zone Controlled Use Traditional Use

* soft impact tourism only as defined in PCSD Res. 06-270

Another level of mainstreaming ECAN is integrating programs and projects identified in the ERMP into the CLWUP. Moreover, there are sections in the ERMP that can be migrated or used in the chapters/ sections of the CLWUP. Table 6 shows the link between the ERMP and CLWUP.

Table 6. CLWUP Chapters and ERMP Chapters CLWUP/ZO Chapter/ Planning Process ERM Plan Chapter/ Contents Sections Profiling Municipal Profile: Inputs to CLWUP profiling 1. Geographic Location and Area and situation analysis 2. Physical Environment with identified Special Management Area 3. Biological Environment 4. Social, Cultural and Economic Profile 5. Land and Water Use Profile 6. Ecological footprint (carrying capacity) Situational 1. Integrated Threats Analysis Inputs to CLWUP/CDP Analysis situation analysis Management Plan 1. Sectoral Goals and Objectives 1. Inputs to CLWUP Vision Formulation 2. ECAN Management Strategies and Mission 3. Harmonized ECAN Zones and HLURB 2. Spatial strategies Zones (ECAN Zones) 3. Zoning scheme 4. Management standards & guidelines 4. Use regulations 5. Management structure & institutional 5. Institution and governance arrangement (ECAN Board) 6. Programs and projects Implementation Work Plan of identified programs and Implementation plan Planning responsible agency Investment Plan Monitoring and Evaluation

7.3. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming

The process of mainstreaming ECAN is consistent to the land use planning process prescribed by the HLURB. It will follow the existing 12-step process based on existing guidelines12 prescribed for the LGU. This process is widely known and accepted by the LGUs and it is practical that mainstreaming ECAN will be facilitated in the same process they are familiar with. Figure 4 describes the general information to be incorporated in the local planning process whereas table 7 provides specific data to be mainstreamed in each of the processes. This is supplemented by Tables 8 and 9 suggesting matrices for drafting Ecanized CLWUP and Ecanized ZO.

12 HLURB 2013. CLWUP Guidebook: A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation. Vol. 1

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ECAN mapping and integration Data SEP of SEP ECAN gathering principles of objectives SD

ECAN zones as basis of general land use zones; ECAN management framework as basis of land use strategies

Implementation Policies and of ECAN guidelines Program in the compliant to E-CLUP SEP ECAN

Figure 4. Entry points of Mainstreaming SEP/ECAN in the CLWUP Planning Process

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Table 7. Guide Matrix for Mainstreaming the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) in the Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP) Process – modified version Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 1 Getting organized CLWUP Organization - Determine the level of CLWUP's - Legal mandate (SEP 7611) - Organization & Meeting of planning team -Organization & Meeting of alignment/ conformity to ECAN (if - Revised ECAN guidelines (PCSD (Planning team of MPDO and PCSD planning team (Planning team CLWUP is already finished) Resolution No. 05-250 & 06-270) and - TWG membership of PPDO,MPDO and PCSD) - Organize/ reconstitute TWG (PCSDS as a other ECAN policies - ECAN Board to endorse to LGU the -Getting endorsement/ member) - Operationalization of ECAN board ECANization of CLWUP including its approval from SP/SB - ECAN board to propose and plan (PCSD AO 10 s. 2005) through budgetary requirements -Preparation of Work Mainstreaming SD and ECAN into Municipal/City ordinance or resolution Program CLWUP - Assess the compliance to SEP Framework (SD) (if CLWUP is finished)

2 Identify stakeholders Stakeholders’ Analysis - List of stakeholders - ECAN Board members - Conduct workshop/s to identify -Listing of stakeholders - comparison of ECAN board14 and CLWUP - Legal mandate on ECANization stakeholders to be involved in the planning -Action Planning stakeholder’s15 composition and other - CLWUP Guidelines activities -Information dissemination concerned agencies - IEC materials emphasizing messages - Conduct of stakeholders’ analysis - Implement IEC plan on CLWUP- ECAN on the significance of SEP and ECAN - Basic information materials on integration strategy mainstreaming ECAN into CLWUP - PA 21 stakeholders16 (Basic sectors and - Prepare action plan for involving Intermediaries) stakeholders in planning

3 Setting the Vision Vision and Mission - Inclusion of SEP Mission17 and Vision18 - SEP Law - Stakeholders’ Visioning and Mission -Conduct of visioning - Inclusion of SD19 goals in the vision - PCSD Res. 05-250 workshop workshops statement - PSDSAP - Revisit vision to include sustainable

13 Methods are flexible and will be based on the approved budget of the LGU aassuming that the LGU will take the lead role on the updating/ revision of CLWUP 14 ECAN Board composition (PCSD AO 10 Sec. 7): (1) City/ Municipal Mayor/local chief executive, (2) vice mayor, (3) PCSDS DM/Rep, (4) C/MPDO, (5) President of League of Brgys., (6) Chairperson of SB/SP Committee on Environment, (7) C/M ENRO, (8) DENR-CENRO Rep, (9) NGO/PO Rep, (10) IP Rep, (11) Rep from other necessary agencies/sectors such as SK, DAR, NCIP, PNP, AFP, Academe, Business, Women, etc. 15 CLWUP stakeholders may include the ff: (1)Planning Team, (2) Local Development Council (LDC) members, (3) Local executives, legislators, special bodies, (4) Community, (5) Non-resident employees/ workers, (6) Private utility companies, (7) NGO, (8) NGA 16 Basic Sectors = farmers and landless rural workers, fisherfolk, indigenous peoples, urban poor, and other disadvantaged groups such as workers in the informal sector, children and youth, persons with disabilities, elderly, disaster victims and overseas contract workers; Intermediaries = formal institutions that include the national and local government units, business and private sectors, non-government organizations, church-based organizations, civic groups and professional associations, mass media and the international community 17 To be the professional executing agency for the PCSD in pursuance of Republic Act 7611, the SEP, which aims to promote development, conservation, management, protection and utilization of the natural resources of Palawan for the present and future generations 18 To be a united, committed and competent partner in development through holistic integration of environmental protection with relevant land use planning and rational use of Palawan's natural resources with the SEP Framework in order to improve the quality of life in Palawan 19 means the improvement in the quality of life of the present and future generations through the complementation of development and environmental protection activities

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 -Adoption of Vision and - Refined SDGs as applicable to development goals (SDGs) informing the public Palawan - Local communities, government institutions, NGOs, academe and the private sector participate in the process of vision and mission statement formulation 4 Situation Analysis Situation analysis - Collection of ECAN-related information - Sectoral Studies and Physical/land use - Conduct workshop and consultations/ -Sectoral Studies and (topography, slope, critical habitats, studies FGDs/ KII Physical/land use studies species, critical watersheds, land use/land - ECAN Map - Inclusion of ECAN-related -Base map preparation cover, land classification, SMAs, etc.) - Studies on ECAN-related biophysical data/information into the sectoral studies -Data gathering and land use - Collection of existing environmental information - ECAN-related issues with proposed surveys researches - Thematic maps solutions -Mapping of results - Identifying ECAN-related issues, needs, - Results of consultation/validation (if - Below is related to goals/objectives setting -Consultation/ Validation and potential with spatial component sectoral studies are already finished) 1. Ecological viability workshops - Participatory 3-D Modeling20 (optional) - Collection of data from EMES (water - set of checklist based on PCSD Res. 05- -Needs/Issues analysis and - Ancestral mapping of IPs/Tribal Areas quality, rainfall, coastal resources 250 & 06-270 (this will determine projections condition) allowable activities in each zone) -Cross sectoral analysis and - Situational Analysis in the ERMP 2. Social Acceptability integration - Table 4 of this guidebook (a) participatory process; (b) committed to support SD; (c) equity in access to resources and benefits (can look in the process of consultations/ validation) 3. Integrated approach = holistic view a) City/ Municipality Physical and - Presence of terrestrial and aquatic - ECAN Zones Map with descriptions of - Stakeholders’ participation and validation Profiling socioeconomic profile. (freshwater and marine) biodiversity- rich locations and statistical distribution of in area profiling through consultation/ -Geo-physical areas: location, extent and present status zones are made a part of the Locality FGDs/ workshop environment and (PA or KBA/CH). Profile - Inclusion ECAN map in the area profile natural resources - Local ordinances on environment and - Zones for biodiversity conservation - Description each zones and their -Population and Social natural resources conservation - Areas for upland stabilization significance. Services - Presence of thematic map or zoning map - Lowland and urban area management - Compilation and summary of existing -Local Economy - Ancestral mapping of IPs/Tribal Areas - CRM + MPA Management local ordinances on sustainable -Infrastructure and - Local efforts to pursue SD goals - Data including maps on protected development Physical base - Local efforts to harmonize ECAN-related areas and KBAs/CHs - Description of efforts (local policies, -Institutional capability policies - Results of biodiversity assessment programs, projects and activities) of Refer to DILG - Participatory 3-D Modeling studies LGUs, national government agencies, Guidelines on - PCSD Policies on zoning NGOs and other locally-based

20 Adapted from Participatory 3-Dimensional Modeling: Guiding Principles and Applications

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 Ecological Profiling - Local ordinances on SD organizations on attaining SD in the for details - Inventory of legislations, programs, municipality projects and activities undertaken in - Creation of a 3-D relief model of the the locality to pursue SD municipality (optional)

b) Situation Analysis Area and sectoral: - Activities and land uses causing - Existing land uses and all activities near - Overlay of maps of all existing land uses -Issues & Problems degradation of ecosystems and within important ECAN Zones and zoning maps and note the spatial -Gaps & constraints - Growing threats to PA/KBA/CH - Existing and proposed development direction of agriculture, commercial and identification and - ECAN Zone-Land use conflicts and activities and projects near or within settlements or urban expansion in general analysis measures undertaken to resolve such Core and Restricted Use Zones - Overlay of proposed development projects - Zonal conflicts conflicts - Existing policies, plans & programs on with ECAN map - Institutional conflicts - Gaps and constraints in resolving issues each sector - Impact assessment of existing land use and problems ECAN zone (policies, and proposed development projects on institutional and technical constraints). each ECAN zones (inclusion of EIA results to the planning process) - Asses existing policies, plans & programs related to SD - Assess local institutional capacity to plan and implement SD plans, programs and projects - Stakeholders’ participation and validation in issues and gaps assessment Development - Existence and status ECAN zoning (05-250) - LGU control map – DENR, LGU and - Overlay of proposed development projects potentials and - Location of multiple, buffer and core zones PAMB within the LGU control map constraints: - ECAN Zones Map (detailed per - Map of areas (strict protection zone) where barangay) any form of development is not allowed - Permitted and disallowed uses per zonal - Map of areas (buffer and multiple use type (PCSD Res. 05-250 and PCSD AO zones) where certain land uses and 6) activities are allowed - Stakeholders’ participation and validation in development potentials and constraints mapping 5 Setting the Goals and Setting of goals and - Setting of goals and objectives for - PDPFP, RPFP, FLUP, CRMP, - Inclusion of the goals and objectives on Objectives objectives sustainable development MDRRMP, MSWMP, CCAP, TMP, SD in plans or related documents based on -Goals and objectives PSDSAP, PBSAP, etc. the results of the situational analysis formulation workshops - RA 7611, ECAN guidelines - Stakeholders’ consultation on goals and - Ecological Footprint objective setting

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 - Sectoral goals and objectives in the ERMP

6 Establishing Desired Spatial development - Parameters and criteria in zoning of ECAN - Executive Legelative Agenda (ELA), - Overlaying of maps Development Thrusts and strategies (Alternative terrestrial, coastal and tribal zones as MTDP - Consultation with stakeholders to build Defining Spatial Strategies spatial strategies) identified in RA 7611, PCSD Res. 05-250, - Slope Map consensus and other PCSD ECAN policy issuances - Land Cover - Ground validation if necessary - Topographic map - Maps of PA/KBA/CH and SMAs - Topographic map - Area (ha) of each zone - Table 4 of this guidebook Sectoral development - Integration of ECAN policies related to - ECAN Policies related to each sector - Review of ECAN policies related to each strategies and policies agriculture, forestry, fishery, IPs and sector Ancestral domains, Tourism - Consultation with stakeholders to build consensus 7 Preparing the Land Use Development - Location and extent of ECAN zones - Maps of ECAN zones - Plotting of ECAN map on existing land Plan constraints and - Developmental activities in the allowable - Proposed Zone per HLURB definition use map development suitable ECAN zones - Allowable activities per PCSD Res. 05- - Digitizing and/or overlay of new/ existing areas - Integration of Ecological Footprint 250 (Sec 10 & 12; PCSD Res. 06-270) maps including those with conflict to - Conflicting land uses with ECAN and - PCSD AO 6 ECAN suggested measures to address them - Hazard map, CCA Studies - Determine suitable uses in multiple use - Table 4 of this guidebook zone - Preparation of proposed land use map integrating ECAN concerns - Stakeholders’ participation on mapping of development constrained and development suitable areas Projected demand for - Exclusion of ECAN Core and restricted use - Detailed maps of ECAN zones per - Measurement of spatial extent of each land to meet sectoral zones in supply inventory of available lands barangay zone development needs and for development (not soft-impact) - Existing Land Use map, approved - Measurement of spatial extent of multiple projected population - Exclusion of other biodiversity-rich and zoning map of LGU and traditional use zone for agriculture and critical areas such as KBA/ M/PA/ CH - Zoning of KBA/PA/CH, FLU, forest production and settlements - Exclusion of reserve areas Reservation sites, MPA development - PCSD 05-250, AO 6, TAZ and SMAs - Stakeholders’ participation on land - Table 4 of this guidebook demand and supply assessment Existing land use and Detailed Land use planning in ECAN - Existing land use and activities in the - Overlay existing land use map with ECAN

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 preferred spatial Multiple Use Zone peripheries and inside Core and Map strategies (preferred - Potential impacts of the existing land use Restricted Use Zone, PA/CH/KBA, - Overlay existing land use map with PA urban form) trend and pattern and spatial growth FLU, MPA and CH/AIBC map and zonation map strategies (Preferred Urban Form) on - Monitoring report of EMED when available ecological services of ecosystems - Valuation studies and Cost-benefit - Assessment of potential impacts of - Strategies and measures to manage the analysis and other reference materials existing land use and spatial strategies impacts of urban and sectoral development - Management and mitigation of adverse (preferred urban growth form) on on ecosystems impacts of land uses – EIA safeguards ecological services of ecosystems - Cost-benefits analysis of the entry of and related studies - Identification of strategies and measures to economic industries (e.i. tourism, mining, - Vulnerability and hazard maps manage the impacts of urban and sectoral agricultural) to ecosystems - Table 4 of this guidebook development on ecosystems - PCSD 05-250 - Stakeholders’ participation on spatial strategy formulation and impact assessment Proposed land use plan - Proposed suitable land uses in ECAN - ECAN zones map - Overlay ECAN Core and Restricted (general and urban land multiple, traditional and Controlled use - M/PA/ CH map Zones, PA/CH/KBA in proposed land use use plan – land zones - Zonation map map allocation to different - Delineation of ECAN Core and Restricted - Existing land uses – multiple and buffer - Overlay existing land use in ECAN uses) Use zones, PA/ CH/ KBA/ TAZ/ in zones – DENR-PAWB, PAMB and Multiple, Traditional, Controlled Use proposed land use map CLWUP – LGU Zones and determine suitable land uses - Proposed compatible land uses in ECAN - Results of community mapping from (PCSD Res. 05-250 & PCSD Res. 06-270) multiple, traditional and Controlled use BLUP (if available) and other from - Stakeholders’ participation in zones other land use consultation determining proposed land uses in - FLUP multiple and buffer zones (controlled and traditional) 8 Drafting the Zoning Zoning scheme and - Integration of SEP/ ECAN zonation in the - ECAN Zones, PA/CH/ KBA zonation - Overlay of ECAN zones; M/PA/ CH/ Ordinance zoning ordinance city/municipal zoning scheme and - City/Municipal Zoning map (existing KBA zonation and city/municipal zoning ordinance and proposed) – CLWUP – LGU for integration. ECAN Core & Restricted - Establishment of land use regulations for - Allowable and prohibited land uses and Use the zonal types of ECAN activities on ECAN zonation classes; - Integration of ECAN zoning regulations - Coordination between ECAN Board and PA/KBA/CH/ FLU zonation classes (05-250 & 06-270) in the city/municipal the City/Municipal Council for the - Zoning regulations for each zone for zoning ordinance and resolution of enforcement of zoning including urban and general land uses – Zoning conflicts or incompatibilities in other permitting system and locational clearance ordinance (existing and proposed) – zones LGU; PCSD Res. 05-250 and PCSD - Agreement between the ECAN Board and environment-related polices Local Decision body (e.g.,Sangunian - ECAN Board composition and Bayan) on the zoning scheme and responsibilities ordinance

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 - City/municipal Council composition - Identify allowable uses in multiple and and responsibilities – LGU buffer zones (controlled and traditional zones) 9 Conduct of Public Hearing Review and approval - Highlighting ECAN system as basis for - Proposed CLWUP and ZO with ECAN - Conduct of public hearing on proposed -Conduct of Public Hearings of CLWUP and Zoning CLWUP concerns mainstreamed CLWUP and ZO with harmonized land and Consultation Ordinance use and zoning to get comments from -Refinement of Draft stakeholders CLWUP and ZO - Incorporate agreed changes in the CLWUP and ZO 10 CLWUP Review/Adoption Review and approval - ECAN strategy is maintained in the - Revised proposed CLWUP and ZO with - Presentation to SP/SB for review and and Approval of CLWUP and Zoning refinement, review and approval process inputs from stakeholders resulting from adoption integrating ECAN strategy -Endorsement for review of Ordinance - See flowchart (Annex A) approval is the public hearing - Refinement of CLWUP and ZO based on appropriate body dependent on the review and approval of the comments and suggestions of *Conduct of review by SB/ SP/ PLUC PLUC/RLUC and HLURB for Highly appropriate body Urbanized Cities and Independent *Return of CLWUP to LGU Component Cities. for refinement - Obtain approval of the Sangguniang *Refinement of CLWUP Panlalawigan or HLURB of the revised *SB/SP Adoption of refined CLWUP and ZO CLWUP 11 Implementing the CLWUP CLWUP - Include ECAN strategy/programs - Proposed ECAN strategy programs - Coordinate with the ECAN Board on the -Strict implementation of the Implementation Plan identified at the ERMP that can be approved by stakeholders including implementation of the CLWUP and ZO ECANized CLWUP / zoning implemented by LGUs. DENR, HLURB and LGUs. - Conduct IEC for Barangay LGUs and ordinance - Establish organization and coordination communities mechanisms between LGU and PCSD/S to implement CLWUP and ZO with ECAN components Programs Identification Sectoral development - ECAN Management programs in ERMP/ - ERMP, Catchment Management Plans, - Identification of programs to address programs PSDSAP integrated into CLWUP Cave Management Plan, CH issues and problems including threats to Cross-cutting programs Management Plan, River Management ecosystems Plan and related documents - Incorporation of EZP (if available) in the - PCSD 05-250, 06-270 and other PCSD Environmental Management Sector of the programs CLWUP - Participation of ECAN Board and Sangunian Bayan in the identification and selection of ecosystems conservation programs Projects Identification and Proposed projects and - ECAN strategies are identified and - Proposed ECAN programs and projects - Identification of projects addressing

