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Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced firom the microfilm master. UMT films the text directly fi’om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be fi’om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi’om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Ifowell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC RHETORICAL THEORY. 500 C £.-1400 CE. DISSERTATION Presented m Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Khaiid Alhelwah, M.A. -
The Al Qaeda Network a New Framework for Defining the Enemy
THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 A REPORT BY AEI’S CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT ABOUT US About the Author Katherine Zimmerman is a senior analyst and the al Qaeda and Associated Movements Team Lead for the Ameri- can Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. Her work has focused on al Qaeda’s affiliates in the Gulf of Aden region and associated movements in western and northern Africa. She specializes in the Yemen-based group, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, and al Qaeda’s affiliate in Somalia, al Shabaab. Zimmerman has testified in front of Congress and briefed Members and congressional staff, as well as members of the defense community. She has written analyses of U.S. national security interests related to the threat from the al Qaeda network for the Weekly Standard, National Review Online, and the Huffington Post, among others. Acknowledgments The ideas presented in this paper have been developed and refined over the course of many conversations with the research teams at the Institute for the Study of War and the American Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. The valuable insights and understandings of regional groups provided by these teams directly contributed to the final product, and I am very grateful to them for sharing their expertise with me. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Kimberly Kagan and Jessica Lewis for dedicating their time to helping refine my intellectual under- standing of networks and to Danielle Pletka, whose full support and effort helped shape the final product. -
Department of Defense for the Administrative Revicwof the Detention of Enemy Combatants at U.S
UNCLASSIFIED Department of Defense for the Administrative Revicwof the Detention of Enemy Combatants at U.S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 16 2008 To : MUHAMMED, ZAMIR Subject: UNCLASSIFIEDSUMMARYOFEVIDENCEFOR ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEWBOARDINTHE CASEOFMUHAMMED, 1. An Administrative Review Board will be convened to review your case to determine if your continued detention isnecessary . 2. The Administrative ReviewBoardwill conduct a comprehensive ofall reasonably available and relevant informationregardingyour case . At the conclusionofthis review the Boardwillmake a recommendationto : ( 1) release you to your home state; ( ) transfer you to your home state with conditions agreed uponby the United States and your home state; or ( 3 ) continue your detention under United States control 3. The followingprimaryfactors favor continueddetention: a ) Commitment 1) The detainee stated he left Khartoum , Sudan , in 1994 via Kenyan Airlines and flew to New Delhi, India, with a transit stop inKenya. Thedetaince then traveled by train to Lahore, Pakistan. From Lahore, the detaince to Peshawar, Pakistan, andthen on to Afghanistan 2) Thedetaincestatedhe servedas a weaponstrainer at CampKhaldeninAfghanistanfor approximatelysix to sevenmonthsin 1997.The detaineetrained approximately50 to 70 peopleon the followingweapons: PK Kalashnikovrifles, mortarsand artillery. Instructionfromthe detaineeincludedassembly disassemblyofweapons, operationsofthe weapons and controllingfields offire 3 ) The detaineewas a weapons instructorat KhaldenTrainingCamp 4 ) Khalden -
The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: an Empirical Study
© Reuters/HO Old – Detainees at XRay Camp in Guantanamo. The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empirical Study Benjamin Wittes and Zaahira Wyne with Erin Miller, Julia Pilcer, and Georgina Druce December 16, 2008 The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empiricial Study Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 The Public Record about Guantánamo 4 Demographic Overview 6 Government Allegations 9 Detainee Statements 13 Conclusion 22 Note on Sources and Methods 23 About the Authors 28 Endnotes 29 Appendix I: Detainees at Guantánamo 46 Appendix II: Detainees Not at Guantánamo 66 Appendix III: Sample Habeas Records 89 Sample 1 90 Sample 2 93 Sample 3 96 The Current Detainee Population of Guantánamo: An Empiricial Study EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he