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BRONZE AXES from the KARAKORAM Results of the 1958 Expedition in Azad Kashmir

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BRONZE AXES from the KARAKORAM Results of the 1958 Expedition in Azad Kashmir BRONZE AXES FROM THE KARAKORAM Results of the 1958 Expedition in Azad Kashmir KARL JETTMAR Reprinted from PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Vol. 105, No. 1, February, 1961 Originalveröffentlichung in: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 105/1, 1961, S. 98-104 BRONZE AXES FROM THE KARAKORAM Results of the 1958 Expedition in Azad Kashmir KARL JETTMAR University of Vienna I law and order by bowing their necks under Pakistan. The valleys became part of the Gilgit BEFORE 1947 most of the Karakoram belonged Agency and are now administered by an Assistant to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. A part of Political Officer (A.P.O.). His residence is Shu­ this area, including the famous principalities of mari in Tangir. This enabled the members of Hunza and Nagir, was leased to the British and the German Hindukush Expedition of 1955, Pro­ administered by a Political Agent residing at Gil- fessor Adolf Friedrich, Dr. Georg Buddruss, Peter git. After partition and a period of cruel fighting Snoy, and myself, to enter this formerly forbidden the territory was divided into two parts by a cease­ country for linguistic and anthropological research. fire line. Owing to Professor Friedrich's untimely death at The East—Ladakh and the valleys immediately Rawalpindi, in 1956, only a few preliminary re­ surrounding the basin of Kashmir—belongs to ports have as yet been published.'1 India. The West, with Gilgit as a center, forms The expedition was helped by the intelligent and a part of Azad Kashmir, i.e. Free Kashmir, and efficient Mr. Ismael Khan, then A.P.O. at Tangir­ is administered by Pakistan. It is still called Darel. He is himself a Shina­speaker, born in the Gilgit Agency as in British times. On the south­ Astor valley, and is deeply interested in the history ern border of the Gilgit Agency on both sides of of his people. During many long hours Friedrich the River Indus there was a large tribal area explained to him the aims of anthropology and barring the direct way into Swat and into the archaeology. Mr. Ismael Khan told us that in Darel Punjab. the locals had frequently found gold, bronzes, 1 The tribal area was called Shinkari, because the and ceramics in their fields. When we hurried inhabitants were mostly Shina­speaking Dards. to Darel, he showed us a place where graves had They were famous for their bravery and their been opened by the peasants and invited us to spirit of independence, but also for lawlessness make excavations. This was, however, forbidden and robbery. Murder and blood­feuds went on by an agreement between the Department of almost constantly. They had no higher political Archaeology and the expedition (without the co­ 2 organization so that Barth speaks of them as operation of a specialist of Pakistan). Moreover, "acephalous" communities. the site had been thoroughly spoiled. Unfortu­ The area was in general completely closed to nately, all further investigation had to be stopped foreigners. Sir Aurel Stein was able to enter the because one of my companions fell ill and we had two large valleys of Tangir and Darel only be­ to return to Gilgit. cause a conqueror, Pakhtun Wali Khan, had tem­ An invitation of the Austrian Himalaya So­ 3 porarily imposed his rule on their inhabitants. ciety to join the Haramosh Expedition of 1958 Soon after Stein's visit Pakhtun Wali Khan was enabled me to return to the Gilgit Agency.5 At murdered and the old disorder prevailed for an­ Gilgit we met Mr. Ismael Khan, now head of the other thirty­five years. A few years ago, how­ Village Aid Department. He told me that it was ever, the elders of the two valleys decided spon­ a great pity that we had not been there two years taneously in the spirit of Islamic unity to introduce 4Jettmar, 1957a; 19576. 1 Biddulph, 1880: 8. Shina belongs, to the Dardic group 5 The mountaineering team (Dr. Franz Mandl, Stefan of Indian languages. Southwest of Shinkari was an­ Pauer, Dr. Rudolf Hammerschlag and Rudolf Ebner) other tribal territory, Indus­Kohistan. The western under the leadership of Heinrich Roiss (deed.) conquered part of Indus­Kohistan has been governed by the highly the Haramosh peak. The scientific team consisted of efficient ruler of Swat since World War II. the geographer Professor Konrad Wiche, the zoologist 2 Barth, 1956 : 79­86. Dr. Eduard Piffl and myself as ethnologist. Cf. Wiche, 3 Stein, 1928: 1: 10­2S. Schomberg, 1935: 272. 