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Entry Points What to mainstream How to mainstream Step HLURB Planning Process Plan Chapter ECAN Concerns Data inputs needed and sources Process and Methods of Mainstreaming13 Prioritization priority list prioritized for funding and implementation critical issues and problems by LGUs - ERMP (if available), Caves - Criteria and rating for project prioritization Management Plan, River, etc. - Identification of sources and establishment of fund for identified ECAN projects (e.g., user charges and fees, payment for ecological services, donors’ grants, etc.) - Participation of Local Development Council in the selection and prioritization of projects 12 Monitoring, reviewing and Monitoring and - Establish indicators for compliance and - Allowable activities per PCSD Res. 05- - Formulate M&E indicators and Evaluating the CLWUP Evaluation of CLWUP impact monitoring and evaluation of 250; ERMP (if available) implementation system for ECAN and ZO ECAN concerns in the CLWUP and component Zoning ordinance - Base the M&E indicators on the local development indicators or local development watch indicators of DILG and EMES (to be developed) - Establish partnership mechanism and operational guidelines with ECAN Board in the implementation of the M&E for ECAN Establishing and Monitoring and - ECAN strategies are properly implemented - Monitoring and performance evaluation - Monitoring system for ECAN Zones Implementing the M&E evaluation system system for ECAN programs and established and integrated into the system - Performance of ECAN programs and projects (05-250, River Management CLWUP implementation plan projects are determined Plans, Catchment, CH, etc.) - Criteria for evaluating performance of ECAN Strategy established and integrated - Land use changes in ECAN are monitored - Benchmark data for M&E from existing into the CLWUP implementation plan and regulated plans - Performance evaluation system measures program success and effectiveness. - Land use maps (historical record) - Tracking of land use changes, trends and spatial directions - Participation of LGU planners in the design and implementation of the M&E system

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Table 8. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant CLWUP21 Topic Content Description (Sample thematic map) PRELIMINARY PAGES Messages Resolution adopting the Ecanized CLWUP and enacting the Ecanized ZO

Foreword  Explain purpose, context and limitations of the proposed Ecanized CLWUP

 Legal and enabling ordinance or guidelines adopted or complied with in the preparation of the proposed CLWUP a. Legal and institutional mandate for Land Use Planning - Include RA 7611 and its legal implications. Refer to Section 6 of RA 7611 b. Framework for CLWUP (provide section for ECAN as general physical framework - Framework or mainstreaming ECAN in CLWUP Guide matrix c. Planning standards, building codes, building permitting process, and zoning requirements - Include ECAN Regulations related to zoning – PCSD Res. 05-250, 06-270, AO 6)

 Significant(new) insights and areas adopted or included in the new CLWUP compared to previous/existing CLWUP (i.e. inclusion of climate change/disaster risk/threats; adoption of integrated eco-systems approach (i.e. ridge-to-reef); Citizen Report Card, and other significant changes not seen from previous/existing CLWUP) Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Maps List of Figures List of Tables List of Acronyms and Glossary of Terms I. BRIEF PROFILE OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY (GENERAL INFORMATION) A. Brief History  LGU legal and socio-cultural history  Inter-LGU and Inter-governmental bodies existing  Other significant local institutional and governance platforms and programs adopted/innovations - Include the creation and operation of ECAN Board as management body implementing the SEP  Recent recognition and awards obtained from international/national/regional or private award giving bodies B. Demographic Profile  Brief summary of the population: total, composition, distribution and projection C. Geographic location  Brief profile of watershed/sub-watershed coverage, its equivalent to ECAN system and locations under which the LGUs is part of from its headwaters down to catchment and outflow areas in the coastal/municipal waters  Significant national or regional/sub-national characteristics or value (e.g. biodiversity, cultural-historical, traditional, or functional) of local watershed/sub-watershed ecosystems of the LGU  Watershed/sub-watershed map covering the political boundaries of LGUs within the watershed at1:50,000; barangay political

21 CLUP Template of HLURB modified to conform with ECAN and SEP

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Topic Content Description (Sample thematic map) boundaries within the LGU and the watershed/sub-watershed divide covered at1:20,000)  Note: Suggested scale for watershed/sub-watershed level at1:50,000; within LGU jurisdiction at1:20,000 or at suitable scale Territorial jurisdiction and  Physical and locational characteristics, including land area, Barangay subdivision boundaries, covered barangays, etc. A. Physical Features and Summary description of the natural biophysical environment (see Environmental Condition content list in Vol.3 of the CLWUP document “Sectoral and Special Area Studies”)  All relevant thematic and sectoral maps, ECAN map, vegetative cover, contour, drainage/flooding, general land use, tenurial conditions, hazards, climate risk/disaster risk projection maps, etc. at suitable scale  Projection and expansion thematic maps and coverage areas, etc. at suitable scale B. Existing Land Use and Land Use  Major trends/shifts in land tenure (i.e. CADC/CADT Trends issuance)/conversion arrangements (i.e. establishments of special economic zones/industrial areas)  Report of level of CLWUP target outcomes reached in the implementation of previous/current CLWUP  Impact of shift/trend in the ECAN zones  Issues, gaps, challenges and accomplishments achieved in previous/current CLWUP implementation C. Infrastructure, Facilities and  Includes major physical infrastructure projects (i.e. major Utilities dams/energy facilities, regional/sub-national transport/road D. Transportation/ Road Network network and facilities, etc.) E. Social Services facilities/  Infrastructure and road network maps at 1:50,000 (provincial- utilities/ amenities municipal); municipal/city-level local road network at 1:20,000 F. Agriculture and Agri- Industry or suitable scale Facilities  Overlay of items C to I on the ECAN Zones G. Power, Water, Communication Network H. Waste Management I. Economic Structure Economic Base a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary J. Development Constraints: Priority  Issues, gaps, challenges and opportunities seen from the existing issues and concerns baseline levels and projection/estimates of key LGU conditions K. Comparative Advantages and and how the LGUs intended to address these Competitive Edge  Benefits of complying to the standards of SEP/ ECAN L. Functional Role of the  Nature of constraints/conflicts of development to ECAN Zones, City/Municipality policies and regulations and suggested measures to address these  Land use-related impacts of major climate-related or geophysical disaster events or occurrence during the current CLWUP implementation period I. THE COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN A. Vision, Mission, Goals and  Agreed upon CLWUP vision, goals, objectives and development Objectives thrusts  Key new or significant elements of proposed CLWUP vision; highlights and difference from current CLWUP  Inclusion of SD principles in the context of SEP and ECAN B. Development Strategies  Potential direct/indirect impacts of proposed national/ regional/ provincial plans and targets  Agreed upon CLWUP development outcome and output indicators  Proposed development thrust and spatial strategies and options

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Topic Content Description (Sample thematic map)  Analysis and evaluation of development thrusts and spatial strategies and options C. Development Concept and  Proposed CLWUP Outcome and Output Indicators Structure Plan (text and map)  Targeted Land Use Allocation and Proposed Expansion/ Recovery/ Rehabilitation Areas/ ECAN allocation per zone  Proposed Concept Map and Structure Plan (with several options)  Over-all land use allocation areas and expansion/threat areas (i.e. bubble maps/ schematic maps) D. The Land Use Plan (Text and Proposed Land Use Plan and Map Map Format)  Detailed land use allocation and sectoral maps including ECAN map and its proposed revision (upgrading and downgrading)  Sectoral and special areas plans and maps such as ancestral lands, cultural/heritage zones, biodiversity corridors, protected areas/land and seascapes, eco-tourism/tourism estates/zones, special economic zones, SAFDZs, Tribal Ancestral Zones, resettlement/socialized housing areas, inter-nodal transport areas/ zones, etc. E. Land and Water Use Policies  Policies that will govern the specific land and water uses in the entire city/municipality  SEP and ECAN policies and regulations (05-250, 06-270, PCSD AO 6 & 10, etc.)  CCA and DRRM policies F. Major Development Programs  Refers to major programs that has also gone through the prioritization process of the cross and intersectoral analysis meant to drive the development of the LGU. From this list, CDP process will put it in the investment program LDIP  May include major program identified in the ECAN Resource Management Program  Key priority development projects and areas, i.e. spatial locations, expansion areas and targeted communities/constituencies that will support the achievement of the desired development goals and outcomes of the  Local investment and planning incentive areas/zoned maps/areas G. CLWUP and ZO Implementation  Approved Institutional Structure and Systems and Procedures Strategy/Arrangement  Investment Programs  Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Plan /Advocacy Links to other CLWUP implementation tools and instruments H. Monitoring Review and  Targeted CLWUP Outcome and Benchmark Indicators Evaluation System  Creation of Municipal/City Monitoring Team or Oversight Committee in the LDC or SB;  LGU technical monitoring working group  CLWUP Monitoring Report Card  Identified areas for co-management, convergence or inter- LGU/inter-governmental partnership arrangements

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Table 9. Template for Writing ECAN-Compliant Zoning Ordinance22 Chapter/ Description of Contents Section Introduction Benefits Legal basis Authority and Purpose of the Ordinance Purpose Definition o All legal and technical terms in the Ordinance should be defined to avoid terms misinterpretation

Suggested terms to be defined Absolute Majority Vote Industrial Forest Plantation Sub-Zone Accessory Use (IFP-SZ) Actual Use Informal Settlers Adaptive Reuse Inland Fishery AFMA Innovative Design Agricultural Activity IPRA Agricultural Land Key Biodiversity Area Overlay Zone Agricultural Land Use Conversion (KBA-OZ) Agricultural Zone (AGZ) Lake Sub-Zone (La-SZ) Agri-Processing Activities Landslide Overlay Zone (LSD-OZ) Agro-Forestry Local Zoning Board of Appeals (LZBA) Allowable Uses Locational Clearance (LC) Ancestral Domains Locational Clearance (Variance) (LC-V) Ancestral Lands Locational Clearance (Exception) (LC-E) Ancestral Domain Overlay Zone (AD-OZ) Mangrove Sub-Zone (Mn-SZ) Aquaculture Sub-Zone (Aq-SZ) Man-made Hazards Aquasilviculture Mariculture Base Flood Elevation Base Zones Mariculture Zone and Park (MZP) Basic R-2 Sub-Zone (BR2-SZ) Maximum R-2 Sub-Zone (MR2-SZ) Basic R-3 Sub-Zone (BR3-SZ) Maximum R-3 Sub-Zone (MR3-SZ) Billboards Overlay Zone (BB-OZ) Mineral Land Zone (ML-Z) Buffer/Greenbelt Zone (B/GZ) Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone (MNR- Building Height Limit (BHL) SZ) Cemetery/Memorial Park Zone (C/MP-Z) Mining Act Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title Military Reservation Sub-Zone (MR-SZ) (CAD/T) Mitigating Device Certificate of Ancestral Lands Title Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone (MF-SZ) (CAL/T) Municipal Waters Zone (WZ) Certificate of Non-Conformance National Park Sub-Zone (NP-SZ) Central Business District (CBD) Natural Hazards Civil Reservation Sub-Zone (CR-SZ) Navigational Lane Class "AAA" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir NIPAS Act Class "AA" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir NIPAS: Multiple Use Sub-Zone (NMU- Class "A" Slaughterhouse/Abattoir SZ) Climate Change NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone (NSP- Climate Change Adaptation SZ) Climate Change Mitigation Non-Conforming Use Commercial-1 Zone (C1-Z) Non-NIPAS Areas Commercial-2 Zone (C2-Z) Notice of Non-Conformance Commercial-3 Zone (C3-Z) Network of Protected Areas for Commercial Garage Agriculture and Agro-Industrial Compatible Uses Development (NPAAAD) Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLWUP) Official Zoning Map Comprehensive Development Master Plan Open Space (OS) (CDMP) Overlay Zones (OZ) Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone (CF-SZ) Parks and Recreation Zone (PR-Z) Conflicting Uses PCSD Conforming Use PCSDS Critical Habitat Overlay Zone (CH-OZ) Planned Unit Development (PUD)

22 Template of HLURB modified to conform with ECAN and SEP

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Chapter/ Description of Contents Section Deed Restrictions Port Delta/Estuary Sub-Zone (D/E-SZ) Pollutive industries Disaster Risk Production Agricultural Sub-Zone (PDA- Disaster Risk reduction or mitigation SZ) Easement Production Forest ECAN Board Protected Areas ECAN Coastal/ Marine Area Protected Area Management Board ECAN Core Zone (PAMB) ECAN Buffer: Restricted Use Zone Protected Area Management Plan ECAN Buffer: Controlled Use Zone (PAMP) ECAN Buffer: Traditional Use Zone Protection Agricultural Sub-Zone (PTA- ECAN Multiple Use Zone SZ) ECAN Resource Management Plan Protection Forest ECAN Terrestrial Area Quarry Sub-Zone (Q-SZ) ECAN Tribal Ancestral Land/ Zone Quarrying ECAN Zoning Certification Reclassification of Agricultural Lands Established Grade Residential-1 Zone (R1-Z) Ecotourism Residential-2 Zone (R2-Z) Ecotourism Overlay Zone (ETM-OZ) Residential-3 Zone (R3-Z) Environmentally Constrained Areas Residential-4 Zone (R4-Z) Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) Residential-5 Zone (R5-Z) Environmentally Critical Areas Network Rezoning (ECAN) Sealane Sub-Zone (SL-SZ) Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP) Scenic Corridor Overlay Zone (SCD-OZ) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) SEP System SEP Clearance Estuary Small-Scale Mining Sub-Zone (SsM-SZ) Exception Fault line Overlay Zone (FLT- Socialized Housing OZ) Socialized Housing Zone (SH-Z) Fisheries Code Soil lequifaction Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary Sub-Zone Special Institutional Zone (SI-Z) (FRS-SZ) Special Use Sub-Zone (SU-SZ) Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone (FyR-SZ) Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Fish Pond Development Zone (SAFDZ) Flood Overlay Zone (FLD-OZ) Sustainable Urban Drainage System Flood Protection Elevation (SUDS) Floor Area Ratio or “FAR” Tourism Act Foreshore Land Sub-Zone (FL-SZ) Tourism Zone Forest Transit-Oriented Development Overlay Forest Buffer Sub-Zone (FB-SZ) Zone (TOD-OZ) Forest Lands Tree Farm Forest Reservation UDHA Forest Reserve Sub-Zone (FR-SZ) Urban Corridor Overlay Zone (UCD-OZ) Forest Zone (FZ) Urban Renewal Forestry Code Utilities, Transportation and Services General Commercial Zone (GC-Z) Zone (UTS-Z) General Institutional Zone (GI-Z) Variance General Residential Zone (GR-Z) Vulnerability Grazing Land Sub-Zone (GZ-SZ) Warehouse Gross Floor Area (GFA) Water Code Heritage Act Wharf Heritage Overlay Zone (HTG-OZ) Yard Historic Center Zone/Sub-Zone Impervious Surface Zoning Administrator/Zoning Officer Industrial-1 Zone (I1-Z) Zoning Certificate Industrial-2 Zone (I2-Z) Industrial-3 Zone (I3-Z) Zone Using ECAN Zones as base map, the following are the zones and sub-zones Classification classification are suggested: ECAN Zones Base Zone Sub-zone Core Zone Forest Protection Forest Reserve Sub-Zone

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Chapter/ Description of Contents Section National Park Sub-Zone NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone Military Reservation Sub-Zone Civil Reservation Sub-Zone Buffer: Forest Protection Forest Reserve Sub-Zone Restricted Use National Park Sub-Zone Zone NIPAS: Strict Protection and Special Use Zone23 Watershed Sub-Zone Military Reservation Sub-Zone Civil Reservation Sub-Zone Buffer: Production Forest NTFPs Controlled Grazing Land Sub-Zone Use Zone NIPAS: Special Use Zone

Mineral Land Zone Quarry Sub-Zone Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone Tourism Zone Tourism Zone Buffer: Production Forest ISF, CBFM, Sub-Zone Traditional NIPAS: Multiple Use Zone and Use Zone special Use Zone General Residential Residential 1 Sub-Zone Mineral Land Zone Quarry Sub-Zone Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone Tourism Zone Tourism Zone Agro-Industrial Zone Agricultural Zone Protection and Production Agricultural Zone Multiple Use General Residential Residential 1-5, Socialized Housing Zone Sub-Zone General Commercial Commercial 1-3 Sub-Zone Agro-Industrial Zone Agricultural Zone Protection and Production Agricultural Zone Industrial Zone Industrial 1-3 Sub-Zone Institutional Zone General Institutional Zone Special Institutional Zone Parks and Recreation Zone Cemetery/ Memorial Park Zone Buffer/ Greenbelt Zone Utilities, Transportation and Services Zone Municipal Waters Zone Core Zone Protection Zone Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary Sub- Zone Mangrove Sub-Zone Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone Delta/ Estuary Sub-Zone Lake Sub-Zone

23 Limited to activities defined by NIPAS under Special Uses Zone

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Chapter/ Description of Contents Section Multiple Use Production Zone Mariculture Zone and Park Sub-Zone Zone Aquaculture Sub-Zone Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone Sea Lane Sub-Zone Zone Allowable, restricted and prohibited one base zone Regulations Regulations in overlay zones

Zoning incentives General Height regulations Regulations Area regulations

Easement and buffer regulations

Specific provisions in the National Building Code

Advertising, Billboards and Business Signs Performance Application of Performance Standards Standards Environmental Conservation and Protection Standards

Agricultural Land Conservation and Preservation Criteria

Network of Green and Open Spaces

Site Development Standards

Infrastructure Capacities Zoning and Approved Zoning Maps (including the adopted and approved municipal administration ECAN Map)

Locational Clearance

ECAN Zoning Certificate

Projects of National Significance

ECAN Zoning guidelines integrated in Zoning administration

Major and/or Innovative Projects

Subdivision Projects Planned Unit Development Projects

Environmental Compliance Certificate

Building Permit

Etc. (may refer to HLURB Vol. 3 for detailed contents of this section

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Bibliography

Cruz, R.V.O., Calderon M.M., Bantayan, N.C., Pillas, M.J.SM. 2008. Assessment of Land Use Options and Estimation of the Total Economic Value of and Communities’ Opportunity Costs in Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape. Laguna: Conservation International and University of the Philippines Los Baños.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2013. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 1 ‘The Planning Process’.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2014. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 2 ‘Sectoral Analysis and Tools for Situational Analysis’.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). 2014. CLUP Guidebook: A Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation Vol. 1 ‘Model Zoning Ordinance’.

Lejano, R. 2001. Institutions for Sustainable Development: The Strategic Enviroenmental Plan for Palawan. Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

PPC. City Zoning Ordinance No. 560: An Ordinance Revising the Zoning Regulations in the City of Puerto Princesa.

Serote, E. M. (2004). Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. School of Urban and Regional Planning and the UP Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. Diliman, Quezon City.

Office of the Municipal Tourism (OMT) 2015. Toursim Economic Zone Briefing Material.

BMB-DENR. 2014. Mainstreaming Biodiversty in the Local Land Use Planning Process of the Local Government Units (LGUs): Framework and Methods. Bidiersity Management Bureau of the Department of Enviroenemnt of Natural Resources under the Biodiversity Partnership Project (BPP).

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX A: ECAN AS GENERAL LAND USE CATEGORY OF TOURISM ECONOMIC ZONE (TEZ) OF SAN VICENTE, PALAWAN

San Vicente shares 1.1% of Palawan’s tourism market. As of 2013, there were 9,531 visitors. The operation of its airport is expected to bring in more tourists. According to the tourism framework study (2013), there will be 100,000 visitors annually by 2021; 400,000 by 2029; and 3 million by 2044. This will put the municipality as one of the top destinations in the province comparable to its international counterparts.

The attractions are ready to be developed, however, support infrastructure are far from ready to cater tourists. The municipality has existing accommodations ranging from island resorts to pension houses. The difficulty of booking discourages tourists from staying. In addition, most of the staff lacks formal training. The unreliable energy supply and the lack of banking facilities limit businesses and tourist purchases. This is further hampered by poor transportation network. Food items tend to be expensive. Local produced are rarely transported to the market due to poor road accessibility. Fortunately, there is interest and efforts in infrastructure investment that will improve connectivity between towns which will better facilitate the flow of people, goods and services.