following report represents an effort both to document and to describe in as much detail as the public record will permit the current detainee population in American T military custody at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Station in Cuba. Since the military brought the first detainees to Guantánamo in January 2002, the Pentagon has consistently refused to comprehensively identify those it holds. While it has, at various times, released information about individuals who have been detained at Guantánamo, it has always maintained ambiguity about the population of the facility at any given moment, declining even to specify precisely the number of detainees held at the base. We have sought to identify the detainee population using a variety of records, mostly from habeas corpus litigation, and we have sorted the current population into subgroups using both the government’s allegations against detainees and detainee statements about their own affiliations and conduct. -
Women in Islamic State Propaganda
Contents 1. Key findings ............................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 6 4. Islamic State narratives and incentives ..................................................................... 7 4.1. The caliphate: a shield and safe haven for Sunni Muslims ....................................... 7 4.2. Hijra: a religious obligation ....................................................................................... 8 4.3. Finding roots in a jihadi feminism ........................................................................... 11 4.4. A new wave of jihadi torchbearers ......................................................................... 13 5. Life for women in the caliphate .............................................................................. 14 5.1. Well-defined parameters: rules and regulations .................................................... 14 5.2. Islamic State women: mothers first and foremost ................................................. 20 5.3. Patient and steadfast supporters ............................................................................ 21 5.4. Women in combat: the revival of the early Islamic mujahida ................................ 22 5.5. Women and education ........................................................................................... -
Unclassified
UNCLASSIFIED Departmentof Defense 1 Office for the AdministrativeReview of the Detentionof Enemy Combatantsat U.S.NavalBase GuantanamoBay, Cuba 22 August2007 JARABH, SAEEDAHMED MOHAMMEDABDULLAH SAREM Subject: UNCLASSIFIEDSUMMARYOF EVIDENCEFOR ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEWBOARDINTHE CASE JARABH, SAEEDAHMEDMOHAMMED ABDULLAHSAREM 1. AnAdministrativeReviewBoardwill be convenedto reviewyour case to determineifyour continueddetentionis necessary. 2.The Administrative Review Board will conduct a comprehensive review of all reasonably available and relevant information regarding case . At the conclusion of this review the Board will make a recommendation to: ( ) release you to your home state ; ( ) transfer you to your home state, with conditions agreed upon by the United States and your home state ; or (3 ) continue your detention under United States control. 3. The followingprimary factors favor continued detention: a Commitment 1. The detaineewas a Yemenimemberof alQaida. 2. A source stated the detainee was a member of al Qaida and will go back to jihad when he leaves Guantanamo. 3. The detainee stated that in 1992 he re -discovered religion and became interested injoiningthe jihadin Chechnyaor Kashmir. To payfor expenses, the detainee helpedhimselfto the cashbox at hisfather'sjewelrystore. The detaineehad consultedhis fatherregardingjihad and was told no. 4. In May 2002 , the detainee stated he had traveled to Afghanistan twice. The first trip was in late 2000 where he claimed that he worked with three separate Islamic charities. The second trip was in September or August of 2001. 5. The detaineestatedhetraveledto Afghanistanbecauseheintendedto go to the Chechen border to help refugees. 6. The detaineecitedthe Koranandthe possibilityofexpandinghisgoldbusinessas motivationfor travelto Afghanistan. The detaineemadehisown travel DMO Exhibit 1 Page of 4 UNCLASSIFIED 232 UNCLASSIFIED Subject: UNCLASSIFIEDSUMMARYOFEVIDENCEFORADMINISTRATIVE REVIEWBOARDINTHECASEOFJARABH, SAEEDAHMEDMOHAMMED ABDULLAHSAREM arrangements . -
The Emerging Law of Detention the Guantánamo Habeas Cases As Lawmaking*
