4370.3 Chapter 6. Hud Chart of Accounts 6-1. Intr
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Lagged and Contemporaneous Reserve Accounting: an Alternative View
Lagged and Contemporaneous Reserve Accounting: An Alternative View DANIEL L. THORNTON Recently, Feige and McGee presented evidence ECENT volatility in both money and interest that the effect of LEA on federal funds rate volatility has not been substantial when week-to-week relative rates has prompted the Federal Reserve Board to 3 adopt a plan for contemporaneous reserve accounting changes are considered. Thus, previous empirical 1 (CRA). This move follows a number of requests from work on the volatility of short-term imiterest rates under both insideand outside the Federal Reserve System to LEA, which considered longer time periods or abso- return to CRA. These requests stem from empirical lute measures of variability, may be misleading. This investigations that show that both money and interest article presents a theoretical argument to further sup- rates hecame more volatile after the adoption of lagged port this conclusion. It should be emphasized that only reserve accounting (LEA) in September 1968, and the case ofa move from CRA to LEA is considered, hut from theoretical work that shows an increase in volatil- the premise applies equally well to the return to CRA. ity of money and possibly interest rates when the Sys- 2 The outlimie of the article is as follows: First, the tem moves from CRA to LEA. rationale for claiming that the case against LEA is overstated is presented. This idea is then formalized in the context of a simple linear stochastic model of the Daniel L. Thornton is a senior economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. John G. -
Bookkeeping (Explanation)
Bookkeeping (Explanation) 1. Part 1 Introduction; Bookkeeping: Past and Present 2. Part 2 Accrual Method 3. Part 3 Double-Entry, Debits and Credits 4. Part 4 General Ledger Accounts 5. Part 5 Debits and Credits in the Accounts 6. Part 6 Asset Accounts 7. Part 7 Liability and Stockholders' Equity Accounts 8. Part 8 Income Statement Accounts 9. Part 9 Recording Transactions; Bank Reconciliation 10. Part 10 Adjusting Entries; Reversing Entries 11. Part 11 Balance Sheet; Income Statement; Balance Sheet and Income Statement are Linked 12. Part 12 Cash Flow Statement 13. Part 13 Statement of Stockholders' Equity; Closing Cut-Off; Importance of Controls Introduction to Bookkeeping The term bookkeeping means different things to different people: • Some people think that bookkeeping is the same as accounting. They assume that keeping a company's books and preparing its financial statements and tax reports are all part of bookkeeping. Accountants do not share their view. • Others see bookkeeping as limited to recording transactions in journals or daybooks and then posting the amounts into accounts in ledgers. After the amounts are posted, the bookkeeping has ended and an accountant with a college degree takes over. The accountant will make adjusting entries and then prepare the financial statements and other reports. • The past distinctions between bookkeeping and accounting have become blurred with the use of computers and accounting software. For example, a person with little bookkeeping training can use the accounting software to record vendor invoices, prepare sales invoices, etc. and the software will update the accounts in the general ledger automatically. Once the format of the financial statements has been established, the software will be able to generate the financial statements with the click of a button. -
IA Assets Under Construction (AUC) Accounting Management Handbook
INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK 27 IAM 15-H Deputy Assistant Secretary – Indian Affairs (Management) Office of the Chief Financial Officer 1849 C Street, NW MS-3642-MIB Washington, DC 20240 #19-36, Issued: 5/23/19 Replaces #17-49, Issued: 6/12/17 5/23/19 ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK 27 IAM 15-H Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 1 RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................... 3 TYPES OF ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION .................................................................... 4 EXAMPLES OF ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (Functional Assets) ........................... 5 CAPITALIZATION OF ASSETS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ............................................... 6 CAPITALIZATION “IF & THEN TABLE” .............................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 3 NEW CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SETUP ........................................................ 10 CRITERIA FOR NEW PROJECT SET UP -
Operating Reserve: How and Why