The whole municipality of San Vicente was chosen by the TIEZA as its flagship TEZ. It started through the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the LGU and TIEZA in 2013. While its coverage is the whole municipality, TEZ priority covers the 14.7-km stretch of long beach with a total of area 883 hectares encompassing five (5) barangays: of Alimanguan, San Isidro, New Agutaya, Kemdeng and .

A Tourism Master Plan was formulated in the forms of Integrated Tourism Master Plan (ITMP) for the priority area and Conceptual Tourism Master Plan (CTMP) covering the remaining areas in the municipality. It is note-worthy that the tourism themes were zoned according to the inherent characteristics of the area. As such, there are sun and beach, leisure and entertainment, recreational and sports tourism, eco-tourism and agri-tourism. The whole municipality was divided into four (4) clusters. Cluster 1 is the priority area covering baragays stated above. Cluster 2 covers Brgy. Port Barton. Cluster 3 encompasses barangays of Sto. Nino, New Canipo and Binga. Cluster 4 focuses on the area of Brgy. Caruray. It is envisioned that the TEZ will promote and foster viable and sustainable tourism development for the municipality.

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Figure 5. Tourism Framework Strategy (CTMP 2014) The abovementioned plans also provided detailed physical framework plan for Cluster 1 and indicative site plan for the remaining clusters. Support infrastructures are ensured to be erected at proper places. It also outlined environmental management plan that provided a carrying capacity for cluster 1 of 87,500 tourists per day. Mitigating measures were also suggested to address the impacts of tourism development. Socio-cultural impacts were also evaluated and management strategies addressing these impacts were proposed.

Business development plan is also in place where marketing strategy provided options for the managers. These are: option 1 – Low Volume, Predominantly High-End; option 2 – Medium Volume, Balanced High-End and Mid-Range Market; and option 3 – High Volume, Predominantly Mid-Range Market. Lastly, Institutional and Management Plan was crafted to provide the institutional, operational, and management scheme of the TEZ. This also outlined in the Human Resources Development Plan framework for human development. Training designs to be implemented by the Product Development Unit of the Directorate for Development.

Prior to the development of the Tourism Master Plan, meeting with the Palafox Associates was conducted expressing PCSDS’ support on the endeavor and explaining the role of ECAN as a land use planning tool and the policies anchored in it. The Plan that was developed has considered the SEP and ECAN owing to environment as one of the jewel of San Vicente that needs to protected and enhanced. The clusters of area were zoned in harmony with the ECAN, where ECAN protected zones were also zone as such in the ITMP and CTMP. In addition, a 50m set-back, greater than that of Boracay’s, was positioned to protect not only the coastal

Page | 35 environment but also human lives as well – apart from maintaining the aesthetic value of the beach. This means that no permanent structure shall be built 50-m from the average high tide mark. However, a compromise agreement was set where in non-habitable and structures with no foundation can be build at 30-50m easement set. The high regard for environmental protection was further enhanced through the planned establishment of a centralized Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) that will service establishments along the grid of priority zone. Finally, a Deed of Restriction is also being crafted to ‘legalize’ the conditions in the Plan.

The Plan is currently being presented to both public and private stakeholders for their support and approval.

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Figure 6. ECAN Map of TEZ Priority Area and the proposed Integrated Tourism Master Plan

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Figure 7. Proposed 50-m easement along the TEZ Priority Area

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ANNEX B: PROTECTED AREAS OF PALAWAN

1. Ursula Island Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary

Legal Basis of Establishment: Administrative Order No. 14 Central coordinates: 8o 20' North 117o 31' East Area: 20 hectares (area of islet)

Figure 8. ECAN map of Ursula Island, Bataraza

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2. El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation 32 Area: Approximately 90,321 hectares where 36,018 ha (terrestrial), while 54,303 ha (marine)

Figure 9. ECAN map of El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area

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3. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park

Legal Basis of Establishment: Republic Act 10067 Area: 33, 2000 hectares

Figure 10. ECAN map of Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Cagayancillo

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4. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

Legal Basis of Establishment: Proclamation No. 835 Area: 20,219 hectares

Figure 11. ECAN map of Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Puerto Princesa City .

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5. The Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation # 342 Area:

Figure 12. ECAN map of Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area, Taytay and San Vicente

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6. Coron Island Protected Area

Legal Basis of Establishment: Proclamation # 219, Proclamation # 1801, R04-CADC No. 134 Area: 22,248 hectares

Figure 13. ECAN map of Coron Island Protected Area, Coron

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7. Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary (CGPWS)

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 1518 Area: 3,659 hectares

Figure 14. ECAN map of Calauit Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary, Busuanga

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8. Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 1815 Area: 121, 644 hectares

Figure 15. ECAN map of Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape, Southern Palawan

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9. Palawan Flora and Fauna Watershed

Legal Basis of Establishment: Presidential Proclamation No. 2221 Area: 7, 832 hectares

Figure 16. ECAN map of Palawan Flora and Fauna Watershed, Puerto Princesa City

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10. Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary

Legal Basis of Establishment: Area: 1,980 hectares

Figure 17. ECAN map of Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Narra

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List of Protected Areas in the Province of Palawan

Name of PA Legal Basis of Area Location Establishment 1. Ursula Island Administrative Order 20 hectares Bataraza Game Refuge and No. 14 on April 30, Bird Sanctuary 1960 2. El Nido-Taytay Presidential 90,321 hectares El Nido Managed Resource Proclamation 32 on Protected Area October 8, 1998 3. Tubbataha Reef Proclamation No. 306 96,993 hectares Cagayancillo National Marine on August 11, 1998 Park RA 100671 4. Puerto Princesa Proclamation No. 835 20,202 ha. Puerto Pricesa City Subterranean on March 26, 1971 River National Park 5. The Malampaya July 12, 2000 per 200,155 hectares Taytay and San Sound Land and Presidential Vicente Seascape Protected Proclamation # 342 Area 6. Coron Island Proclamation # 219 on 7,887 hectares Coron Protected Area July 2, 1967 proclamation # 1801 Proclamation 2152 7. Calauit Game Presidential 3,760 hectares Busuanga Preserve and Proclamation No. Wildlife Sanctuary 1518 (CGPWS) 8. Mt. Presidential 121,644 hectares Jose P. Rizal, Quezon, Mantalingahan Proclamation No. Bataraza, Brooke’s Protected 1815 Point, & Sofronio Landscape Española 9. Palawan Flora and Presidential 7,832 hectares Puerto Princes City Fauna Watershed Proclamation No. 2221 10. Rasa Island Presidential 1,980 hectares Narra Proclamation No. 2221

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References http://www.eoearth.org/article/Puerto-Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park,_Philippines http://www.iapad.org/pa/coron.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/calauit.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/coron.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/elnido.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/malampaya.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/stpaul.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/tubbataha.htm http://www.pcsd.ph/protected_areas/ursula.htm

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report - Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report – Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report – Coron Island Protected Area

DENR-PAWB. Protected Area Suitability Assessment Report – Lake Manguao Managed Resource Protected Area

Jose Rene F. Villegas. 2005. 2005 Calauit Profile. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

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ANNEX C: GENERAL STRATEGY FOR HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION OF SEP ECAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN WITH CLUP

ECAN PLANNING DIVISION24 PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STAFF

PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, 5300 Palawan

______

This paper describes the general process of integrating the SEP with the municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP). It prescribes steps and processes in the alignment of local development plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) with the SEP as the comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of Palawan. Specifically, it gives guidelines to ensure that the CLUP and PPP are compliant with the tripartite features of the SEP (ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach), the ECAN zoning strategy, and the municipal ECAN Resource Management Plan. The desired final output is the municipal ECAN- Based Comprehensive Land Use Plan (E-CLUP). ______

Introduction

The Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) is the comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of Palawan (Section 4, Republic Act 7611). It shall serve as the guide of local government of Palawan and the government agencies concerned in the formulation and implementation of plans, programs and projects affecting the province.

By virtue of RA 7611 or the 1992 Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act (SEP Law), the whole of Palawan Province is to be subdivided according to a zoning strategy called the ECAN. The ECAN (Environmentally Critical Areas Network) is a graded system of protection and development control over the whole of Palawan. The need for ECAN Zoning arises from Palawan’s characteristic as an area with natural resources of high conservation value and, increasingly, as a center of economic development. Furthermore, Palawan’s ecosystems are fragile and vulnerable to man-made threats, including pollution, environmental degradation, and loss of resources. The projected increase in Palawan population due to high birth rate and in-migration is also expected to overshoot the carrying capacity of its natural systems. There is, therefore, a need to plan ahead for the optimal use of resources and the segregation of Palawan’s land and water territories into zones that will sustain the land use potential and life-support systems.

The SEP adopts as its philosophy the “sustainable development” of Palawan, defined as “the improvement in the quality of life of the present and future generations through the complementation of development and environmental protection activities”. As such, it prescribes three complementary features: ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach.

24 Contacts: Maria Luz A Martinez, email [email protected]; Ryan T Fuentes, email [email protected]

Draft document (February 2012, revised July 2013) 51

The Need for Plan Integration: SEP as a Positive Agent in Development

The conformity of all projects and undertakings in Palawan with the SEP framework is an important mainstreaming activity since the SEP has the distinction of being the “master plan” for the sustainable development of the province. The enactment of the SEP Law has several legal implications (Sec. 6, RA 7611)

i. The SEP shall serve as the framework to guide government agencies in the formulation and implementation of plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting the environmental and natural resources of Palawan. ii. The SEP shall be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan of MIMAROPA. iii. All local government units (LGUs) and national government agencies (NGAs) shall coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and policies of the SEP, as administered by the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), the administrative machinery for the implementation of the SEP.

The adoption of the SEP as framework and prescriptive plan was already sanctioned by the law. However, there remains the need for LGUs and line agencies to realign their policies and programs to the realization of the SEP’s goals and objectives. Under the rubric of SEP, all plans and projects must conform to the zoning requirements of the ECAN. When it comes to environmentally critical projects (ECPs) in environmentally critical areas (ECAs), the regulatory function of the ECAN must be considered to rationalize the entrance of ECPs in the province.

Existing Local Land Use Planning and Regulatory Frameworks in Palawan

At the provincial level, the planning environment in Palawan is a preponderance of overlapping and interconnected mandates, institutions, and plans governing land use. Figure 18 provides a flowchart indicating the relationships of the several planning documents. It shows multi- objective plans being implemented by multi-level institutions. The boxed portion highlights the three possible areas of integration: (1) horizontal integration between the City/Municipal (C/M) ECAN Resource Management Plan and the C/M CLUP, (2) horizontal integration between the Provincial (P) ECAN Resource Management Plan and the P CLUP, and (3) vertical integration from provincial to municipal plans.

52

Figure 18. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006. modified)

The ECAN Resource Management Plan

The ECAN Planning Division of PCSDS is currently developing a guidebook on ECAN planning process, including the guidelines on incorporating the SEP ECAN strategy into the CLUP. The primary objective of this guidebook is to support the strategy of ECAN by introducing approaches to the preparation of a practical, planner-friendly management plan for the ECAN zones. There are six sequential steps in management plan preparation, as shown in Figure 19: (1) mapping, (2) plan development, (3) plan formulation, (4) plan integration, and (5) plan implementation.

Figure 19. The ECAN zones management planning process

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The guidebook will focus on the description of a suite of methods for executing each of these steps. The adaptive approach (i.e., incorporating feedbacks to the planning process to refine the overall process) will be used as a guiding principle in prescribing the methods and procedures to be followed in the planning process. The ultimate goal is to come up with a repertoire of comprehensive strategies for each ECAN zone that will be responsive to the current situation of Palawan.

The City/Municipal ECAN Resource Management Plan and the City/Municipal CLUP

The C/M ERMP is a stand-alone document prepared by the Municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of PCSD Staff pursuant to the SEP Law and its guidelines. Its primary objective is to guide the long-term sustainable management of the municipally adopted ECAN Zones. It uses the ridge-to-reef general strategy of ECAN and applies it strategically over and above other existing planning frameworks. It follows ECAN-based plans integration framework (figure 20) which targets to integrate zonal and non-zonal strategies of legally mandated local plans concerned with the use of natural capital into ERMP and eventually to the CLUP. The ‘ecanization’ will simplify and streamline the process of mainstreaming various sustainable development concerns (IPs, biodiversity, climate change, disaster risks, ECAN, etc.) into the CLUP by using the spatial strategy of ECAN across all spatially related plans, programs, and projects.

Figure 20. ECAN-based plans integration framework

The formulation, implementation, and institutionalization of the ERMP, as well as its integration into the CLUP, are handicapped without the support of the LGU. The general strategy for ECAN-CLUP integration must be a participatory process of integrating of SEP ECAN to local government’s CLUP. The latter plan must be compliant to Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) rules and regulations and to the Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC or Republic Act 7160).

The LGU’s administrative and legislative powers are apparent from the LGC. With some powers of the national government and DENR devolved to the LGU, a municipality or city is made into a local autonomous district with its own government administration, tax appropriations, and law enforcement.

The LGC mandates the LGU to co-manage with the state the environment and natural resources within the LGU’s administrative boundary. One important function devolved by the state to LGUs is the enactment of municipal or city zoning ordinance based on the formulated

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Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP). The zoning ordinance and the CLUP are the primary bases for the future use of land resources (LGC, Section 20(c)). The challenge for SEP is how ECAN will be harmonized with or integrated into CLUP. The latest revised ECAN guidelines (PCSD Resolution 05-250) have addressed most of the institutional aspects of the issue.

The ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) shall serve as the general physical plan of every municipality or city. Thus, it shall be the basis of other planning activities, such as land use planning, tourism master planning and resource management planning as a whole (PCSD Resolution 05-250, Section 30). The implementation of the ERMP is to be the joint responsibility of LGU and PCSDS through the ECAN Board which is created to act in its city or municipal jurisdiction in the same way the PCSD governs SEP concerns at the provincial level (Section 31). The composition of the ECAN Board (see Section 38) is practically the LGU with some representatives from other sectors.

The integration of the ECAN into the CLUP is an ongoing strategy. Figure 21 below shows the process of ECAN zoning institutionalization that is centered on CLUP. Municipalities in Palawan are already undergoing efforts to achieve this full integration. In undertaking such an enterprise, the important factors to consider are the experience and expertise of land use planners, the development capacity of the LGU, the continuity of the development programs, and a common grasp of the roles of both ECAN and CLUP in advancing the common good and in maintaining a balanced ecology.

Figure 21. Institutionalization of the ECAN Maintaining a balanced ecology is possible by restraining the growth of the built-up (settlement areas, infrastructure areas, production areas) area and at the same time protecting the unbuilt environment (life support systems or protected areas) from premature, if not unnecessary, conversion. This, in fact, is the main function of the CLUP (Serote 2004) which can be attained through zoning.

The “comprehensive” in CLUP is not incompatible with the ECAN of ECAN Zones Management Plan as both cover the entire area of any territorial unit (barangay, municipal, provincial) within Palawan and both answer to the environmental requirements and economic and societal needs. However, zoning classes in CLUP, as defined by the HLURB, focuses only 55 on urban and built-up areas and has only broad classes for other types of land uses that include agriculture, forest, water, parks and recreation and tourist zones (Cabrido 2003). Although this is the case, it must not deter land use planners and plan-makers to attempt complementation, if not total harmony and integration, of ECAN zones sanctioned by SEP with municipally approved land use zones.

Integration is defined here as the strategic inclusion of goals, objectives, and strategies of the ECAN Resource Management Plan into the goals, objectives, and strategies of the local government development plans. The need for integration is called for by the need for efficiency and for optimizing the use of resources due to the limitation in financial resources, time, and manpower. It contains any or a combination of the following characteristics:

1. Alignment of plans. This means that the CLUP closely follows the prescriptions of the ECAN in terms of its zones, strategies, and prescribed courses of action.

2. Harmony of plans. This means that there is a convergence of initiatives contained in the CLUP and the ECAN Resource Management Plan, in such a way that the strategies of the two plans can be reconciled in various scales.

3. Complementation of plans. This means that the sustainable packages of the two plans reinforce each other.

4. Coherency of plans. This means that the common interests of the two plans are translated or expressed in similar terms.

Achieving alignment, harmony, complementation, and coherency between ERMP and CLUP will require integration of plan elements of the two plans. The following table can be used as a guide to correlate the planning process and written sections of the ERMP with the CLUPs.

Guidelines on Integrating the SEP, the ECAN Strategy, and the ECAN Resource Management Plan into the CLUP

The following guidelines are applicable for municipalities that have CLUPs in various development stages. It can be followed even if the CLUP is still in the initial phase of development, already in an advanced form or have substantive development strategies and general land use zones, or already finalized and approved.

The SEP ECAN-CLUP integration process is called INTEGRATE (Incorporating the SEP and ECAN Into Local Land Use Plans). The INTEGRATE process will ensure not only that the CLUP document has incorporated the SEP ECAN strategy, but also that it is compliant to the minimum standards set by HLURB. It has five interdependent steps, indicated in the figure below. It will have six (6) complementary stages, not necessarily sequential in application, with four integration stages: physical integration, strategic integration, plan integration, and institutional integration.

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Figure 22. INTEGRATE process

Step 1 (ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment) is a requirement for all succeeding steps. Steps 2, 3, and 5 can be performed simultaneously. Planners can proceed to Steps 5 and 6 ahead of Step 4 (Formulation of ECAN Resource Management Plan). The highest level of integration is the “institutional integration”, i.e., the approval of CLUP that is compliant to ECAN and SEP.

1. ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment

The mapping of ECAN zones is described in Appendix A while a guide toward the amendment of ECAN zones is in Appendix B. The process of amendment of ECAN criteria is outlined in Section 16 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, to wit:

Section 16. Modification of Criteria. Modification or amendment regarding an approved criteria or guidelines can be initiated by any concerned group: government, non-government or private in nature. Such move for modification or amendment shall be submitted to the Council Staff for review and to the Council for approval. It should be supported by official documents, to include

a) resolution by the concerned /Panglunsod b) map of 1:50,000 scale with technical descriptions, and c) rationale and objectives for the proposed modification.

2. Physical Integration

Physical integration will be the screening part of the CLUP. It involves a direct edge-by-edge comparison of the proposed CLUP land use zones and the approved ECAN Zones Map. The objective of Physical Integration is for the ECAN-CLUP planning group to seek a common agreement between the two zoning maps. Note that this step can be done simultaneously with Steps 3 to 5.

Method: Overlay of ECAN zones with HLURB land use zones using GIS Inputs: ECAN zones map, HLURB general land use zones map and urban land use zones map

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Outputs: Zonal Conflicts Map for validation; Reconciled ECAN-CLUP zones

Table 10 below can be used as a guide in the overlay of ECAN zones into CLUP’s general land use zones. The fields marked by “√” are those that are considered acceptable to minimum ECAN standards.

Table 10. Comparison table for SEP ECAN zones and HLURB general land use zones.