January 22, 2010 The Emerging Law of Detention The Guantánamo Habeas Cases as Lawmaking* © Reuters/Pool New – Guantanamo guard stands inside a doorway at Camp 6 dentention facility at Guantanamo Bay U.S. Naval Base. by Benjamin Wittes, Robert Chesney & Rabea Benhalim * The authors received substantial assistance on this paper from The Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, whose members provided helpful comments on a draft manuscript and whose partnership with Brookings on national security law has become invaluable in so many ways. In addition, we benefited from detailed comments from David Remes. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 Historical Context for the Current Habeas Litigation 9 Burden of Proof 13 The Scope of the Government’s Detention Authority 16 Is Detainability, Once Established Permanent? 23 Evidentiary Presumptions 32 The Court’s Treatment of Hearsay Evidence 35 The Admissibility and Weight of Involuntary Statements 51 Mosaic Theory and the Totality of the Evidence 61 Would Difference Judges Have Reached Difference Results? 65 Issues on Appeal 73 Conclusion 81 Appendix I 86 Appendix II 88 The Emerging Law of Detention: The Guantánamo Habeas Cases as Lawmaking EXECUTIVE SUMMARY resident Obama’s decision not to seek additional legislative authority for detentions at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba—combined with Congress’s lack of Pinterest in the task—means that, for good or for ill, judges must write the rules governing military detention of terrorist suspects. As the United States reaches the president’s self-imposed January 22, 2010 deadline for Guantanamo’s closure with the base still holding nearly 200 detainees, the common-law process of litigating their habeas corpus lawsuits has emerged as the chief legislative mechanism for doing so. -
Re-Examining Usama Ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": a Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism During the Crusades
Re-examining Usama ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": A Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism during the Crusades Bogdan C. Smarandache The Medieval Globe, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 47-85 (Article) Published by Arc Humanities Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758505 [ Access provided at 27 Sep 2021 14:33 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] RE-EXAMINING USAMA IBN MUNQIDH’S KNOWLEDGE OF “FRANKISH”: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIEVAL BILINGUALISM DURING THE CRUSADES BOGDAN C. SMARANDACHE a Syrian gentleman, warriorpoet, Muslim amir, and fāris (488–584/1095–1188)—described variously as uignorancesaMa Iofbn the Munq FrankishIdh language in his Kitab al-iʿtibar (The Book of Learning (knight)—professes by Example), when recounting one of his childhood memories. Born to the Arab dynasty of the Banu Munqidh, who ruled the castle and hinterland of Shayzar on the Aṣi (or Orontes) River, Usama had grown up in close proximity to the Frankish Principality of Antioch. In the decade following the First Crusade (488–492/1095–1099), the Banu Munqidh and their Frankish neighbours engaged begun his military training. Recalling that time decades later, he remembers that in periodic raids and skirmishes. By that time, Usama was a youth and might have Tancred, the Christian ruler of Antioch (d. 506/1112), had granted a guarantee unfortunate young cavalier was actually heading into a trap that cost him his right of safe-conduct to a skilled horseman from Shayzar, a man named Hasanun. (The Ifranjī eye, but he had trusted in Tancred’s good will.) After describing the initial negotia 1 tion of safe-conduct, Usama adds that “they speak only in Frankish ( ) so we had no idea what they were saying.” To date, Usama’s statement has deterred scholars from investigating the small number of Frankish loanwords preserved in his book, it appears to leave extent of his second language acquisition in greater depth. -
The European Angle to the U.S. Terror Threat Robin Simcox | Emily Dyer
AL-QAEDA IN THE UNITED STATES THE EUROPEAN ANGLE TO THE U.S. TERROR THREAT Robin Simcox | Emily Dyer THE EUROPEAN ANGLE TO THE U.S. TERROR THREAT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • Nineteen individuals (11% of the overall total) who committed al-Qaeda related offenses (AQROs) in the U.S. between 1997 and 2011 were either European citizens or had previously lived in Europe. • The threat to America from those linked to Europe has remained reasonably constant – with European- linked individuals committing AQROs in ten of the fifteen years studied. • The majority (63%) of the nineteen European-linked individuals were unemployed, including all individuals who committed AQROs between 1998 and 2001, and from 2007 onwards. • 42% of individuals had some level of college education. Half of these individuals committed an AQRO between 1998 and 2001, while the remaining two individuals committed offenses in 2009. • 16% of offenders with European links were converts to Islam. Between 1998 and 