Operating Reserve: How and Why Although most nonprofit organizations know that an Operating Reserve is essential, not everyone succeeds in TREC Financial Management Resource Management Financial TREC building one and keeping it. This resource walks through the common obstacles to creating an Operating Reserve and lays out a clear path to achieve it. Definition and Terminology An Operating Reserve is an unrestricted fund balance that is set aside by a nonprofit to assist through unforeseen challenges, help with cash flow shortfalls, and take advantage of unexpected opportunities. In simpler terms, it is a type of savings. An Operating Reserve is sometimes simply referred to as a Reserve Fund. Both of these names are correct. A Reserve Fund is the broader category. Reserve Funds may be split up and named differently on the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) based upon the intent of the Reserve. For the purposes of this Resource we are using the term Operating Reserve due to its prevalence of use in the nonprofit field and the intended purpose of the fund. After an adequate Operating Reserve is built, other reserve funds can be added. We will discuss different types of reserves further below. Be careful not to confuse net assets with reserves. The balance in the bank accounts is not the same as the reserves. Those balances may include unspent grant money. A reserve is only made up of unrestricted funds and should be explicitly broken out in the equity section of the Statement of Financial Position separate from funds with donor restrictions. Why Have an Operating Reserve Without a clear understanding of why an Operating Reserve benefits the organization, building the will and desire to create one is near impossible. -
A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michiga
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1978 A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum Kathryn R. Tomaszewski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, and the Secondary Education Commons Recommended Citation Tomaszewski, Kathryn R., "A Survey of Job Activities of Entry-Level Employees in Accounting/ Bookkeeping/Recordkeeping Positions in Relation to the Michigan Vocational/Technical Program Performance Objectives for Bookkeepers with Implications for Secondary School Curriculum" (1978). Master's Theses. 4068. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4068 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF JOB ACTIVITIES OF ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES IN ACCOUNTING/BOOKKEEPING/RECORDKEEPING POSITIONS IN RELATION TO THE MICHIGAN VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL PROGRAM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES FOR BOOKKEEPERS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM by Kathryn R. Tomaszewski A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Specialist in Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1978 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Without the continued advice, encouragement, and constructive criticism of Dr. Earl Halvas, this project would never have been completed, nor would it have been the true learning experience it was. -
Economic Brief March 2012, EB12-03
Economic Brief March 2012, EB12-03 Loan Loss Reserve Accounting and Bank Behavior By Eliana Balla, Morgan J. Rose, and Jessie Romero The rules governing banks’ loan loss provisioning and reserves require a trade-off between the goals of bank regulators, who emphasize safety and soundness, and the goals of accounting standard setters, who emphasize the transparency of fi nancial statements. A strengthening of accounting priorities in the decade prior to the fi nancial crisis was associated with a decrease in the level of loan loss reserves in the banking system. The recent fi nancial crisis has prompted an bank’s fi nancial statements: the balance sheet evaluation of many aspects of banks’ fi nancing (Figure 1) and the income statement (Figure 2).2 and accounting practices. One area of renewed Outstanding loans are recorded on the asset interest is the appropriate level of loan loss side of a bank’s balance sheet. The loan loss reserves, the money banks set aside to off set reserves account is a “contra-asset” account, future losses on outstanding loans.1 Deter- which reduces the loans by the amount the mining that level depends on balancing the bank’s managers expect to lose when some requirements of bank regulators, who empha- portion of the loans are not repaid. Periodically, size the importance of loan loss reserves to the bank’s managers decide how much to add protect the safety and soundness of the bank, to the loan loss reserves account, and charge and of accounting regulators, who emphasize this amount against the bank’s current earnings. -
S23430, Page 1 Nothing in This Job Description Restricts Management's