Buffer Zone Multiple Use Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB) Zone zone Zone Zone Zone Core Core Zone Transition/ Buffer zone General use Coastal/Marine Sustainable/ Restricted Use Multiple Use Zone Controlled Use Traditional Use 1. General Residential Zone (GRZ) - An area within a city or municipality for dwelling/ housing x x x √ √ x x x purposes 2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ) - Shall be used principally for socialized housing/ dwelling purposes for the underprivileged and homeless as x x x √ √ x x x defined in RA 7279 3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x √ √ x x x density of 20 dwelling units and below per hectare

4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a x x x √ √ x x x density of 21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare

5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3)- A subdivision of an area principally for dwelling/ housing purposes with a density of 66 or more x x x √ √ x x x dwelling units per hectare 6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ) -An area within a city or municipality for trading/ services/ x x x x √ x x x business purposes 7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1)-An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for trade, services and business x x x x √ x x x activities ordinarily referred to as the Central Business District 8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C-2) -An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY with quasi-trade business activities and service industries performing complementary/ x x x x √ x x x supplementary functions to principally commercial zone (CBD) 9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3)- An area within a city or municipality intended for regional shopping centers such as large malls and other commercial activities which are regional in scope or where market activities generate traffic and require utilities and services that extend x x x x √ x x x beyond local boundaries and requires metropolitan level development planning and implementation. E.g. high rise hotels, sports stadium or sports complexes are also allowable in this zone

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10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: x x x x √ x x x a. non-pollutive/ non-hazardous b. non-pollutive/ hazardous 11. Medium Industrial Zone I-2) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: x x x x √ x x x a. pollutive/ non-hazardous b. pollutive/ hazardous 12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3) - A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: a. Highly pollutive/ non-hazardous b. Highly pollutive/ hazardous x x x x √ x x x c. Highly pollutive/ extremely hazardous d. Pollutive/ extremely hazardous e. Non-pollutive/extremely hazardous 13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for general types of institutional establishments e.g. government offices, schools, x x x x √ x x x hospital/ clinics, academic/research, convention centers 14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for particular types of institutional establishments e.g. welfare homes, orphanages, x x x x √ x x x home for the aged, rehabilitation and training centers, military camps/ reservation/ bases/ training grounds, etc. 15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED for cultivation/ fishing and pastoral activities (e.g. x x x X √ x √ √ fish, farming, cultivation of crops, goats/ cattle raising etc.) 16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for integrated farm operations and related product processing x x x √ √ x x x activities such as plantation for bananas, pineapple, sugar, etc. 17. Forest Zone (FZ) - An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for √ √ √ √ √ √ x x forest purposes 18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ) -An area designed for diversion/ amusements and for the maintenance of ecological balance of the x x x √ √ x x √ community 19. Water Zone (WZ) - Are bodies of water WITHIN CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES which include rivers, streams, lakes and seas x x x √ √ x √ √ except those included in other zone classification 20. Tourist Zone (TZ) - Are sites within cities and municipalities endowed with natural or manmade physical attributes and resources that are * * √ √ √ * √ √ conducive to recreation, leisure and other wholesome activities * soft impact tourism only as defined in PCSD Res. 06-270

The CLUP general land use zones boundaries that overlapped with other ECAN zones will form part of the “Zonal Conflict Map”. The planning group may then assess/evaluate the conflict map in two ways:

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i. Ground truthing – validation of the conflict area through ocular inspection ii. Social ground truthing – validation of the conflict area through consultation with key informants (those who are part of the mapping of CLUP land use zones and/or those who are affected on the ground by the mapping of the same zones)

One issue to consider here is that the description of each HLURB general land use zones may be applicable to several ECAN zones. Hence, there may be a need to separate or differentiate the general land use zones further according to the specific activities in the zones.

3. Strategic Integration

Method: Comparison and review of ECAN strategies and CLUP strategies Inputs: Results from thematic mapping, ECAN zones management guidelines, ERMP (if available), CLUP strategies Outputs: Strategic Conflict Map/Matrix for validation and action; Integrated ECAN- CLUP strategies

This part of the INTEGRATE process is a review of strategic elements in the ECAN and CLUP. It will consider both the zonal elements (allowable uses and identified activities in each zone) and suprazonal elements (strategies and activities that are cross-cutting or that transcend geographic zones).

This review process can be both quantitative and qualitative in nature and will be guided by the SEP Law and its policies and guidelines, the LGC, and the HLURB policies and guidelines. Any conflict that may be identified may be mapped or put in matrix form and will form an integral part of the Strategic Conflict Map. This map/matrix will then be brought to the local planners and administrators for their comments and a consensus will be sought in order to reconcile the strategies in the plans. The satisfactory application of Strategic Integration will lead to an integrated ECAN-CLUP strategies. A sample Zonal Conflict Matrix is shown in the Table 11 below.

Table 11. Issues generated and recommended actions from topology overlays of the ECAN Map and Existing Forest Land Uses in Roxas (FLUP Roxas 2012, modified) POSSIBLE LOCATION STATUS OF PROPOSED HOW TO RESPONSIBLE CONFLICTIN CLAIM RECOMMENDATION RESOLVE AGENCY G FOREST S TO RESOLVE THE THE LAND USES PROBLEM PROBLEM

IPs/ICCs Tinitan With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, PCSD, Almaciga resin application requirements for PCSD existing LGU, POs, IPs, tapping in Core TAZ application and guidelines ICCs zone NCIP CADT/CALC With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, PCSD, application requirements for PCSD existing LGU, POs, IPs, TAZ application and guidelines ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC San Miguel With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, PCSD, application requirements for PCSD existing LGU, POs, IPs, TAZ application and guidelines ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC N. Zabala With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, PCSD, application requirements for PCSD existing LGU, POs, IPs, TAZ application and guidelines ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC Abaroan Proclaimed Apply/comply Follow NCIP, PCSD, TAZ through requirements for NCIP existing LGU, POs, IPs,

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PCSD CADT/CALC guidelines ICCs Proclamation No. 13 (___ ha.) Operational Bagongbayan (133 Existing use Declare as special Endorsement NCIP, PCSD, watershed with has.); management area for the resolution, LGU, POs, IPs, Core zone Taradungan (114 protection of Core zone establishment, ICCs has.); by the LGU and DENR declaration Magara (745 has.); Caramay (745 has.); Salvacion (745 has.); Mendoza (687 has.); Sandoval (300 has.); Tinitian (528 has.); Tumarbong (30 has.); Brgy. IV (61 has.); Minara (600 has.) Wateshed in Co-management of MOA Local Water ancestral overlapping area by LGU, (obligations of Assocation, LGU, domain DENR, and IPs every party), DENR, NCIP, (anticipated) identify or PCSD, POs, delineate and NGOs, IPs, mark Barangays, and overlapping others to be areas identified during planning

The prescribed strategies and land use options for each of the three components of ECAN are found in Appendix C.

4. Formulation and Approval of ECAN Resource Management Plan

ECAN planning for sustainable development requires an integrated approach involving social, economic, cultural, ecological, and governance variables. This means that developing an ERMP requires an investigation into a variety of data, information, and plans. In Section 25 of PCSD Resolution 05-250, the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan are the following:

Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan. After the approval of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Resource Management Plan taking into consideration the following:

. Stakeholders' participation in the protection conservation, development, exploitation and restoration of natural resources in the area . Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels on municipal waters . Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS . Inter-agency participation . Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws . Monitoring and evaluation schemes to include coastal pollution monitoring and control to understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures complementary to the PCSDS environmental quality regulation . Regulatory measures or permitting system . Application of resource rents or user charges . Management of funds from proceeds of license fees . Allowable activities for each zone . Development activities in small islands . Waste disposal and sewage . Provision of alternative livelihood projects 61

. Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources . Migration and settlement within the coastal areas . Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of the ECAN zones . Others identified to be necessary and relevant

The ECAN Resource Management Plan shall contain, among others, the following sections:

i. Description of the Area ii. Goals/Objectives iii. Zoning Strategy (priorities, methodologies for marking zone boundaries) iv. Zone Management (activities, regulatory measures policy directions) v. Administration vi. Monitoring and Evaluation vii. Annexes (maps and references)

The recommended steps in coming up with a detailed ERMP are the following:

1. Building of a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data Infrastructure Development).

2. Determination of the exact boundaries of ECAN Zones and administrative boundaries.

3. Identification of “Special Management Areas” (SMAs)

4. Development of thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators.

5. Stocktaking of local environmental governance initiatives

6. Development of an ECAN-based land use spatial optimization algorithm using Multi-Criteria Analysis (OPTIONAL)

7. Integrated threats analysis

8. Formulation of ECAN zones and resources plan

Appendix D provides the details in each of the above steps. It is adapted and modified from “Appendix 4: Development of a Detailed Management Plan” of the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development (1987). It may require a combination of ad hoc, Delphi process (round table discussions), GIS analysis, and the use of decision-support systems. A major step of ERMP is the conduct of an integrated threats analysis which will be the basis for the drafting of beneficial, timely, responsive, and adaptable courses of action within the ERMP.

An indicator of the success of this Step is the production of the ECAN Resource Management Plan by the municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of the PCSD Staff.

5. Plan Integration: Development of ECAN-Based CLUP

Method: Planning workshops/sessions, consensus building, conflict resolution during meetings and roundtable discussions Inputs: Integrated zonal and strategic elements of ECAN-CLUP (outputs of Physical Integration and Strategic Integration); technical assistance to ECAN Board and to Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) Outputs: Draft modules/sections of Municipal ECAN-based CLUP

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After the Physical and Strategic Integration steps, planning for municipal ECAN-based Comprehensive Land Use Plans can now proceed. Appendix E provides a ridge-to-reef management framework for the ECAN zones, including zonal goals and objectives, which can be adapted in the formulation of ECAN-based PPPs in the CLUP. Appendix F contains the suggested outline of the Municipal ECAN-based CLUP.

6. Institutional Integration: Approval of ECAN-Based CLUP

This stage of integration is concerned with social acceptability of the ECAN-CLUP integrated plan. The District Management Office (DMO) and the ECAN Planning Team will work closely with LGU in the institutionalization of the ECAN-compliant CLUP. This may require attendance to Municipal ECAN Board meetings, municipal council legislative sessions, and public hearings. The final output is the approved ECAN-Based CLUP with institutional support from executive and legislative institutions. The approval of the plan is four-fold:

1. approval of the ECAN-based CLUP by the ECAN Board and endorsement to the municipal council; 2. approval of the CLUP by the municipal council and endorsement to the provincial council; 3. approval of the CLUP by the provincial council (through the Provincial Land Use Committee) and endorsement to the HLURB; and approval of the CLUP by the PCSD.

The yardsticks of the success of this step are the incorporation of the essential elements of the ECAN Resource Management Plan document into the CLUP document and the institutional support for the municipal ECAN-based CLUP.

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APPENDIX A THE ECAN ZONING STRATEGY

The ECAN zoning is the central strategy of the SEP Law. It is a zoning system that encompasses the whole province. It has similar configuration as the biosphere reserves of UNESCO. Zoning of biosphere reserves is aimed at the protection of environmentally critical habitats, the zoning scheme being typified by concentric circles (Figure 23).

Figure 23. Configuration of biosphere reserve zones.

Generally, the core area is strictly protected to meet conservation objectives. Around the core area, the buffer zone is delimited for non-extractive uses, while the transition area is where sustainable development activities with local communities are organized (Batisse 1992). A network of such reserves is often created inside a management or conservation unit called a corridor, an ecoregion, or a protected landscape and seascape.

An ECAN zoning map is produced from biophysical and socio-economic criteria that include the elevation of the land, its slope, its forest cover, watershed properties, presence of habitat of threatened species, land classification, and the existing land uses. As with biosphere reserves, the management zones range from the Core Zone or the maximum area of protection, the Buffer Zone surrounding the Core Zone, and the Multiple Use or multi-purpose zone. All 23 municipalities of Palawan and the City of Puerto Princesa have adopted their ECAN zones maps for their respective planning and regulatory agenda.

The adoption of the zoning maps is done through the approval of local government resolutions. The Palawan ECAN zones, aside from being an on-ground implementation of Palawan BR, serve as the blueprint for the province’s sustainable development since the municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plans (CLWUPs) are to be aligned with the ECAN map. The regulatory function of the map is evident as each zone, from the Core Zone to the Multiple Use Zone, is prescribed with allowable and prohibited activities.

The ECAN Zones as a management unit

The designation of the ECAN zones as a management unit is implied by the use of the ECAN zones map as the basis for finding suitable sites for plans, programs, and projects that will be introduced in Palawan. It is expected that a locality which adopts its own scientifically prepared ECAN Map and implements its development objectives based on it will be better guided in developmental planning and decision making.

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The process of ECAN management in Palawan is called “ecanization,” which is defined as “the process of delineating and marking the boundaries of the different zones in both land and sea, the identification of prescribed activities and resource use for each zone, together with the enforcement of regulatory measures to prevent practices that are destructive of the environment” (PCSD Resolution 94-44). To that end, the Palawan Province has come up with the following ECAN Map (Figure 24).

Figure 24. Terrestrial ECAN zones map of Palawan Province (Kalayaan Municipality, also in Palawan, is not shown).

Components of the ECAN zones

The ECAN zoning strategy has three (3) components: the terrestrial component, the coastal/marine component, and the tribal ancestral zones (SEP Law, Sections 8-11).

The terrestrial component: This component covers the mountains, low hills, and lowland areas of the whole province. It shall be further divided into three ECAN management zones: Core zone, Buffer zone, and Multiple use zone. The Buffer zone is further subdivided into three sub- zones: Restricted use area, Controlled use area, and Traditional use area. The zoning of this component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and in PCSD Resolution 05-250. For the texts of these laws, see http://pcsd.ph/sep_law/ra7611.htm (SEP Law) and http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/sep/res05-250.htm (PCSD Resolution 05-250 - The Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN).

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Coastal/Marine component: This component covers the whole coastline up to the open sea. A simplified zoning scheme is used in the management of this component due to its geographical characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use. This component is divided only into two zones: Coastal/Marine Core zone and Coastal/Marine Multiple use zone. The latter is further subdivided into Transition/Buffer zone and Sustainable/General use zone. The zoning of this component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250.

Tribal ancestral zone: This last component is a special zone in the land and sea that is allotted for indigenous cultural communities. This special zone will fulfill the material and cultural needs of the indigenous peoples (IPs). It shall be delineated according to the criteria for terrestrial and coastal/marine components. Hence, the tribal ancestral zone may transcend all ECAN zones. The only difference is the strong emphasis on cultural considerations.

The identification and delineation of this component is guided by Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 (“Harmonization of the Implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act”), as amended.

Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 is available from http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/joint%20ncip- pcsd%20memo%20circular%20no.%202005-01.htm while PCSD Resolution No. 08-375 (“A Resolution Amending Section V, 4.2 (B) of the Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01”): is available from http://pcsd.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/res08-375.htm.

Criteria and parameters in the delineation of the ECAN zones

The following two tables is a summary of criteria and parameters used in the delineation of terrestrial and coastal/marine ECAN zones. A parameter is a distinct geographic, biological, or physical feature of the area. Examples are elevation, slope, and land cover. A criterion is a specific range of quantitative values or qualitative descriptions of the area. Thus, for the parameter of elevation, the criteria can be “above 1,000 meters”, “below 300 meters”, etc.

Table 12. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of terrestrial ECAN zones (from SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250) ECAN Description Elevation Land cover Slope Habitat Others zone Core zone Area of > 1,000 Virgin forest > 50 % Critically Other areas maximum m or primary (> 26.57 threatened/endanger which may protection growth forest degrees) ed habitats and be identified habitats of rare and endangered species designated or habitat of by the Palawan local Council endemic species of flora and fauna

Buffer Generally 500 to Poor, stunted 36-50 % Areas designated as In areas zone - surrounds the 1,000 m and sparse (19.80-26.57 biodiversity where the Restricted Core zone and stands of degrees) hotspots and highly criteria of use provides a semi- threatened by elevation, protective deciduous human activities slope, or barrier; forest which based on scientific critical has a low studies watershed do Critical regeneration not apply, a watersheds capacity 200-meter which were belt in the identified, mainland and classified or 100-meter

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declared as belt in the such by the islands government surrounding the Core zone

Buffer Encircles and 300 to Areas within zone - provides the 500 m 19-35 % the criteria of Controlle outer barrier (10.20-19.80 the d use to the Core degrees) Restricted zone and use zone Restricted use where there zone is a community Buffer Edges of Open, All other zone - intact forests brushland or > 18% slope areas with Tradition where grassland (> 10.20 elevation al use traditional areas that are degrees) AND below 300 land use is still below 300 meters already classified as meters stabilized is timberland or elevation being public land stabilized with elevation below 300 meters

Multiple Areas where Built-up or Areas use zone the landscape settlement < 18% slope classified as has been areas located (< 10.20 Alienable modified for in lowlands degrees) AND and different (less than below 300 Disposable forms of land 18% slope) meters lands use such as elevation intensive timber extraction, grazing and pastures, agriculture and infrastructures development

Table 13. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of coastal/marine ECAN zones

ECAN zone General description Criteria Coastal/Ma This area shall be  Coral reefs with good to excellent coral cover condition or 50%- rine core designated free from any 100% coral cover zone human activity. This  Coralline sites containing at least 50% of coral genera found in the includes sanctuaries for management unit of live coral cover ranging from 25-50% rare and endangered  Seagrass beds serving as link habitat of the coral core zones and/or species, selected coral providing habitat to rare, threatened and endangered species reefs, seagrass and  Seagrass beds with at least 50% cover of more than one species of mangrove ecosystem seagrass reserves.  Seagrass beds with sightings or feeding tracks of Dugong dugon  Coastal/marine habitat of endangered species declared by IUCN or CITES, DA or DENR or the PCSD  Primary growth mangrove areas and all areas with standing mangrove forest cover except areas allocated for MSA, CBMFMA, ISF and FLA  Fish sanctuaries, spawning areas, nursery areas, breeding/feeding grounds, etc., identified/declared by PCSD, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) or under local government zoning ordinance

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Coastal/Ma The multiple use zones are other coastal/marine areas outside of the core areas where compatible rine resource uses may be carried out. The multiple use zone shall further be subdivided into two major multiple use sub-zones (described below): the buffer zone and the sustainable (general) use zone. zone Coastal/Marine multiple  Uninhabited islands or undeveloped portions thereof not subject to use zone - private rights shall be classified as transition zone except when Transition/Buffer zone identified/declared as ancestral coastal/marine waters  Uninhabited islands or islets with an area of less than 500 hectares  Degraded small islands with an area of less than 500 hectares  Released areas for fishpond development which were utilized and abandoned including those not utilized for 5 years from the date of the release  Degraded habitats of endangered marine species  Denuded mangrove forest  Areas identified as contributing to important ecological processes such as spawning, nursery areas, breeding/feeding grounds that otherwise could have been classified as coastal-marine core zone but during the approval of these guidelines, these areas are occupied or have been released by virtue of existing laws or due to inappropriate management of local coastal marine areas. These areas shall be maintained for their existing use or a phase-out strategy shall be implemented in these areas reverting them to their natural state or for their appropriate uses. No further development, growth or expansion shall be allowed in these areas to encourage habitat enhancement or maintenance of the resource to increase production level or ecosystem maintenance

Coastal/Marine multiple It is the development area of the coastal/marine zone where different use zone - Sustainable/ compatible and sustainable development activities may be carried out. General use zone The zone shall cover all coastal/marine areas not classified/delineated as core zone, buffer zone and ancestral coastal/marine waters. The LGU, if it so desires, may further classify/divide this zone into the following sub-zones: Communal Fishing Ground, Tourism Development Area, Visitor Use Area, Sustainable Development Area and etc.

Allowable activities in the ECAN zones

The allowable uses of ECAN zones (summarized in Table 14) are identified according to the level of impact of activities and the appropriateness and suitability of the activity to the zone. The Core zone and the Restricted use area, or the “protection zones,” are limited to non- consumptive and soft-impact activities, with the indigenous peoples given special consideration. The principle behind limiting a specific activity in a zone follows the SEP philosophy of sustainable development that maintains life-support systems, restores exploited areas, and supports developmental growth.