2001, and between 2003 and 2009, there were no offenses committed by European-linked converts. • Over two thirds (68%) of European-linked offenders had received terrorist training, primarily in Afghanistan. However, nine of the ten individuals who had received training in Afghanistan committed their AQRO before 2002. Only one individual committed an AQRO afterwards (Oussama Kassir, whose charges were filed in 2006). • Among all trained individuals, 92% committed an AQRO between 1998 and 2006. • 16% of individuals had combat experience. However, there were no European-linked individuals with combat experience who committed an AQRO after 2005. • Active Participants – individuals who committed or were imminently about to commit acts of terrorism, or were formal members of al-Qaeda – committed thirteen AQROs (62%). -
1. an Administrative Review Board Will Be Convened to Review Your Case to Determine Ifyour Continued Detention Is Necessary
UNCLASSIFIED Department of Defense Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention ofEnemy Combatants at U.S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 17 November2006 TO : ALSUWEDY , ABDUL AZIZ SUBJECT: UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE FORADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW BOARDINTHE CASE OF ALSUWEDY, ABDUL AZIZ 1. An Administrative Review Board will be convened to review your case to determine ifyour continued detention is necessary. 2. The Administrative Review Board will conduct a comprehensive review of all reasonably available and relevant information regarding your case. At the conclusion of this review the Board will make a recommendation to : ( 1) release you to your home state ; (2) transfer you to your home state, with conditions agreed upon by the United States and your home state; or (3 ) continue your detention under United States control. 3. The following primary factors favor continued detention: a . Commitment 1. The detaineeattendeda mosque inYemenwhere he heard aboutjihad from a sheikh. An individualurged the detainee to go to Afghanistanto participateina jihad against the Russians. 2. The detainee traveled from Damascus, Syria to Tehran onto Mashaad and to Tibatt, Iran . From Iran, the detainee traveled to Qandahar, Afghanistan. b. Training 1. In1991to 1992, the detaineecompletedbasic trainingandservedas a volunteerinthe YemenNationalGuard. 2. The detainee received training with the Rocket Propelled Grenade , Kalashnikov rifle, PK and a weapon similar to the caliber machine gun . The training took place around 1991 to 1992 3. The detaineeattendedthe explosivescourse at al FarouqCamp, Afghanistan. After graduation, the detaineewas chosenas an assistant to teachan explosivescourse at Tarnak Farms DMOExhibit1 Page 1 of2 UNCLASSIFIED 000679 ISN 578 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT : UNCLASSIFIEDSUMMARY OF EVIDENCEFORADMINISTRATIVE REVIEWBOARD INTHE CASE OF ALSUWEDY, ABDUL AZIZ 4. -
Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The Discovery of Ancient Manuscripts)
Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The discovery of Ancient Manuscripts) University of Oxford, April 26th 2018 Mohammed I. Al-Suwaiyel King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Why Use Cryptology? We all use Cryptography every day! Historical Milestones in Cryptology Encryption is as old as civilization 2400BC Egypt, Non-standard hieroglyphs 1600 BC, Greek Phaistos Disk 1500BC, Mesopotamia Tablets 500BC, •Sun Tzu Chinese code •Scytale Greek code Ad-hoc 350 BC India’s Arthashastra Cryptanalysis 100BC, Caesar code 1988AD 800s- 1400AD Quantum Cryptography Arab Cryptography Other Schemes Arab Cryptanalysis ? What is next? 1400 AD Incas 1940s AD 1976AD See: The Codebreakers , The Story Khipu code of Secret Writing, David Kahn, WWI – WWII codes Public Key Cryptography 1967, The Macmillan Company A Prelude 1353 AD Ali ibn ad-Durayhim wrote the book “Miftah 1412 AD مفتاح صبح A-Kunuz fi Idah Al-Marmuz” , (Key to Shihab al-Din al–Qalqashandi wrote on الكنوز في العشى Cryptology in his encyclopedic manual Treasures on Clarifying Ciphers). The book is إيضاح في صناعة a major reference on Cryptology at the time.* for the secretaries “Subh Al-A’sha fi Sina’at Al-Insha”. (The Dawn of the المرموز النشاء Blind in the Writing Industry). He 1963 AD included “a section on codes” mostly Clifford Bosworth, of the University of St, from the book by ibn ad-Durayhim. Andrews wrote an article in which he translated “The Section on Codes” in al - 1967 AD Qalqashandi's Subh al-a‘shā,”, and added a commentary on Arabic cryptology. **. David Kahn, a prominent historian of cryptology, read the article by Bosworth, and described it as: 1967 AD “perhaps the most important single article on David Kahn wrote "Cryptology was the history of cryptology”.