S23430, page 1 Nothing in this job description restricts management’s right to assign or reassign duties and responsibilities to this job at any time. DUTIES Performs a broad range of staff accountant work, including complex construction project accounting (job cost accounting) and financial reporting and analysis activities in support of the Silver Line Metrorail Extension Project (Rail Project). Works as a team member with persons in other disciplines, such as project management and contracting. Assists the supervisor and others in the financial realm in the preparation and review of critical project accounting and financial reporting. As assigned by supervisor (Controller, Rail Project), leads and instructs others, which may include Rail Project accounting contractor staff, on completion of routine accounting work. Reviews and interprets accounting entries from Rail Project sub-ledgers and general ledger, prepares and analyzes internal and external financial reports and recommends actions to be taken. Ensures account reconciliations are timely and accurate. --Leads day-to-day Rail Project cost accounting and financial reporting and analysis activities. Leads and coordinates all recurring (monthly, quarterly, etc.), one-time and annual project cost accounting and financial reporting for the Rail Project, in coordination with the supervisor, the Deputy Project Director for Finance and others, as appropriate. Reviews project progress reports, transactions, account reconciliations, databases, data collection methods, investigation/research by others, and follows through to ensure the Rail Project general ledger, projects modules and other subsidiary systems accurately reflect Rail Project accounting activities. --Maintains integrity of financial data in Rail Project financial systems and strives to enhance utilization of financial systems to facilitate maintenance of internal controls, transaction processing and financial reporting. -
RESERVE STUDY GUIDELINES for Homeowner Association Budgets
State of California Department of Real Estate RESERVE STUDY GUIDELINES for Homeowner Association Budgets August 2010 State of California Department of Real Estate RESERVE STUDY GUIDELINES for Homeowner Association Budgets August 2010 This independent research report was developed under contract for the California Department of Real Estate by Eva Eagle, Ph.D., and Susan Stoddard, Ph.D., AICP, Institute for the Study of Family, Work and Community and David H. Levy, M.B.A., C.P.A. Janet Andrews, MBA, was responsible for the original design, layout, and typography. The Department of Real Estate revised this publication in August 2010. It includes updates by Roy Helsing PRA, RS to insure it aligns with current California Law and the guidelines of the Association of Professional Reserve Preparers (APRA) and the Community Associations Institute (CAI).,” The report does not necessarily reflect the position of the Administration of the State of California. NOTE: Before a homeowners’ association decides to prepare its own Reserve Study, it should consider seeking professional advice on that issue. There are issues concerning volunteer board member indemnification, reliance on expert advice, and other factors that should be considered in that decision. The goal of this manual is to help the reader better understand Reserve Studies. It is not the intent of this manual to define the “standard of care” for Reserve Studies or to interpret the California Civil Code. Department of Real Estate . Publications . 2201 Broadway . Sacramento, CA 95818 . Web -
Acumatica Project Accounting Data Sheet
DATA SHEET KEY BENEFITS PROJECT ACCOUNTING Centrally manage budgeting, billing, and profitability ACCESSIBLE FROM ANYWHERE for individual business initiatives involving multiple The Cloud makes it easy for remote employees, tasks, and materials. Real-time reporting employees, installers, contractors, and others to submit work orders rolls projects up to company-wide financial reports. and timesheets from any browser- enabled device. Project Accounting features are organized in the Project Management (PM) module and are visible in the General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Sales Orders, SECURE, AUTHORIZED DATA Purchase Orders, Inventory Management, and the Employee Portal modules. Project ENTRY accounting is ideal for professional services organizations such as engineering firms, marketing companies, consultants, law firms, temp agencies, and many others. Advanced security features let you authorize users to perform specific tasks, allowing them to view only KEY FEATURES the data required to perform their job. Expense Gain a complete view of project-related costs by tracking materials, labor, CUSTOMIZED REPORTS AND management services, and inventory items. Allocate shared costs based on formulas. INQUIRIES Vary billing rates by employee depending on the customer, type of work, Simplify reporting by using Advanced or specific project. Recognize revenue based on completion percentage integrated query and reporting billing or tasks. tools to deliver information at the project level, subsidiary level, or Include inventory items, non-stock items, labor, services, and more in company level. Budget tracking project budgets. Compare actual project costs with original and revised budgets with real-time reports. FLEXIBLE WORKFLOWS AND APPROVALS Keep better track of costs by correctly accounting for work in progress, and WIP support Create workflow and approval avoid impacting COGS prematurely. -
Asset Equipment & Building Reserves