The PCSD Resolution 06-270 further expands the allowable activities in the Core zone and Restricted use buffer zone by including ecotourism projects. The rationale behind this are enumerated in the resolution, to wit: (i) ecotourism can be a tool for environmentally managing ecologically sensitive areas; (ii) ecotourism is believed to be compatible with environmental protection considering that its activities are generally non-consumptive and therefore do not pose environmental hazard; (iii) ecotourism is a growing industry in Palawan which can generate alternative sources of livelihood; and (iv) in order to promote and develop ecotourism industry in the province, ecotourism activities may be permitted in ecologically sensitive areas subject to strict monitoring and regulation.

It should be noted that certain “sustainable development” activities to be allowed in the Buffer zone and Multiple use zone may be subjected to the EIA System and to other laws and rules which regulate development projects. As part of the EIA System and the SEP Clearance System, necessary environmental precautions (such as periodic multipartite monitoring) are imposed on these activities.

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Table 14. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270) Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone Terrestrial Core zone None, except for: (i) traditional uses of tribal communities for minimal and soft impact gathering of forest species for ceremonial and religious purposes, and (ii) ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Buffer zone - Limited and non-consumptive activities which include: Restricted use gathering of wild honey; almaciga tapping; soft-impact recreational activities (hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching); research; sustainable activities of indigenous peoples; ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation; and ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Buffer zone - Strictly controlled mining; Controlled use strictly controlled logging which is not for profit (i.e., communal forest, CBFM, etc.); almaciga tapping; tourism development; research; grazing; gathering of honey, rattan, and other minor forest products. Buffer zone - Upland stabilization program; Traditional use catchment management; hillside farming; industrial tree plantation; reforestation; integrated social forestry; community-based forest management. Multiple use Timber extraction with community-based forest management; zone grazing and pastures; agriculture; infrastructure and industrial development; recreation; education; research; and other sustainable activities. Coastal/Mar Coastal/Marine None, except for: ine core zone navigation purposes of the local fishing communities where there are no alternative routes; emergency situations such as navigational routes to save life and property; researches previously authorized by PCSD; and ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Coastal/Marine Habitat restoration, rehabilitation and enhancement activities; multiple use soft-impact activities [swimming/snorkeling; non-motored boating zone – (row boats, kayaks, canoes, wind surfing, etc.)]; Transition/Buffe guided scuba diving; r zone fishing using highly-selected gears (i.e., hook & line and gill net) with specification to be determined by studies; pre-approved visit or educational activities; installation of environmental information boards); and resource enhancement activities. Coastal/Marine All sustainable human activities, with certain development multiple use endeavors subject to the EIA system and to other policies regulating zone – development projects. Sustainable/ General use

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zone

Tribal Activities based on the material and cultural needs of the indigenous ancestral peoples. lands

Delineation of the ECAN zones using GIS

The mapping of ECAN zones in Palawan has been the responsibility of the GIS Unit of the ECAN Monitoring and Evaluation Division (EMED) of PCSDS. Aside from the GIS staff, technical project consultants have been hired to make mapping studies, to develop methods for ECAN zoning implementation, and to train the PCSD Staff (Ofren 1999; Cabrido 2003; Vinluan 2004). The latest mapping guidelines on ECAN zoning were instituted in 2005 through PCSD Resolution 05-250. Several versions of the ECAN map were produced through the years, each version using updated and ground-validated ECAN parameters.

GIS and remote sensing technologies were now routinely used in the mapping of ECAN zones. Various spatial and non-spatial datasets are needed to perform the task (Table 15). Spatial datasets include thematic layers derived from thematic mapping and used as input layers in producing ECAN maps. Thematic mapping is the process of preparing the required map layers for ECAN overlay analysis and presenting them using a standard mapping system. The most dynamic of these layers is the land cover-land use (LC-LU). Mapping land and coastal habitat types had direct contribution to the configuration of ECAN zones. They formed the major resource base of PCSDS geographic information.

The spatial data are geo-referenced information in the map projection UTM Zone 50, Datum, Clarke Spheroid 1866. They are available in hardcopy and in digital format in the PCSDS database.

Table 15. Spatial and non-spatial data sources related to ECAN mapping

Data source Type Description Date acquired, produced, or written ECAN zones spatial in various editions (preliminary, revised, 1993, 1998, 2001, updated, refined) 2004, 2005-06 Satellite images spatial Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+, Spot 5, and c.1998, IKONOS color images 2002-2006 Land and coastal spatial based on commercial satellite images; c.1998, cover produced by JAFTA, PTFPP and SEMP- 2003-2006 NP Relevant thematic spatial elevation, slope, habitat of endangered 1950 onwards layers and thematic species, land classification, land use maps Literature non- reports, books and articles by staff and 1983-2006 spatial consultants of PIADP, SPIADP, PCSDS, PTFPP, and SEMP-NP

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APPENDIX B AMENDING ECAN ZONES

Note: This section is based on the ECAN Policy and Research Division (PRD) draft resolution titled “Implementing Guidelines of ‘Section 22. Map Revision/Modification’ of the PCSD RESOLUTION NO. 05-250 [Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN, the Main Strategy of the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan, Amending PCSD Resolution Nos. 94-44 and 99-144]”.

INTRODUCTION

At present, the procedure for the revision/modification of ECAN zones map is guided by Section 22 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, the Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN, amending PCSD Resolution Nos. 94-44 and 99-144. The section reads:

Subsequent revisions and updating of the ECAN Zoning Map may be undertaken by the Council staff upon acquisition of new and relevant information, in consultation with the local government units and concerned sectors in the province.

Further, Section 23 of the same PCSD Resolution provides that:

… The same map shall be subject to progressive review and update by the PCSD Staff and the LGU through its ECAN Board upon acquisition of more information on the environmental condition of the terrestrial and coastal/marine areas for review and final approval of PCSD. After PCSD approval of the ECAN Zones Map, the LGU shall support the PCSD action through adoption of the ECAN Zones Map by local resolutions and ordinances.

To facilitate the process of ECAN map revision and modification, this section of the guidebook prescribes Interim Guidelines on the amendment of ECAN zones.

SCOPE AND GROUNDS FOR REVISION AND MODIFICATION

All ECAN zones maps adopted by the municipality/city and sustained by the PCSD and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan can be revised or modified if there are valid grounds for doing so.

The revision and modification may only be considered upon acquisition of new and relevant information. The following may be considered as valid grounds for starting the revision process:

1. Conflict between private titled lands and the ECAN zone 2. Updating of Municipal/City Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP) of the Local Government Unit (LGU) 3. Identified critically threatened/endangered habitats and habitats of rare endangered species 4. Identified habitat of Palawan endemic species of flora and fauna 5. Existence of sustainable development activities not in conformity with the existing adopted zones (per Section 9. Special Concerns of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250) 6. Other areas which may be identified and designated as Core Zone by the PCSD (per Section 7 of PCSD Resolution No. 05-250) 7. The zoning of tribal ancestral lands in Palawan (per Section 8 of PCSD Resolution No. 05- 250)

PROPONENT

Any proposal for revision or modification of ECAN Zone Classification of the municipality shall be made by the concerned Local Government Unit-Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod (LGU-SB/L)

71 upon the recommendation of the ECAN Board or equivalent body. The equivalent body is defined as entities having the same function and composition as that of the ECAN Board. The PCSD, on its own, may initiate such amendment in consultation with the concerned LGU.

PERIOD OF ACCEPTANCE OF PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATION

Acceptance of proposal for modification is allowed anytime as long as there one of the valid grounds enumerated above applies. Grounds for revision and modification must also comply with step 1 Section 5. Procedure/Process of Modification

PROCEDURE FOR MODIFICATION

The following sequential steps shall guide the ECAN map revision. The entire process flow is shown in the diagram (Table 16).

1. The Municipal Mayor of concerned LGU shall submit formal request to the PCSDS seeking for the amendment/revision of ECAN map accompanied by a Sangguniang Bayan/Lungsod resolution.

The resolution shall contain the following information/attachments: a) The rationale and objectives of the proposed amendments; b) Specific areas within the territorial jurisdiction of the concerned municipality for reclassification and/or modification indicated on the map with a 1:50,000 scale with corresponding technical descriptions; c) Land use change studies, extended/green cost-benefit analysis (CBA), economic valuation of environment and natural resources, ECAN Zones impacts assessment, geologic hazard studies, biodiversity assessment, feasibility studies of proposed development projects, archaeological and cultural mapping studies, and other relevant scientific studies; d) Evidence of existing land use for mis-classified areas; and

d) Proof of social acceptability as manifested by strong support of the concerned communities to the amendment of ECAN Zones. The proof may come in the form of proceedings or documentation of public/community consultations or public hearing, documentation of participatory processes such as community-based ECAN Zones management planning, other resolutions, position papers, and relevant visual materials from affected stakeholders like barangay LGUs, indigenous communities, or other concerned entities.

2. The PCSDS, together with the ECAN Board or equivalent body, SB and Sangguniang Barangay and other stakeholders, shall conduct ground validation of the submitted resolution and documents and field validation.

3. The PCSDS, together with the ECAN Board or equivalent body, SB and Sangguniang Pangbarangay and other stakeholders, shall generate a detailed proposed revised ECAN Map for submission to the Municipal/City LGU.

4. The Municipal/City LGU shall review the proposed revised ECAN Map. Such review may include the process of revalidation and consultation with the local stakeholders as deemed necessary by the Municipal/City LGU.

5. The Municipal/City LGU shall endorse and present the revised ECAN-Map to the PCSD for approval.

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6. The PCSD shall deliberate en banc and take action on whether to accept or deny the proposed revised ECAN Map and communicate the decision to the Sangguniang Bayan/Panglunsod.

7. In case the PCSD accepted the proposed revised ECAN Map, the Municipal/City LGU shall adopt the revised ECAN Zoning Map through a resolution or ordinance.

8. The Municipal/City, thereafter, shall submit the PCSD-approved revised ECAN map to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for concurrence, and then incorporate the revised ECAN Map in the municipal/city Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP).

9. Immediately upon adoption and integration into the CLWUP, an information dissemination drive shall be undertaken by the concerned LGU for the information and appropriate action of all concerned agencies, communities and other stakeholders affected by the reclassified areas.

DECISION RULE

Regarding amendments of ECAN zones, the PCSD shall base its decision on the ECAN zoning criteria as prescribed by RA 7611, its IRR, and PCSD Resolution 05-250.

Table 16. Process flow of ECAN zones map amendment Step / Action Required Output Responsible entity documents / / Action Specific actions

1. Submission of formal Sangguniang Bayan SB Resolution, plus request for amendment/ (SB) with the following revision of ECAN Map to recommendation from documents: PCSD ECAN Board or equivalent Body (a) Land Use Change Studies or Green CBA for proposals for land use change and re- zoning,

(b) Evidence of existing land use for mis-classified areas

(c) Proposed ECAN map revision (Draft Map 1)

(d) Proof of social acceptability

2. Evaluation and ground PCSDS + ECAN Documents required Validation report validation of the submitted Board or equivalent in Step 1 with resolution and documents body, Sangguniang recommendations Barangay 3. Generation of a detailed PCSDS + ECAN Validation report Detailed proposed proposed revised ECAN Board or with revised ECAN Map (Draft Map 2) equivalent body, recommendations map (Draft Map 2) Sangguniang Barangay

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4. Review and approval of SB Detailed proposed SB Resolution the proposed revised revised ECAN map approval, and ECAN map (Draft Map 2) request for LGU- SP to approve

5. Submission and SB Detailed proposed PCSD decision presentation of the revised ECAN proposed revised ECAN map map to PCSD

6. Accept/deny the PCSD Detailed proposed Approval or denial proposed revised ECAN revised ECAN of the proposed Map (Draft Map 2) map revised ECAN Map 7. Municipal/City LGU to SB Approved revised adopt the PCSD approved ECAN Map SB Ordinance ECAN Map and integrate or Resolution and into the CLWUP integration or amended ECAN Map into the CLWUP 8. LGU-Municipality/City SB SB Ordinance or Concurrence by to submit revised ECAN Resolution the SP Map to the SP for concurrence

9. Conduct of IEC Municipal Local Approved Revised Programs and Government ECAN Map projects aligned with the revised ECAN Map

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APPENDIX C ECAN STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL CORE ZONE

Since the Core zone showcases ecologically outstanding areas, its management will focus on Biodiversity Conservation, which includes conservation of both natural diversity and cultural diversity of the area. There are no intensive activities to be undertaken in Core Zones. Only minimal and soft impact uses of tribal communities may be allowed.

All allowable developmental activities in the Core Zone are subject to the EIA System, the SEP Clearance System, and to other laws and rules regulating development projects.

Any other proposed activity not mentioned here must require conflict resolution with the PCSD and other concerned stakeholders and must be subject to the EIA System.

Application for the building of telecommunication facilities (cell sites, towers, powerhouse) is subject to application for the SEP Clearance, evaluation by PCSD Staff, and PCSD deliberation.

The land use options and activities in terrestrial Core zones are as follows:

1. Ceremonial, religious, and livelihood support activities of tribal communities

The livelihood support activities for IPs include soft impact gathering of forest species and non- timber forest products (NTFPs) like almaciga resin, honey, and rattan. This may require the application of SEP Clearance.

Indigenous knowledge systems and practices and indigenous rituals are also allowed for IPs.

2. Ecotourism

As per PCSD Resolution 06-270, the allowed ecotourism activities in both land and sea are:

 Regulated botanical tours  bird watching  picture taking  trekking  mountaineering  caving  dolphin and  swimming  scuba diving  canoeing  kayaking  boardwalking  tree climbing

All these activities are subject to strict restriction embodied in a code of conduct yet to be formulated by the PCSD with the assistance of the Department of Tourism (DOT). The SEP Clearance will also be required prior to the conduct of some of the abovementioned activities.

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3. Research

While the ECAN guidelines do not explicitly include research-related activities in Core zones, such may be allowed provided the research is non-destructive and the research proponent will secure the SEP Clearance from the PCSD.

4. Ecological restoration

Like research, ecological restoration is not explicitly included as an activity in the Core zones. This may be allowed in exceptional circumstances provided that the activities will be limited to non-destructive monitoring activities. This requires an SEP Clearance from the PCSD.

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL BUFFER ZONES

Certain developmental activities in the three terrestrial Buffer zones may be subjected to the EIA System, the SEP Clearance System, and to other laws and rules regulating development projects.

RESTRICTED USE AREA

Since the Buffer Zone - Restricted Use Area delineates the critical watersheds, the management scheme for this ECAN zone will be watershed or catchment management. As with the Core Zone, the biodiversity conservation activities may be undertaken in this particular buffer zone.

Like the Core Zone, there are only soft impact activities to be undertaken in the Restricted Use Areas. The major activities here are watershed support and ecological restoration. The enrichment of ecosystems through forest planting and regeneration in this ECAN buffer zone, as well as in downstream zones, can serve as future environmental bonds or surety whose future value is only expected to rise. Economic growth through “new development” – based primarily on the exploitation of new resources and territories is giving way to growth via “restorative development” based on expanding our resources and improving our existing assets. Restoration is a process of development that adds value to natural ecosystems or built assets, returning them to their previous condition, transforming them into a healthier and more functional condition (Cunningham, 2002).

Similar to the Core zone, the application for the construction of telecommunication facilities (cell sites and towers) is subject to application for the SEP Clearance, evaluation by PCSD Staff, and deliberation by the PCSD.

The activities in Restricted use buffer zone area are the following:

1. Harvesting of NTFPs

These NTFPs include wild honey and almaciga tapping.

2. Soft-impact recreational activities

This includes hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching, and the like.

As with Core zones, the enumerated ecotourism activities cited in PCSD Resolution 06-270 also apply to Restricted use areas.

3. Research

The research is subject to the SEP Clearance System.

4. Sustainable activities of IPs

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The activities include almaciga resin tapping. In addition, traditional indigenous activities like rituals and the practice of indigenous knowledge systems are allowed in Restricted use area, just like in the Core zone.

5. Ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation

This will be the major watershed support activity in this ECAN zone. Following the concept of the PalTREES (Palawan Trees for the Restoration of Ecology, Economy, and Society) Program of PCSD, the Restricted Use Areas and in the downstream zones will define restoration as the “return of an ecosystem to a closed approximation of its condition prior to disturbance” (U.S. National Research Council, 1992).

The specific kind of restoration called for is ‘ecological restoration,’ defined as “the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and is intended to repair ecosystems with respect to their health, integrity, and self-sustainability.”

In a broader context, the goal is “to recover resilient ecosystems that are not only self-sustaining with respect to structure, species composition and functionality but also integrated into larger landscapes and congenial to ‘low impact’ human activities” (Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) International Science and Policy Working Group 2004, in TEEB 2009).

6. Other watershed support activities

These proposed activities may require conflict resolution with the PCSD and other concerned stakeholders. It may also require the application for ECC and SEP Clearance.

CONTROLLED USE AREA

The Buffer Zone - Controlled Use Area is a critical buffer zone enveloping the “protected” ECAN core and restricted use zones. Ideally, it still contains a sizeable volume of forest along a relatively steep gradient. Upland forest management will be the prescribed strategy in this zone.

The activities here necessitate a rational and sustainable use of land. The forest cover will be maintained; any harvesting or utilization of forest resources will be replaced.

The activities in this particular buffer zone, subject to existing permit regulations, are:

1. Strictly controlled mining

Following existing national, provincial, and local guidelines and issuances on mining, strictly controlled mining may be allowed. This may include metallic and non-metallic mining activities.

2. Strictly controlled logging which is not for profit

Subject to existing forest management guidelines, this logging activity may fall under forest management schemes like communal forest and CBFM.

3. Almaciga tapping

4. Tourism development

5. Research

6. Grazing

7. Gathering of NTFPs (honey, rattan, and other minor forest products)

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TRADITIONAL USE AREA

The Traditional Use Area management strategy will be Upland Stabilization in addition to the strategies for the upstream ECAN zones. As the outer buffer or barrier, it will be devoted to land and livelihoods stabilization. The activities here center on forest livelihood projects and agricultural food production.

1. Upland Stabilization Program (USP)

2. Catchment management

3. Hillside farming

4. Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP)

5. Reforestation

6. Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)

7. CBFM

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL MULTIPLE USE ZONE

The Multiple Use Zone management strategy will focus on Lowland and Urban Area Management. Where applicable, this outermost ECAN zone will also employ the strategies of the other ECAN zones.

Certain developmental activities in the terrestrial Multiple use zone may be subjected to the EIA System.

The management and control shall be strictly integrated with the support programs of the SEP and shall be in accord with the LGU and community-indorsed CLWUP.

The activities in this zone will focus on urban and lowland development.

1. Timber extraction with CBFM

2. Grazing and pastures;

3. Agriculture

4. Infrastructure and industrial development

5. Recreation

6. Education

7. Research

8. Other sustainable activities

STRATEGIES AND WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE COASTAL/MARINE ECAN ZONES

Due to the critical nature of coastal zones, the SEP Law recognizes the distinct management framework in these areas. The law prescribes “a simplified scheme of management zonation …

78 due to its geographical characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use” (Sec. 10). Hence, the two management philosophies in this component shall be:

i. equity in access to resources, and ii. management responsibility by the local community.

The PCSD guidelines recognize the jurisdiction of the LGU over their coastal areas. As such, PCSD Resolution 05-250 (Sec. 14) specifies that the LGU “shall exercise general supervision and control over the management of their coastal/marine areas subject to prior clearance from PCSD in accordance with their existing laws, rules, regulations and agreements”.

The guidelines also provide that, in cases of areas whose management is awarded to entities by virtue of agreements/contract, they shall be properly marked with buoys provided by the grantees/awardees with the assistance of PCSDS. In addition, billboards or signages regarding the management of the area shall be posted by the grantees/awardees for public information.

Activities in Coastal/Marine Areas

The activities that may be allowed in the coastal zone are those enumerated in the last columns of Table 32. These activities may be subjected to the EIA System and the SEP Clearance System.