1958. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. 105, NO. 1, FEBRUARY, 1961 Reprint Printed in U.S.A. 99 KARL JETTMAR [PROC. AMER. PHIL. SOC. ••>.•. K'.- «* £8 FIG. 1. FIG. 3. before (1956), because a big hoard, mainly of bronzes, had been found at the village of Manikhal that they had originally been provided with shaft­ in Darel. It consisted of a large number of axes, holes. Their shape was reminiscent of the modern but there were also big flat spoons and forks, and iron axes used today in the Gilgit Agency, but some rods. they were clumsier and made of bronze or copper. As he had heard so much of archaeology from Their average thickness was between 2 and 3 cms. Professor Friedrich, Ismael Khan saved some pieces and said he had taken them with him when Measurements of the fragments: he was transferred to Gilgit. He immediately breadth (on the cutting edge) ordered a servant to bring them. The servant, length 10.7 cms. (fig. 1) however, confessed that they had been lost. No. 1. 17 cms., No. 2. 16 cms., 11 cms. (fig. 2) A grant from the American Philosophical So­ No. 3. 15.5 cms., 11 cms. (fig. 3) ciety enabled me to revisit Tangir and Darel. No. 4 16.8 cms., 9.7 cms. (fig. 4). On the seventh of July I was again at Shumari, in the Tangir valley, and there the new A.P.O., Ten days later we shifted to Shumari, in Darel, Mr. Malik Muhammad Azim Khan, told me that and there I tried to obtain further objects from some bronzes had been left behind in the house the same site. On the twenty­first of July, when he replaced Mr. Ismael Khan. They came Gafur, a man of Lower Manikhal, came and from Lower Manikhal and apparently belonged to brought me objects nos. 5­7. the things missing at Gilgit. The A.P.O. wanted No. 5 is a bronze axe apparently almost of to present them to me. The lot consisted of four the same shape as nos. 1­4, but more slender. heavily patinated axes. They were broken and There is a break at the shaft­hole, but no part the necks were lacking, but it was quite clear is missing. The flat neck is still intact. The piece looks old, but is not much patinated. Length 20.2 cms., breadth 9.7 cms. (fig. 5). V A t 9 FIG, 2, FIG. 4. VOL. 105, NO. 1, 1961] BRONZE AXES FROM THE KARAKORAM 100 v. FIG. 7. the slope, each year big avalanches of stone and FIG. 5. gravel go down. In a few decades all the houses which lie just on the rim of the slope will have No. 6 is a narrow axe with a shoulder behind disappeared. The owner, who wanted to delay the shaft-hole. The neck is in the shape of an this process, cut a step into the slope a few feet almost round tap. Length 14.3 cms., breadth below the corner of his homestead in order to 5.3 cms. (fig. 6). build a buttress. In this step he found the ob­ No. 7 has almost the same contour as no. 6 jects. When he worked here, plenty of people but is a flat trunnion celt. Length 14.2 cms., were around because this place, in spite of the breath 4.6 cms. (fig. 7). gaping abyss, was used as a latrine by the whole Gafur told me the following story concerning village. the provenance of these objects: Two days later another man appeared and brought a bowl (no. 8) which he pretended to have Near the kot, i.e., the village fortress of Lower found at the same spot. It was not patinated but Manikhal (Kirinu-Manikhal), a man was repair­ strongly greased and dark, because it had been ing his house and made a deep pit. In this pit he used as a kitchen pot. It is a bowl of bronze or found bronzes and pieces of gold. When people copper. Beneath the lip there are two circular ran together and started digging they found cop­ flutes. There are some traces of a plating made per objects, mainly axes, some vessels made of of a light­colored metal (tin?). The piece is copper, and golden ornaments and plates. There quite similar to modern metal vessels still used were no iron objects and no coins. Since Gafur in the Punjab. Diameter (on the rim) 13.3 came relatively late he did not get any gold, only cms., height 6 cms. (fig. 8). the three axes. Most of the copper axes were I took the objects to Karachi and, conforming sold to a merchant at Chilas. The whole lot to the law, handed them over to the Archaeological must have weighed more than a mound, i.e. over Service of Pakistan for the National Museum of 80 pounds. Karachi. By courtesy of Mr. Khan, chief of the In this story many points are not clear, es­ Department of Archaeology, I got the photographs pecially why the man was making such a pit for which are the basis of my description.
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