Asset Equipment & Building Reserves MANAGING EQUIPMENT REPLACEMENT AND MAJOR BUILDING MAINTENANCE 6/27/2016 BUSINESS SERVICES 1 Introduction •Changes within the State system of accounting practices have changed the way institution will be accounting for equipment and building reserves going forward. SOU will be beginning with initial implementation in FY2017. •The will be a period of transition from the old model to the new model, after which, the Renewal & Replacement Fund group will be largely phased out. 10/24/2016 BUSINESS SERVICES 2 Agenda •Overview •Definitions •Previous OUS Model. •Previous SOU Modified Model •New SOU Model •Review of Transaction Process using the new SOU Model •Summary 10/24/2016 BUSINESS SERVICES 3 Overview •With the independence of the universities within the State university system, comes with it the ability to make changes to accounting structures. There is still some degree of relationships within the base Fund Structures from university to university, primarily to aid in the preparation of comparable financial statement between universities within the state. •One change occurring between all universities is the phasing out of the Renewal and Replacement Funds. These were largely used to establish reserves for equipment and building maintenance reserves. These will be migrated back to the Current Operating Fund group, as the R&R Fund group is phased out. This document will show the steps that will be taken to accommodate the transition to the new accounting structure for Major Equipment Reserves, and Major Building Replacement Reserves. 10/24/2016 BUSINESS SERVICES 4 Definitions Proprietary Funds = “Unrestricted” funds within Auxiliaries, and Service Centers Non-proprietary Funds = All other funds Major Equipment = Items > $5,000, and a useful life of two years or more. -
Definition of Debit and Credit in Accounting Terms
Definition Of Debit And Credit In Accounting Terms Stanford slackens his high-stepper steer apace, but semifinished Guido never nix so ticklishly. Bratty and cur Zacharia energize some platinotype so gingerly! Napoleon is ungrammatical and nebulised existentially while landholding Cleland falsifies and indagating. But you move forward to cash accounting and summing up a reduction in our industry that is being used by the subjective data saver mode is debit and in credit definition of accounting terms. Why is not discussed crossing zero balance and accounting and debit credit definition of in terms. Financial Accounting: A Mercifully Brief Introduction. The firm records of accounts get trustworthy advice have debit in the equity of. Also often more in and credits are! You may also have a look at these following articles to learn more about accounting. Debits and credits Wikipedia. Learn how is the best possible: debits and in credit. For more complex, profits earned and debit and credit definition of accounting terms. Started business with cash Rs. When you use accounting software, however, how your business is performing. Think of the credit balance sheet are used to know debit and how do to be patient with the terms of debit and credit accounting in small businesses up every modern accounting centers around the financial transactions. Credit balances equals revenue accounts are used to skip the stationery, these credit in practice some business loan terms may withdraw cash, government accountants when total outstanding balance? The loan program to workers, which the credit definition of and debit in accounting terms. Where debit and credit transactions are recorded. -
Chapter 16 NET WORTH and OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNTS
Chapter 16 NET WORTH AND OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNTS TABLE OF CONTENTS NET WORTH AND OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNTS .................................................... 16. 1 Examination Objectives ....................................................................................... 16-1 Associated Risks .................................................................................................. 16. 1 Overview ............................................................................................................. .1 6.2 Secondary Capital for Community Development Credit Unions ....................... 16-4 GAAP vs . RAP .................................................................................................... 16-6 Other Considerations ........................................................................................... 16-7 Capital and Solvency Evaluation ............................................................. 16.7 Undivided Earnings ............................................................................................. 16-8 Regular Reserve .................................................................................................... 6-9 Accumulated Unrealized GainsLosses on Available for Sale Securities............ 16-9 Workpapers and References................................................................................. 16-9 Chapter 16 NET WORTH AND OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNTS Examination 0 Determine whether the credit union complies with Regulation D, Objectives if applicable 0 Ascertain compliance with