The development activities may be further supplemented by other programs, project, and activities that maybe identified in any local Coastal Resource Management Plan or Marine Protected Areas Management Plan, subject to review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN Zoning guidelines.

Other activities that may be allowed in Coastal multiple use zone shall be governed or determined by the following:

i. resource distribution patterns, ii. appropriate uses and management strategies and/or restrictions for each sub-zone subject to the review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN guidelines.

Other strategies and land/water use options in the coastal/marine zone may be determined through participative and consultative processes such as Community-Based ECAN Zones Management Planning which the PCSD Staff have piloted in selected CRM Learning Centers throughout Palawan.

STRATEGIES AND LAND/WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE TRIBAL ANCESTRAL ZONES

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of any of the following instruments.

i. Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Proclamation ii. Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) iii. Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC)

The declaration and management of TAZs follow the integrated/harmonized guidelines of the NCIP and PCSD.

The activities in these areas are primarily those based on the material and cultural needs of the indigenous peoples. The management strategies in TAZ may be identified through consultative processes and cultural mapping. The Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and

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Protection Plans (ADSDPP) to be formulated must be able to take into account these activities and management strategies.

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APPENDIX D GUIDELINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DETAILED ERMP

1. Build a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data Infrastructure Development).

The objective of this undertaking is to produce a database of sustainable development indicators of Palawan. The said database will be used to come up with local sustainable development plans, with the ECAN map as a provincial/municipal road map, through the synthesis of all the available information (ecological, physical and socio-economic infrastructures and other attributes). This activity will ensure continuous flow of up-to-date quality information in ECAN management planning.

The following is a checklist of primary and secondary data needs to be collected in hardcopy or softcopy.

1. Physical Environment (Municipal profile)

 Municipal and Barangay Areas  Geology  Soils  Climate  Oceanography  Geologic Hazards  Infrastructure – roads, schools, ports, churches, bridges, etc.

2. Biological Environment

 Forest Resources  Wildlife Resources and Biodiversity – biodiversity hotspots (habitat of endangered species, KBA, priority wetlands)  Water bodies/wetlands  Coastal and Marine Resources (other than those in the CRA) - Coral Reefs, Reef Fish, Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles, Seagrass, Invertebrates, Mangroves  Fish cages  MPAs (fish sanctuaries)  Municipal waters  Communal fishing grounds (areas)  Offshore energy service contracts (SCs)

3. Socioeconomic Profile

 Population - Population and Demographic Characteristics, Urbanization and Migration Patterns  Social Condition - Dependency Ratios, Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity, Health and Nutrition, Education Status (Literacy Rate), Housing and Basic Utilities,  Economic Condition - Poverty Incidence, Employment, Agriculture, Fisheries, Trade and Industry, Tourism  Mining applications (large scale and small scale mining, quarry)  Tourism projects (resorts, bathing establishments)

4. Land Use Profile (Map and statistics)

 Land Classification

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 FLUP  CLUP Zones – existing land use (urban and forest land use) and proposed land use  Land/Sea Cover Classification  Watersheds (priority watersheds; critical watersheds)

5. Special Management Areas (with declarations or proposed)

 Ancestral domains/CADC/Tribal lands  CBFM, CBMFM, ISF, communal forest, other forest-related tenurial instruments  Almaciga and rattan concessions  Watershed reserves of Forest reserves  Habitats/sanctuaries of rare and endangered species  Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest (including significant caves)  Tourism development areas (TDAs) – potential tourism sites (where?)  NIPAS areas  Municipal parks (terrestrial and coastal)

2. Determine the exact boundaries of ECAN Zones and administrative boundaries.

With the assistance of the GIS Unit, the DMO will determine the extent of ECAN Zones of three components (terrestrial, coastal/marine, and TAZ).

3. Identify “Special Management Areas” (SMAs)

Prior to actual planning, the site managers/planners should identify first the “special management areas” in their area of operation. These areas are still subject to ECAN zonation but their management may entail “special treatment” owing to specific management plans and management authorities intended for the areas.

These special areas may include the following:

1. Habitats of rare and endangered species

Selected areas in Palawan were already designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue of local resolutions. Examples are portions of and Barangay Culasian (Rizal) for the critically endangered Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia).

2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of any of the following instruments.

 Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Administrative Orders  Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC)  Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC)

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3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest

Areas of historical and anthropological significance include the Tabon Cave Reservation in Lipuun Point, Quezon; the Tau’t Bato Reservation in Singnapan Valley, Barangay Ransang, Rizal; the Ile Caves in El Nido; the walled fortresses in Balabac, Cuyo, Linapacan, Taytay, Agutaya, etc.; and other similar sites.

4. Tourism development areas

5. NIPAS areas

These refer to protected areas declared under the National Integrated Protected Areas System. The following table is a list of large-scale protected areas in Palawan.

NIPAS areas of Palawan Province Protected Area Municipality Location Calauit Game Preserve and Busuanga Calauit Island Wildlife Sanctuary (CGPWS) Coron Island Protected Coron Coron Island

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Landscape El Nido-Taytay Managed El Nido, Taytay Portions of El Nido and Resource Protected Area Taytay Municipalities Malampaya Sound Protected Taytay Taytay Landscape and Seascape Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Cagayancillo Sulu Sea Puerto Princesa Subterranean Puerto Princesa City Northwestern Puerto River National Park (PPSRNP) Princesa City Palawan Flora, Fauna and Puerto Princesa City Barangay Irawan Watershed Reserve (PFFWR) / Irawan Watershed Reserve Rasa Island Wildlife Reserve Narra Rasa Island Mount Mantalingahan Protected Quezon, Rizal, Mantalingahan Landscape (MMPL) Española, Brooke’s Mountain Range Point, Bataraza Ursula Island Bird Sanctuary Bataraza Ursula Island, Sulu Sea

6. Other management units

Terrestrial zone a. Watershed reserves or forest reserves b. Municipal parks (terrestrial) c. Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA) d. Communal Forest areas e. ISF and other forest-related tenurial instruments

Coastal/Marine zone a. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem reserves – may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves b. Communal fishing grounds c. Municipal waters – covering the 15 kilometer limit from the shoreline d. Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA) e. Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species – e.g., turtle nesting sites

Planning for these Special Management Areas cannot be monopolized by one agency or one group of stakeholder. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in order for the plan to gain total acceptance by the affected communities and management authorities.

4. Develop thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators.

Method: GIS mapping overlays, spatial and non-spatial modelling Input: GIS layers and files, baseline data on environment and socio-economics Output: thematic maps and indicators

An integrated development planning analysis necessitates a consolidation of essential planning elements. Hence, there is a need to look at the actual condition of the area prior to laying out the land use plans and designating activities. To do this, the planners need to produce several thematic and cross-cutting determinants of physical geography, ecology, and socio-economics.

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The logical next step after defining the planning area is a systematic collation of scientific information about a site, area, or community needs to be undertaken. The framework for a combinatory analysis of all collected information – the multi-criteria evaluation – is described in the next step.

This step then is mainly the multi-processing/analyses part of ECAN Plan development to come up with “integrated thematic planning modules”. It primary includes studies on land use suitability, capability, and sustainability mapping using GIS overlay analyses. It will also develop land use profiles and thematic maps in order to ascertain the economic development potentials and biophysical baseline maps of the land.

The intensity of data collection and data processing will depend on the situation of a municipality or site. Some areas already have “advanced” materials and data and will only require the validation of the integrity of the information.

The table below (Table 17 ) shows the broad classification of thematic planning modules and indicators and the respective examples for each. Each thematic planning module has its own data processing design and data needs focus, but collectively their interconnection is expected to reveal broad patterns of resource use and consumption.

The biophysical determinants are the site’s biological and physical resource maps.

Socio-cultural determinants pertain to socio-economic and demographic information of the municipality or site.

Economic determinants pertain to existing and potential sustainable economic industries.

The governance and institutional determinants refers to the political and institutional situation of the municipality or site.

The integrated determinants are the interfacing or overlap of any of the above determinants. They are usually produced from a combinatory processing or overlays of the above. Two integrated land use determinants (land management units and ecological footprint) are described and presented below with examples.

Table 17. Thematic planning modules for use in ECAN planning Sustainable Development Planning Determinant / Sample Description Source or Reference Indicator 1. Biophysical determinants Precipitation Map Map showing the amount of PCSDS, PAGASA rainfall in mm in selected areas in Palawan Geological Prospectivity Map showing that the total DENR-MGB of Palawan Island area that is considered prospective for metallic mineral resources ECAN Resource Map Map showing the survey; community distribution of natural mapping resources in Palawan Land Management Unit Broad classification of BSWM (LMU) soils, slope, and landforms, and land capability 2. Socio-cultural Population Density Map Map showing the NSO determinants and Population Growth population density and Rate Map growth rate per municipality of Palawan ECAN Threats Map; Map showing natural and various Climate Change Hotspots anthropogenic threats to the integrity of ecosystems

3. Economic determinants ECAN Livelihoods Map Map showing the survey; community

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Sustainable Development Planning Determinant / Sample Description Source or Reference Indicator population’s existing and mapping; secondary potential sources of income literature

Infrastructure Map of Map showing the location survey; community Palawan of roads, ports, airports, mapping; secondary schools, markets, hospitals, literature and the like

4. Governance and CBFM Areas Map showing the areas survey, institutional determinants allotted for community forest management

Ancestral domains Maps showing the IPRA Law habitation and domain of indigenous peoples

5. Integrated determinants ECAN Zones Map A graded system of SEP Law sustainable development over Palawan

Ecological footprint The area (global hectares) Wackernagel and Rees of productive ecosystems 1996 outside a city that is required to support life in the city (Odum and Barrett 2005)

The next table is a list of thematic planning modules in terms of major development sectors. The GIS layers, data sources, and spatial objectives are also indicated.

Table 18. A sector-based list of spatial data needs for sustainable development planning (adapted from Loterte-Avillanosa, unpub.) Development Minimum Spatial Data Thematic Data Sources General Spatial Issue Sector Needs and Layers Objectives Addressed Security Demands Agriculture essential food, Crops Agricultural NGA, LMU, Suitability to food security and Fisheries arable land Suitability area soil fertility agricultural map production Water clean water Hydrology River Hydrology, Access to water Sustainable (surface, Network, LMU, supply water supply groundwater, Coastlines topography rain) Sanitation drainage, Topography Elevation, Topography, Least risk terrain Health issues wastes disposal Slope LMU and variations Energy fuel, power Vegetation Vegetation Satellite Suitability/Proximity Energy supply , power image (land to woods for fuel sufficiency grid cover), PALECO Infrastructure shelter/housing, Settlement, Built-up Land Proximity to Provision of roads, schools, Development Area, Road cover/land Markets or rural basic services health centers, Projects Network, use, center technology Development Infrastructures Projects survey Environment clean air, Climate, Rainfall, PCSDS, Suitability/Proximity Ecological and natural healthy Geology, Soils, DENR-MGB, to natural benefits ; viability / Resources ecosystems, Geohazard, Geohazard, LMU flow of ecological environmental stable uplands Forest cover Protected goods and services integrity Areas, Land use/cover Health clothing, Service Health Infrastructure Proximity to basic Mortality and remedies, relief Distribution Stations survey social services morbidity goods Education and school supplies, Service School Infrastructure Proximity to markets Social

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Development Minimum Spatial Data Thematic Data Sources General Spatial Issue Sector Needs and Layers Objectives Addressed Security Demands social welfare books, skills Distribution Facilities survey or rural center articulation trainings, values formation Income and crop Vegetation Vegetation, Land cover, Availability of Employment livelihoods cultivation, Road LMU, insensitive raw handicrafts, Network vegetation, materials subsistence interview Cultural folklores, Heritage sites Ancestral CADC/T, Define domain Culture, heritage and customs, Domains, ECAN boundaries and aesthetics, and tourism patrimony, folk cultural secure land titles income source arts zoning Fiscal financial Administrative Basic layers Basic Proximity to the Eco- assistance, geographical fiscal and governance; credits, revenue layers government centers responsiveness shares Legal recognition of Political Basic layers Basic Proximity to socio- Justice tenurial rights, boundaries/ geographical political and legal security of Taxation layers services tenure, territorial provisions Community participation: Demography Population NSO, Proximity to socio- Social organization consensus Census Palawan political and mobilization; building, CBMS, government services empowerment mobility, CBFM cohesion, resource stewardship, women empowerment

Land Management Units

One of the good indicators of land use suitability is the soil map. The soils of Palawan are categorized into land management units (LMU) under the 1988 Land Resources Evaluation Project (LREP) of Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) and Palawan Integrated Area Development Project Office (PIADPO). LREP is a pioneering whole-island soil survey that attempts to differentiate between varied soils of hills and mountainous areas.

The output LMU Map is published in scale of 1:250,000 and is useful for broad scale planning. LMU are delineations of land capability in terms of geology, topography, and soils. Below is a sample map (Figure 25) and tabular descriptions of the LMU in Barangay Pamantolon (Taytay), the pilot site of Community-Based ECAN Zones Management Planning in 2006. A total of eight LMU are identified in Pamantolon. Their soil characteristics are listed in Table 19. The LMU extent and the soil type-land capability matrix are tabulated in Table 20.

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Figure 25. Land management unit (LMU), Pamantolon, Taytay (BSWM-DA and PIADPO, 1988)

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Table 19. LMU categories, Pamantolon, Taytay

LMU / Beach Broad alluvial Infilled valley Mangrove/nipa Metamorphic hill, Metamorphic hill, Narrow alluvial Residual terrace Soil ridges/swales valley high relief low relief plain parameters Hydrology Well drained Somewhat poorly Moderately well Under water, very Well drained soils Well drained soils Somewhat poorly Moderately well (External drained to poorly drained to poorly drained drained to poorly drained to drainage) drained poorly drained drained somewhat poorly drained

Water holding Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low capacity Soil texture Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam Silty clay loam to Sandy clay loam Sandy to silt loam to clay to clay Loamy sand to clay Sandy clay loam to Sandy clay loam to clay to clay clay loam clay loam Organic matter Medium to low Medium to low Medium Medium to low Medium to low Medium and Nitrogen Medium to low Medium to low content Phosphorous Deficient Deficient Deficient Very deficient Deficient Deficient Deficient Somewhat content deficient Soil depth Shallow Deep Deep Deep Shallow Shallow Deep Moderately deep Soil internal Somewhat Moderately well Moderately well Poorly drained Well drained Well drained Moderately well Well drained to drainage excessively drained drained to poorly drained to poorly drained to poorly somewhat poorly drained drained drained drained

Soil chemistry / Optimal Maximum Marginal Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Availability of nutrients Soil pH 4.7-7.9 4.2-5.6 4.1-6.8 4.2-5.2 4.2-4.9 4.1-4.9 4.6-5.9 4.0-5.9

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Table 20. Soil Type – Land Suitability and Capability Matrix, Pamantolon, Taytay Land management unit Land suitability and capability Area Percentage (has.)

Beach ridges/swales Coconut is moderately suitable in the area. Rice and other diversified crops are rated 69.0 1.5 marginal to unsuitable due to coarse soil texture, drought, and salinity. Broad alluvial valley The land is highly to moderately suitable to agricultural crops. It is limited by low fertility, 60.5 1.3 possible toxicity of micro-nutrients and moderate flooding hazard. Infilled valley Agricultural crops are highly to moderately suitable in these areas. Moderate fertility is due 221.9 4.8 to low fertility and possible toxicity of micro-nutrients and flooding hazard in some depression areas. Mangrove/nipa The area is highly suitable for fishpond development but limited by high salinity. 242.1 5.3

Metamorphic hill, high relief Tree or perennial crops are marginally suitable in the area due to very steep slope, shallow 2690.2 58.7 soils, erosion hazard, and low fertility. Other crops is not economically suitable.

Metamorphic hill, low relief The land is moderately to marginally suitable to both annual and perennial or tree crops due 953.1 20.8 to slope gradient, erosion hazard, shallow depth of soils, and low fertility.

Narrow alluvial plain This land is highly to moderately suitable to agricultural crops. It is limited by low fertility, 299.2 6.5 possible toxicity of micro-nutrients, and moderate flooding in some areas. Residual terrace Agricultural crops are moderately to marginally suitable in this area because of low fertility, 50.8 1.1 possible toxicity of metallic elements, and shallow soils of some areas. TOTAL 4586.8 100.0

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Ecological Footprint

(This section based on: Wackernagel and Rees (1996), Roque and Fuentes (unpub.) “Securing Sustainable Food, Water, and Wood Supply for the Future”, presentation, and computations by PCSDS ECAN Planning Division.)

Ecological Footprint (EF) is a quantitative measure of human demand (resource consumption and waster assimilation) on the ecosystems. It is the area of productive land and water that is required to support a defined human population and material standard indefinitely. EF analysis uses the combined demand for ecological resources (wherever they are located) and presents them as the global average area (global hectares) needed to support a specific human activity.

A preliminary study of the ecological footprint of Palawan Province in terms of basic needs resource requirements is undertaken to determine the sufficiency or deficiency of resources at present and in the future. The objective of the study is to determine whether there will be enough food, water, and wood for the population of Palawan. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Determine the current and future population consumptions for food, water, and wood supply based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectares.

2. Compare the population consumptions and the biocapacity based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectare to determine food and water sufficiency and wood supply.

In land use planning, the results of ecological footprint study are important in allocating for certain areas of the land for specific land uses. It can also assist in making decisions about selecting and prioritizing land development options. The conceptual or consciousness-raising value of the EF analysis also has implications to policies that will be crafted to mitigate factors that can contribute to non-sustainable trends of economic activities and environmental deterioration.

The calculation of EF has the following general procedures (Wackernagel and Rees 1996):

1. Estimate of the average person’s annual consumption of particular items from aggregate regional or national data by dividing total consumption by population size. For various categories, the national statistics provide both production and trade figures from which trade- corrected consumption can be computed, using the following formula. trade-corrected consumption = production + imports - exports

2. Estimate the land area appropriated per capita (aa) for the production of each major consumption item i. This is done by dividing the annual consumption of that item as calculated in #1 [c, in kg/capita] by its average annual productivity or yield [p, in kg/ha]. aai = annual demand / annual yield = ci / pi

3. Compute the total ecological footprint of the average person, the per capita footrpint (ef), by summing all the ecosystem areas appropriated (aai) by all the goods and services (n) consumed by the person.

n  aaefi 1i

4. Obtain the ecological footprint (EFP) of the study population by multiplying the average per capita footprint by population size (N).

EFP = N(ef)

In cases where the total area used is available from statistics, the per capita footprint can be computed by dividing by population.

The following table shows one of the initial calculations of the Ecological Footprint of Palawan. It presents the deficient and reserve areas per municipality (in global hectares) of forest for timber and fuelwood. The computation for other land uses (cropland for food, forest for water, built up area, fishing ground, and grazing lands) are also available.

Table 21. Existing, required, and needed forest area for timber and fuelwood (in gha) of Palawan Province (Source: Preliminary results of Ecological Footprint analysis, PCSDS, 2011, updated 2013) Existing Terrestrial Required Forest Area for Timber & Fuelwood (bc = 0.09) Deficit/Reserve Fraction of land area Municipality & Mangrove Forest (ha) 2005 2013 2015 2020 2013 2015 2020 Land Area (ha) 2013 2015 2020 Aborlan 43,709 3,390 3,764 4,886 40,319 39,946 38,823 72,251.72 0.56 0.55 0.54 Agutaya 84 1,238 1,364 1,736 (1,154) (1,280) (1,652) 3,127.18 0.37 0.41 0.53 Araceli 2,946 1,363 1,428 1,606 1,583 1,518 1,340 17,427.28 0.09 0.09 0.08 Balabac 22,899 3,983 4,591 6,549 18,916 18,308 16,350 56,229.56 0.34 0.33 0.29 Bataraza 22,770 7,034 8,067 11,360 15,736 14,703 11,410 72,563.29 0.22 0.20 0.16 Brooke's Point 25,192 6,056 6,444 7,527 19,136 18,747 17,664 58,345.27 0.33 0.32 0.30 Busuanga 16,871 2,287 2,567 3,429 14,584 14,304 13,442 45,149.73 0.32 0.32 0.30 Cagayancillo 87 706 754 887 (620) (667) (801) 6,318.89 0.10 0.11 0.13 Coron 28,702 4,223 4,480 5,194 24,479 24,222 23,508 65,805.40 0.37 0.37 0.36 Culion 17,455 2,034 2,242 2,857 15,421 15,214 14,598 43,439.14 0.36 0.35 0.34 Cuyo 140 2,186 2,345 2,798 (2,046) (2,206) (2,658) 5,134.44 0.40 0.43 0.52 Dumaran 13,999 2,226 2,451 3,121 11,773 11,547 10,878 51,788.72 0.23 0.22 0.21 El Nido 26,266 3,976 4,542 6,334 22,289 21,724 19,932 56,607.20 0.39 0.38 0.35 Kalayaan 0 95 270 3,653 (95) (270) (3,653) 7,303.12 0.01 0.04 0.50 Linapacan 6,198 1,590 1,842 2,658 4,607 4,356 3,540 16,079.35 0.29 0.27 0.22 Magsaysay 125 1,144 1,192 1,319 (1,020) (1,067) (1,195) 3,899.78 0.26 0.27 0.31 Narra 37,373 6,164 6,365 6,898 31,209 31,008 30,475 78,655.58 0.40 0.39 0.39 Puerto Princesa City 165,031 21,837 23,123 26,679 143,195 141,909 138,353 216,110.68 0.66 0.66 0.64 Quezon 46,154 5,382 5,681 6,502 40,773 40,474 39,652 95,448.64 0.43 0.42 0.42 Rizal 76,368 4,721 5,410 7,606 71,647 70,958 68,762 129,930.91 0.55 0.55 0.53 Roxas 51,067 6,678 7,605 10,525 44,389 43,462 40,541 97,962.04 0.45 0.44 0.41 San Vicente 55,577 3,484 4,047 5,885 52,093 51,531 49,692 72,441.43 0.72 0.71 0.69 Sofronio Espanola 8,734 2,834 2,927 3,172 5,901 5,808 5,562 49,586.75 0.12 0.12 0.11 Taytay 56,992 7,439 8,244 10,662 49,553 48,747 46,330 133,416.21 0.37 0.37 0.35 726,742 104,083 113,759 145,863 622,667 612,993 580,894 1,455,022

5. Stocktaking of local environmental governance initiatives

This step takes into account the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan, as enumerated in Section 25 of PCSD Resolution 05-250. The data can be collected from local planners through a questionnaire produced below.

Field instrument 1: Stocktaking Questionnaire

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STOCKTAKING OF MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES (for ECAN Zones Management Planning)

For Head/Staff of MENRO, MAO, and MPDO Offices:

PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan. After the approval of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Resource Management Plan taking into consideration the following:

Municipality: ______Barangay: ______Date & Time of KII:______Interviewer: ______

I. Personal details of respondent

1. Name (Pangalan): ______

2. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ______

3. Occupation (Trabaho): ______

4. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): ______

5. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): ______

What are the efforts of the municipality in addressing the following development issues?

1. Stakeholders' participation in the protection conservation, development, exploitation and restoration of natural resources in the area;

______

2. Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels on municipal waters;

______

3. Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS; [include barangay/municipal declared PAs]

______

4. Inter-agency participation;

______

5. Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws;

______

6. Monitoring and evaluation schemes [to include coastal pollution monitoring and control to understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures complementary to the PCSDS environmental quality regulation];

______

7. Regulatory measures or permitting system;

______

8. Application of resource rents or user charges;

______

9. Management of funds from proceeds of license fees;

______

10. Allowable activities for each zone; [CLUP land use zones and/or ECAN zones]

______

11. Development activities in small islands;

______

12. Waste disposal and sewage; [solid and liquid waste]

______

13. Provision of alternative livelihood projects;

______

14. Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources;

______

15. Migration and settlement within the coastal areas; and

______

______

16. Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of the ECAN zones.

______

17. Others identified to be necessary and relevant

______

6. Integrated threats analysis

(This section based on the Rapid Rural Appraisal studies of PSU-CSPGI, 2013)

Rationale for threats analysis

An integrated threats analysis is a comprehensive investigation and analysis of various existing and projected problems confronting a locality. It is thus one way of analyzing the complex problems and issues within the area. It is also one priority-setting mechanism that can aid planners and decision makers in: (1) identifying the type of project intervention to be introduced and (2) allocating resources to invest in a priority area. This is because threats analysis may reveal subtle patterns and causations of issues and problems.

In areas of high ecological and economic interest such as the Palawan Biosphere Reserve, threats analysis constitutes a good practice on the part of a project team or an organization, especially during the stage of project conceptualization and development. If done prior to the full blown implementation of a project or program, the results of such undertaking can positively influence the course of project actions and can directly offer optimal solutions to the identified problems.

A further rationale for threats analysis is dictated by the inherent complex nature of threats themselves, especially those generally arising in developing countries and specifically, in ‘hotspot’ areas. There is a need to investigate the “compounding or reinforcing effects” of the ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and political challenges to development and conservation. The call for sustainable development in the hotspot areas necessitates the use of a holistic or integrated approach to problem solving.

Objectives of threats analysis

The general objective for the threats analysis is to recommend new potential high impact and cost effective programs and projects for the local area (municipality) of interest. The programs and projects are expected to contribute to sustainable development of the target localities, at both the barangay and the municipal levels. We recommend these programs for the concerned

stakeholders to pursue in the selected barangays in the next five years. They are also geared toward satisfying the development needs and gaps of the target localities and fishing families.

The specific objectives of the analysis are to:

• Identify the threats/problems in the target coastal communities • Analyze threats relationships (problems/opportunities) • Prepare a generic list of projects to address the threats/problems • Serve as basis of ECAN guidelines, programs, and projects in the ERMP

Theoretical context

Definitions

In the context of biodiversity, a ‘threat’ is defined as a cause of species decline (IUCN, 2006). ‘Threat’ per se is usually defined as a status, condition, or level of threat or conservation.

An operational definition of ‘threat’ can be the historical, potential, or existing danger, stress or pressure to a target in the environment (Ona et al. 2007). The target of the threat is any one of a species (organism), an area (habitat or ecosystem), or a macro-level area (MPA, corridor, ecoregion). In this study, the target is the entire municipality. The propagation of threat gives injury or harm to the target coastal community or to its aspiration toward sustainable development.

The following definitions are relevant to this study. Although the terms pertain to ‘biodiversity’ as the general target of threat (Salafsky et al. 2008), they can be generalized to the ‘sustainable development’ of the locality:

• Direct threats: The proximate human activities or processes and natural events that have caused, are causing, or may cause unsustainable development and/or the destruction, degradation, or impairment of biodiversity. • Contributing factors: The ultimate factors (social, economic, political, institutional, or cultural) that enable or otherwise add to the occurrence or persistence of proximate direct threats. • In a situation analysis, contributing factors or underlying causes are subdivided into indirect threats (factors with a negative effect) and opportunities (factors with a positive effect). • Sustainable development actions: Interventions undertaken by project staff or partners designed to reach the project’s objectives and sustainable development goals.

Conceptual framework

The general framework used to ascertain the threats to local sustainable development is the ‘causal chain’ or cause-and-effect analysis. The normative causation of threat usually propagates from the domain of the environment to social, economic, and political arenas.

Careful planning and intervention for project success can be integrated into the causal chain by directly specifying activities/actions and monitoring their outcomes. A general model of a project intervention chain must recognize that the action to solve or address threats can be applied not only to the direct threats but also to underlying causes and to the targets themselves (Salafsky et al. 2008).

This paper proposes the following framework (Figure 26) for the integrated threats (plus solutions) analysis. This is a modification of the model of conservation action by Salafsky et al.

(2008), wherein ‘conservation actions’ are generalized as ‘sustainable development actions’ to highlight not only the role of conservation but also of economic development in providing concrete solutions to addressing problems and threats. Moreover, the biodiversity target is generalized to the entire target locality of the project team (MFI).

Figure 26. A proposed general model of a sustainable development project. (Salafsky et al. 2008, modified)

The determination of solutions, strategies, or new projects to break the hierarchical chain of threats requires a situational analysis of threats. Situational analysis is another term for integrated threats analysis. The algorithm for the integrated threats analysis is adapted from Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 2.0 (Conservation Measures Partnerships 2007). The framework entails the following assumptions:

1. Threats are the same as the problems of and (negative) issues in the community. 2. The needs and priorities of the community are the combination of threats and opportunities existing in that community. 3. Identifying threats/problems/issues in a community and evaluating them side by side with needs/priorities and opportunities will lead to the identification of new projects to solve or address the threats/problems/issues. 4. The desired new projects are sustainable social development (SD) actions and solutions. To be sustainable, these recommended projects are expected to be (1) high impact and (2) cost-effective, and as per the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act (SEP Law): (3) ecologically viable, (4) socially acceptable, and (5) holistic in approach.

Method

The following table summarizes the major steps involved in the conduct of integrated threats analysis based on the above proposed framework and assumptions.

Table 22. Major steps of threats and solutions analysis Step Action Instrument Outputs 1 Develop a threats analysis literature review Figure 26 model 2 Locate and identify critical field observation guide and photographs, field needs and threats/problems literature review notes through reconnaissance 3 Identify critical needs and (i) key informant interview filled up threats/problems, opportunities, (KII) questionnaire specific questionnaires, and (possible) solutions to to threats analysis, problem trees these threats/problems (ii) generic household interview questionnaire (can be sourced out from CBMS data), (iii) focus group discussion (FGD) mechanics specific to threats analysis 4 Analyze threats relationships KII and FGD processed problem trees 5 Prepare generic list of projects KII, and FGD opportunities matrix,

Step Action Instrument Outputs solutions matrix 6 Social validation of results validation of findings revised report

For Steps 2 to 5, we can engage the local key stakeholders, individually and collectively, through various interviews and workshops designed to identify and characterize threats and their interrelationships.

The field instruments (KII threats questionnaire and FGD mechanics for problem tree) are reproduced below. The target informants for KII are the key ECAN planners and stakeholders based on the nine stakeholder groups identified in (and modified here) Chapters 23 to 32 of Agenda 21.

 Women  Children and Youth  Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Cultural Communities (IPs/ICCs)  Workers, Trade Unions, and People’s Organizations  Farmers, Small Forest Landowners, and Fisherfolks  Non-governmental Organizations  Local Authorities (LGUs and NGAs) – MPDC and MPDO staff, MENRO and MENRO staff, MAO and MAO staff, Tourism officer, School principal or head teacher  Business and Industry  Scientific and Technological Communities and the Academe

Field instrument 2: KII threats questionnaire

ECAN Resource Management Planning Key Informant Interview Questionnaire (ECAN Needs + Projects) Questionnaire No.: ______

The needs and priorities of the municipality often depend on the kinds of problems and issues that occur in it. Before we are able to introduce new projects, we must be able to identify first the threats and opportunities in our area. Since the problems and issues that confront us are often complex, we must also be able to analyze what are the causes and the impacts of our major problems. The analysis will help us prioritize our needs and also the resources we must apply to solve our problems. For the identified needs/problems/issues/opportunities, we will specify the solutions and actions that will address them.

Target Respondents for Municipal KII – Mayor, Municipal Councilor (committee chair on agriculture, fisheries, environment and livelihood), MAO and staff, MPDC and staff, MENRO and staff, Tourism officer, NGO, PO representative, Business and Industry (2), Church, school (principal or head teacher), IP leader, Women, Children and Youth, Workers and Trade Unions (MFARMC), Scientific and Technological Communities, Farmers and Small Forest Landowners

Municipality: ______Barangay: ______Date & Time of KII:______Interviewer: ______

I. Personal details of respondent

6. Name (Pangalan): ______

7. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ______

8. Occupation (Trabaho): ______

9. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): ______

10. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): ______

II. Critical Sustainable Development Needs and Priorities of the Community

6. What do you think are the 3 critical or major environmental/social/economic/institutional needs and priorities of your municipality (Dumaran)? These needs and priorities must be those that you think have not yet been addressed or have not been given attention.

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 kritikal o pangunahing mga pangangailangan at prayoridad pangkapaligiran/pangsosyal/pang-ekonomiya/pang-institusyonal ng inyong munisipalidad na hindi pa natutugunan o hindi pa masyadong nabibigyang pansin?)

7. Which entity/entities should provide support to address the identified needs and priorities?

6. Needs and Priorities 7. Entities who should 14. Actions, Solutions, and Remarks provide support New Projects (Cause/Effect) (Answer to Question # 14) a. b. c.

8. What other critical needs are not yet being addressed? (Meron pa ba kayong gustong idagdag na mga kritikal na pangangailangan?)

9. Which entity/entities should provide support to address the identified needs and priorities?

8. Other critical needs 9. Entity who should 14. Actions, Solutions, and Remarks not yet addressed provide support New Projects (Cause/Effect) (Answer to Question # 14) d. e. f.

(Note: Needs/priorities, problems/issues/threats, and opportunities can have more than one action/solution/project.)

III. Critical Sustainable Development Problems, Issues, and Threats

(Note: Ang problema, isyu, o banta ay maaring nangyayari sa kasalukuyan, nangyari na sa nakalipas na 3 taon, o maaaring mangyari sa susunod na 3 taon. Ang alamin lamang ay ang mga “critical threats” – ang mga pinakaimportanteng dapat bigyang pansin)

10. What do you think are the 3 critical or major problems, issues, or threats to environment/society/economy/institutions of your municipality?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 kritikal o pangunahing problema, isyu, o mga banta sa kapaligiran/lipunan/eokonomiya/institusyon nyo dito sa bayan ng Dumaran?)

10. Problems, Issues, and Threats 15. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks (Answer to Question # 15) a. b. c.

11. Do you have other major problems, issues, or threats in your barangay (or municipality)? (Meron pa ba kayong iba pang kritikal na problema, isyu, o banta dito sa inyong lugar?)

11. Problems, Issues, and Threats 15. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks (Answer to Question # 15) d. e.

IV. Opportunities (in some cases, the opposite of a threat)

12. What do you think are the 3 opportunities (or factors that have a positive effect on the community) that can assist in the sustainable development and livelihood of your municipality once these are developed or utilized?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang 3 oportunidad (o mga bagay na may positibong epekto sa komunidad) na pwedeng makatulong sa pangmatagalang kaunlaran at kabuhayan ng inyong munisipyo sakaling ito ay ma-develop o magamit?)

12. Opportunities 16. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks (Answer to Question # 16) a. b. c.

13. What other opportunities do you have here? (Bukod sa nabanggit, meron pa ba kayong iba pang oportunidad dito sa lugar nyo?)

13. Opportunities 16. Actions, Solutions, and New Projects Remarks (Answer to Question # 16) d. e.

V. Sustainable Development Actions, Solutions, and (New) Projects

14. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can answer/address the needs that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na tutugon sa mga pangangailangan na inyong nabanggit?)

15. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can answer/address the problems and issues that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na tutugon sa mga problema at isyung inyong nabanggit?)

16. What do you think are the most effective actions, solutions, or new projects that can take advantage of the opportunities that you have mentioned?

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga pinakaepektibong aksyon, solusyon, o bagong proyekto na makakapagsaalang-alang ng mga oportunidad na inyong nabanggit?)

VI. Additional Actions and Projects

17. Other than those mentioned, what in your opinion are other actions and projects that can assist the municipality of Dumaran once they were undertaken here?

(Bukod sa mga nabanggit, ano pa sa palagay nyo ang mga aksyon at proyektong maaaring makatulong kapag naisagawa (o naisakatuparan) dito sa bayan ng Dumaran ? )

17. Additional Actions, Solutions, and New Projects a. b. c.

Field instrument 3: FGD mechanics for problem tree analysis

Workshop mechanics adapted from Facilitators’ Handbook to Mainstream MEAs at the Barangay Development Plan (BDP) (in prep.), published through the UNDP-GEF project entitled “Strengthening Coordination for Effective Environmental Management” (STREEM).

ECAN Resource Management Planning Focus Group Discussion for Threats and Opportunities Workshop No. ____

Municipality: ______Barangay: ______Purok: ______Date & Time of FGD:______Facilitator: ______Recorder: ______

Workshop on Problem-Finding Exercise

Introduction: The needs and priorities of the community often depend on the kinds of problems and issues that occur in it. Before we are able to introduce new projects in the community, we must be able to identify first the threats and opportunities in our area. Since the problems and issues that confront us are often complex, we must also be able to analyze what are the causes and the impacts of our major problems. The analysis will help us prioritize our needs and also the resources we must apply to solve our problems.

Objectives: -and-effect relationships of critical threats and problems. a and how these impact on their socio-economic well-being. critical problems and issues identified by the community in the Problem Tree exercise.

Outputs:

Materials:

Suggested composition of workshop participants At the minimum: 11 participants -leaders -leaders

sector representatives (church, women, business/resort)

General Procedure:

A. Problem Tree Analysis --> B. Problem Prioritization --> C. Community Opportunities and Strengths Identification --> D. Actions/Solutions Identification

A. Problem Tree Analysis

1. Provide a brief background on the problem-finding exercise.

2. Determine the core or major problems/issues/threats existing in the community. The facilitator will provide a set of pre-identified core problems written on metacards from which the participants will choose those that they think are major issues/threats in their locality.

(Note: Some pre-identified core problems may include: (i) inability to provide for basic needs, (ii) threat to food security, (iii) biodiversity loss, (iv) unsound waste management practices, (v) lack of livelihood opportunities, (vi) lack of industry support, (vii) political issues, (viii) health problems, (ix) unemployment, (x) lack of potable water source, (xi) lack of electricity, (xii) poor fish catch, and (xiii) lack of tourism facilities.)

3. Determine the problems/issues/threats that are direct causes of the identified core problem/issue/threat. Write the direct cause in the metacard and place them below the metacards of each of the selected core threat.

(Note: The facilitator will provide a sample Problem Tree so that the participants can easily follow the process. Two sample Problem Trees are shown below.)

4. Determine the corresponding causes by asking the question “Why did it happen?” until you reach very specific root causes.

5. Above the core problems/issues/threats will be the corresponding effects or impacts. Ask the participants to identify and write the effects/impacts on the metacards by asking the question “So what?” or “What will happen?” Place the cards above the corresponding core problems/issues/threats.

6. Review the Problem Tree showing interrelationships of the “causes-core problem-effects” relationship and rearrange the cards accordingly.

7. Discuss and summarize the results.

the Problem Tree?”

aspects and implications of climate change, biodiversity, land degradation, fisheries, coastal issues, and sustainable development. Also, summarize the results of the Problem Tree by specifying key environmental problems/issues/threats in the coastal areas which affect the socio-economic well-being of the community.

8. Document the problem tree and take a photograph of it.

B. Problem Prioritization

9. Based on the Problem Tree, identify the root causes that generated the most number of problems and issues. These root causes are the ones that will be given priority in the solution-finding exercise.

C. Community Opportunities and Strengths Identification

10. Ask the participants to write on metacards the community opportunities and strengths by asking the question, “What are the characteristics of the community that can be tapped to implement solutions to the identified problems/issues/threats?” The characteristics may be biophysical, socio- economic, or governance/institutional in nature.

11. Ask also: “How much are they willing to cooperate in solving the identified problems?”

D. Solutions Identification

12. For each of the prioritized root causes in Process B, the group will be asked to recommend or suggest doable solutions or actions to resolve/address these core problems.

(Note: A sample Solutions Table is shown below.)

13. Congratulate and thank the participants on the success of the exercise.

Figure 27. Sample Problem Tree 1

Table 23. Sample Solutions Table Threat To Sustainable Development Sample Actions/Solutions/ Strategies Inability to provide for basic needs Livelihood support Threat to food security Conservation and sustainable use Biodiversity loss Protection and preservation Restoration Rehabilitation

Natural processes Climate change adaptation

Disaster risk reduction Land-based stresses/ pressures Conservation and sustainable use

Unsound waste management practices Solid waste management Strong market demand for resources Law enforcement Permitting system

Lack of livelihood opportunities Livelihood support Land use conversion Lack of industry support Industry support Market creation Uncertainty in coastal/ land tenure Conflict resolution (property rights) Low level of sustainable development IEC awareness Political issues Capacity building

7. Formulation of ECAN zones and resources plan

Method: Planners’ planning workshop Inputs: Integrated threats analysis; CLUP (if available) Outputs: ECAN Management Plan with zonal and suprazonal (cross-cutting actions)

This final stage of planning is concerned with determining the sustainable development actions in the ECAN zones and resources therein. The planning framework will be guided by the tripartite features of SEP and the ECAN guidelines, as well as the strategies/actions in the CLUP and the findings of the integrated threats analysis.

The workshop facilitator has to reiterate that the core philosophy or principle of the planning activity is “sustainable development” and the primary strategy is ECAN Zoning. The steps are as follows:

7.1. Agree on a set of sustainable development core themes (or systems of interest) and prepare log frame for each.

The core themes can be ecosystems, resources, or sectors present in the municipality. It can also be the ongoing threat identified in the integrated threats analysis. (As an alternative, the planners may decide to focus on the ECAN zones as the systems of interest and disaggregate the resources found in each zone.)

The following is a sample log frame for the forestry sector.

Table 24. Illustrative recasting of a portion of PA 21 AA into Log Frame Goal or desired state Rehabilitated forestlands and watershed under sustainable management Poverty Alleviation Purpose Forestlands under secure tenure Improved policy environment and enforcement-implementation capacity PPP Output or Watershed management approach implemented on the ground; results Attainment of forestry-watershed plan objectives; Expansion of community-based tenure; Establishment of payments for environmental services; Marketing of community-based agro-forestry products Implemented Plans, Capacity building and organization of community-based management; Policies, Projects, Joint LGU-DENR MOA on community management; Programs (PPPPs) Provision of community-based management (tenure) agreement to identified communities; Implementation of forestry-watershed plan Preliminary Establishment of MIS; Identify sources of funding; Valuation of forest Activities use and non-use benefits; Delineation of forest boundary and production and protection forests and watershed management area; Formulation of a forestry-watershed plan Source: Philippine Council for Sustainable Development, 2013.

The themes can be further classified into three clusters: Environment, Socioeconomic, Governance. Table 25 is a sample set of core themes for Palawan at the provincial level.

Table 25. Sample set of core themes Cluster Core theme/ecosystem/resource/sector Fisheries (including CRM, pearl farms, LRFF) Forest Environment (including Catchment Management and Development) Mining and Mineral Resources Development Water Resources Environment Agriculture, Land, and Soil (Lowland Resources Development)

Wildlife and Biodiversity Cave and Cave Resources Tourism Power and Energy (including offshore/oil and gas, renewable energy) Urbanization (Sustainable City and Urban Centers)

Sustainable Industries (including ICT, green jobs creation) Socioeconomic Ancestral Domains Basic Services Delivery (Food, Health, Education, Housing, Work/Employment) Infrastructure (Water, Transport, Communication) Waste Population and Migration Governance Climate Change Adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Institutional Arrangements for SD and GE Partnerships/Linkages/Participation (how to maximize)

Support Mechanisms: Environmental Education Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation R & D

7.2. Identify applicable SEP criteria for each core theme.

This step makes sure that the actions for each core theme are compliant to the SEP as the overarching planning framework. The minimum sustainability criteria for projects in Palawan, as defined in the SEP Law, are ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach.

Additional criteria can be introduced to enhance the SEP criteria and make it compliant to a desirable goal (e.g., fulfillment of the requirements for a smooth transition toward a green economy). The following is a list of criteria and corresponding indicators that can be used in the ECAN planning process. The first three are required while the next three are recommended for inclusion.

Criteria (how to make sure the core theme actions are compliant to principles of SEP and Green Economy)

1. Ecological viability (intact physical and biological cycles, enhanced/restored natural capital and environmental stock and quality; sustainable resource stock) 2. Social acceptability (participatory; commitment; equity in

access/distribution/benefits) 3. Integrated approach (holism; coordination and sharing; political will) 4. Rights-based development (poverty alleviation; protection, fulfillment, and respect for social and economic rights) 5. Climate-smart (reduced carbon emissions; enhanced carbon stock; decreased vulnerability to climate change impacts; efficiency in production and resource use) 6. Good governance (increased knowledge and capacity for environmental stewardship; transparency and accountability)

7.3. Identify courses of action and indicators for each principle.

The courses of action per criteria are policy covers, plans, programs and projects (PPPP). They may be existing actions, partially implemented, or proposed. Indicators, on the other hand, are objectively verifiable and measurable.

Below is a sample of the arsenal of PPP for the establishment of a green economy in the sector of forest and biodiversity. The selected principles are given as the heading of columns 2 to 4.

7.4. Identify applicable ECAN zone for each course of action.

This is applicable for zonal actions only, which are actions that fall on only one or several specific zones in the terrestrial, coastal/marine, or tribal ancestral lands. The assignment of ECAN zones will be based on allowable and prohibited uses per ECAN zone as specified in the ECAN policies and guidelines.

7.5. Identify the coverage (municipality, barangay, sitio, or any applicable management unit) of each course of action.

The results of the municipal integrated threats analysis can be interfaced or integrated with this step. The peculiarities of intervention per coverage/site must be discussed further in the plan.

Principle: Sustainable Development Strategy: ECAN Zoning Cluster Core theme/ Criteria (how Indicators Courses If Coverage ecosystem/ to make sure of zonal (Municipality, resource/ the core Actions action: Barangay, sector/ theme (PPPP) ECAN Sitio, ECAN zone actions are Zone management compliant to (T- area) SEP and GE C/M- features) TAZ)

References for Appendix D

Agenda 21. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992. Available from http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=23&menu=35 (accessed June 2013).

Conservation Measures Partnerships. 2007. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 2.0.Available from http://www.conservationmeasures.org/wp- content/uploads/2010/04/CMP_Open_Standards_Version_2.0.pdf (accessed June 2013).

Looijen, J., N. Pelesikoti, and M. Staljanssens. 1995. ICOMIS: a spatial multi-objective decision support system for coastal resource management. ITC Journal 1995-3.

Odum, E.P., and G.W. Barrett. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

Ona, R.E.A., R.T. Fuentes, P.A. Regoniel, O.T. Alfonso, J.F.A. Pontillas, M.D. Pido, A.V. Regalo, T.L. Salva. 2007. An Analysis of Threats to Biodiversity in the Balabac Strait Corridor. - Center for Strategic Policy and Governance, Inc.

Philippine Council for Sustainable Development. 2013. Assessment of the Philippine Agenda 21, The Prospects for a Green Economy, and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development.

Salafsky, N., D. Salzer, A.J. Stattersfield, C. Hilton-Taylor, R. Neugarten, S.H.M. Butchart, B. Collen, N. Cox, L.L. Master, S. O’Connor, and D. Wilkie. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology, 22: 897–911. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x Available from

http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Salafsky_et_al._2008_Unified_Classifications_of_T hreats_and_Actions.pdf (accessed June 2013).

Wackernagel, M., and W. E. Rees. 1996. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. B.C. Canada: New Society Publishers.

APPENDIX E RIDGE-TO-REEF ECAN ZONES GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

The ECAN Zones management approach will be holistic and will follow the strategic ridge-to- reef approach shown in the table below. This means that the management options and strategies are designated from the upland to the sea. The Core Zone will mainly use the strategy of biodiversity conservation due to its limited activities. The strategy, however, is still flexible and not limiting because biodiversity conservation still allows strategic activities and options that could be introduced in the Core Zones.

The buffer zone management strategies will range from biodiversity conservation in areas that are pristine (as with Core zones), watershed management (in Restricted use areas), upland forest management (in Controlled use areas), and upland stabilization (in Traditional use areas). In addition to all these strategies, the Multiple use zone will focus on lowland and urban area management.

The coastal zone will be managed through coastal resource management and MPA management in appropriate areas. Since the strategies in the upland will impact the lowland and coastal areas, the whole gamut of strategies in the upland areas will be a factor in managing the areas below it.

The ridge-to-reef framework is a strategic approach to the ECAN management and allows for cross-cutting strategies to be applied across the ECAN zones on the ground.

Note that some commercial activities (or projects) will require the SEP Clearance.

Table 26. Ridge-to-reef management framework of ECAN zones COMPO ECAN UPLAND BUFFER ZONE LOWLAND AND COASTA NENT ZONE AREAS (UPLAND AND LOWLAND URBAN L AREAS MANAGEMENT) Terrestrial Core Biodiversity zone conservation

Restricted Biodiversity Watershed use area conservation Management

Controlled Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest use area conservation Management management

Traditional Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland use area conservation Management management stabilization

Multiple use Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban zone conservation Management management stabilization area management Coastal/ Coastal core Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban CRM + Marine zone conservation Management management stabilization area MPA management Manageme nt Coastal Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban CRM + transition conservation Management management stabilization area MPA zone management Manageme nt Coastal Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban CRM + sustainable conservation Management management stabilization area MPA use zone management Manageme nt Tribal Tribal ancestral ancestral Cultural mapping + management of ancestral domains

lands zone

The ECAN Zones management guidelines are founded on environmental, socio-economic, and governance objectives to attain the overall goal of sustainability of resource uses. These objectives should be satisfied in the formulation of guidelines to manage the ECAN zones.

Each of the ECAN zones can be thought of as responding to basic needs and sustainable development objectives. As a tool for land and water use planning, the ECAN ensures the objectives enumerated in the last column of the following table.

Table 27. Zonal goals, management framework, and objectives of ECAN zoning ECAN Zones Zonal goals Zonal management Objectives of ECAN framework zones management (SEP Law, Section 7)

Core zone Ecological Integrity Biodiversity conservation; 1. forest conservation and (land and water) Coastal resource and MPA protection, management (for coastal/marine component) 2. protection of watersheds,

Buffer zone: Water Sufficiency Watershed management 3. preservation of biological Restricted use area diversity,

Buffer zone: Food Security Upland forest management; 4. protection of indigenous Controlled use areas Upland stabilization peoples and preservation of and their culture, Traditional use areas 5. maintenance of maximum Multiple use zone Food Security and Lowland and urban area sustainable yield, (land and water) Sustainable Industries management; Coastal resource and Services and MPA management (for 6. protection of rare and coastal/marine component) endangered species and their habitat, and

7. provision of areas for environmental research, education, and training, and

8. provision of areas for tourism and recreation.

Although this way of looking at the ECAN zones can be reductive – since the whole network of the ECAN aims to satisfy all the zonal goals in the second and third columns – it is instructive in showing how the ECAN is a holistic strategy to achieve human well-being.

The figure below illustrates the positive reinforcing impacts of SEP-ECAN to achieving societal well-being and holism. The balance of ecological stability and economic development is the main driver of water sufficiency and food security, which in turn are driven by our increased knowledge capacity and maturing governance.

Figure 28. The positive reinforcing benefits of SEP-ECAN

Thus, the expected lasting benefit of SEP, through the management of ECAN Zones, is the continuous build-up of necessary ecological, economic, and social infrastructures to realize a self-sustaining green economy. The guidelines delineating the allowable activities and sample strategies within the ECAN zones are enumerated in the table below.

Table 28. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270) vis a vis general and specific strategies in each zone Component ECAN zone General strategies Specific Allowable activities within the strategies management zone Terrestrial Core zone Biodiversity Protection and None, except for: conservation preservation (i) traditional uses of tribal Conservation and communities for minimal and sustainable use soft impact gathering of forest species for ceremonial and Livelihood religious purposes, and support (ii) ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Limited and non-consumptive Restricted use conservation preservation activities which include:

Watershed Restoration gathering of wild honey; Management Rehabilitation almaciga tapping;

Conservation and soft-impact recreational sustainable use activities (hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching); Livelihood support research;

sustainable activities of indigenous peoples;

ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation; and

ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Strictly controlled mining; Controlled use conservation preservation strictly controlled logging which Watershed Restoration is not for profit (i.e., communal management forest, CBFM, etc.);

Rehabilitation Upland forest almaciga tapping; Management Conservation and sustainable use tourism development;

Livelihood research; support grazing;

gathering of honey, rattan, and other minor forest products.

Buffer zone - Biodiversity Protection and Upland stabilization program; Traditional use conservation preservation catchment management; Watershed Restoration management hillside farming; Rehabilitation Upland forest industrial tree plantation; management Conservation and sustainable use reforestation; Upland Stabilization Livelihood integrated social forestry; support community-based forest management.

Multiple use zone Biodiversity Protection and Timber extraction with conservation preservation community-based forest management; Watershed Restoration management grazing and pastures; Rehabilitation Upland forest agriculture; management Reclamation or conversion to infrastructure and industrial Upland other uses development; stabilization Conservation and recreation; Lowland and urban sustainable use area education; Management Livelihood support research;

and other sustainable activities.

Coastal/Marine Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and None, except for: core zone Management preservation navigation purposes of the local Conservation and fishing communities where there sustainable use are no alternative routes;

Livelihood emergency situations such as support navigational routes to save life and property;

researches previously authorized by PCSD; and

ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and Habitat restoration, multiple use zone – Management preservation rehabilitation and enhancement Transition/Buffer activities; zone Restoration soft-impact activities Rehabilitation (swimming/snorkeling; non-

motored boating (row boats, Conservation and kayaks, canoes, wind surfing, sustainable use etc.);

Livelihood guided scuba diving; support fishing using highly-selected gears (i.e., hook & line and gill net) with specification to be determined by studies;

pre-approved visit or educational activities;

installation of environmental information boards);

and resource enhancement activities.

Coastal/Marine CRM + MPA Protection and All sustainable human activities, multiple use zone – Management preservation with certain development Sustainable/General endeavors subject to the EIA use zone Restoration system and to other policies regulating development projects. Rehabilitation

Reclamation or conversion to other uses

Conservation and sustainable use

Livelihood support Tribal Management Management Activities based on the material ancestral lands strategies that may strategies that and cultural needs of the be identified may be identified indigenous peoples. through through consultative consultative processes and processes and cultural mapping cultural mapping Ancestral Management Management Cultural activities performed by coastal/marine strategies that may strategies that IPs according to their religious waters be identified may be identified rites and heritage through through consultative consultative IP activities related to their processes and processes and subsistence and tradition cultural mapping cultural mapping

APPENDIX F SUGGESTED OUTLINE OF THE MUNICIPAL ECAN-BASED CLUP

The integrated ECAN Plan-CLUP is to be called the municipal E-CLUP (ECAN-based CLUP). The recommended structure and contents by the HLURB Guidebook (Volume 1) will be the template for the E-CLUP and will be intersected with the chapters of the ECAN Plan and the minimum requirements provided for in the Provincial Administrative Code.

Those highlighted in yellow are the additional requirements for Municipal CLUP as prescribed by the Provincial Administrative Code. Most of the additions that only provide details on major elements are excluded. Those highlighted in dark green are proposed additional sections/chapters.

In the HLURB Guidebook (Vol. 1, 2006), the CLUP document is to be presented and packaged in three (3) volumes:

Volume I – The Comprehensive Land Use Plan Volume 2 – Zoning Ordinance Volume 3 – Sectoral Studies (a documentation of the supporting studies undertaken to arrive at the final CLUP)

The following is the suggested outline for E-CLUP.

VOLUME 1 – The COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN

This comprises the formal and substantive elements of the CLUP/ZO. It has the following outline:

PRELIMINARY PAGES RESOLUTION adopting the ECAN-based CLUP and enacting the ZO FOREWORD Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Maps List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope of the E-CLUP Legal Bases of the E-CLUP

BRIEF PROFILE OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY (GENERAL INFORMATION) Brief History Human Resource Population (size, growth rate, density, distribution, labor force) Current population (urban and rural) Projected population Urbanization and migration patterns Population by average monthly income Tenurial status (if there are leaseholder or EP/CLOA holder within the area) Geographic Location Territorial jurisdiction Physical Environment Barangay subdivision Topography and Slope Present Use of Land

Climate Geology Soils Hydrology Oceanography Surface Water Total Land Area Biological Environment Forest Resources Wildlife Resources and Biodiversity Coastal and Marine Resources Social Condition Dependency Ratios Religious Affiliation and Ethnicity Health and Nutrition Education Status Housing and Basic Utilities Physical/Infrastructure Resources (Inventory of Maps and Tables) Transportation Network (internal and external linkages) Social Services facilities/utilities/amenities Utilities: Power, Water, Communication Network, Waste Management The Economic Structure Revenue sources (Industries, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, etc.) Employment Average Family Income and Expenditure vis-à-vis Poverty Level Existing Land Use and Land Use Trends ECAN Zones Comparative/Competitive Advantages Weaknesses: Priority issues and concerns Functional Role of the City/Municipality

THE ECAN-BASED COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN Vision / Mission Goals, Objectives, Strategies Guiding Principles The Concept/Structure Plan (text and map) The ECAN-based Land Use Plan (Text and Map Format) Priority Programs and Projects

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

REFERENCES

THE CLUP BROCHURE Suggested as a one-page information material containing Vision/Mission, Goals, Objectives, ECAN-based Land Use Plan Map and ECAN-based Priority Programs and Projects

VOLUME 2 – The ZONING ORDINANCE (ZO)

This volume presents the locally enacted ordinance embodying, among other things, the regulations affecting uses allowed or disallowed in each zone or district.

Volume 2 has two parts:

A. The Zoning Ordinance (text) 1. SB/SP Resolution enacting the ZO 2. Title and objectives of the Ordinance 3. Substantive elements comprising articles on the following:  Definition of Terms  ECAN-based Zone Classifications  ECAN-based Zone Regulations and Guidelines  General District Regulation

 Innovative Techniques  Miscellaneous Provisions  Mitigating Devices  Administration and Enforcement

B. The ECAN-based Zoning Map

This is the Official ECAN-based Zoning Map enacted by the LGU and duly ratified and authenticated by the approving body (Sangguniang Panlalawigan/HLURB) which is an integral part of the Zoning Ordinance. It is the graphic presentation of the zone classifications/designations, location and boundaries of the districts/zones that were duly established in the zoning ordinance.

VOLUME 3 – THE SECTORAL STUDIES

This volume provides the detailed documentation of the sectoral studies conducted to serve as bases for the CLUP preparation. The presentation and documentation have the following major sections:

1. Demography 2. Physical/ environment 3. Social sector  Housing  Health  Education  Protective Services  Sports and Recreation  Social Welfare

4. Economic Sector  Industry  Commerce and Trade  Agriculture  Fisheries  Livestock and Poultry  Forestry  Mining  Tourism

5. Infrastructure and Utilities Sectors  Transportation  Power  Water  Communication

6. Land Use  Land Classification  Existing Land Use  Land/Sea Cover Classification

7. Environmental Management  Environmentally Critical Areas  Environmentally Critical Projects  Solid Waste Management  Resource Assessment and Management  ECAN  Ecological Footprint