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'Second Thoughts', the Origins of the Second World War (London: Penguin, 1964) P Notes !'OOTES TO FOREWORD I. 'Until the spring of 1936 "rearmament was largely a myth"', A.]. P. Taylor, 'Second Thoughts', The Origins of the Second World War (London: Penguin, 1964) p. I I, citing Burton H. Klein, Germany's Economic Preparations for War (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1959) pp. 16-17. 2. For an important discussion of the relationship between rearmament and the economic policies of the Nazi regime - particularly with reference to em­ ployment - see Mason, Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft, pp. 46-7 and 100 If. For an indication of the overall cost of German rearmament in peacetime, see Berenice A. Carroll, Designfor Total War. Arms and Economics in the Third Reich (The Hague, 1968) p. 184, and the very helpful survey of Nazi policies in the fields of armaments, economic planning and diplomacy by William Carr, Arms, Autarky and Aggression: A Study in German Foreign Policy, 1933-1939 (London, 1972). 3. See below, chapters 4 and 5· 4. See below, p. 90. 5. See below, p. 81. 6. His impatience finds expression in his famous Memorandum on the tasks of the Four-Year Plan in 1936, an English version of which is printed in]. Noakes and G. Pridham, Documents on Nazism, 191frl945 (London, 1974) pp. 401-8. 7. This discussion does not, of course, relate only to foreign policy and rearmament, but to the whole decision-making process in the Third Reich, and the character of German National Socialism. A good introduction to the debate is provided by the chapters by K. D. Bracher and H. Mommsen in M. Funke (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Milchte. Materialien zur Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches (Dusseldorf, 1977). 8. See below, p. 23. 9· See below, p. 39· 10. See below, p. 47-8. I I. See below, p. 49. 12. See note 6. NOTES TO INTRODUCTION I. Hans Herzfeld, Politik, Heer und Riistung in der Zwischenkriegszeit, p. 277. 2. Cf. the contribution by several authors entitled 'Zielsetzung und Methode der Militiirgeschichtsschreibung', in Militiirgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 20 (1976) p. 9 If. 3. Cf. M. Messerschmidt's summary of existing research, Militiir und Politik in der Bismarckzeit und im Wilhelminischen Deutschland (Darmstadt, 1975)' 113 The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament 4. Cf. V. R. Berghahn (ed.), Militarismus, passim; also F. Fischer, Der Stellenwert des Ersten Weltkrieges in der Kontinuitatsproblematik der deutschen Geschichte, in Historische Zeitschrift, 229 (1979) pp. 25-53· 5. Note on terminology: According to the Armed Forces Act [Wehrgeset<:l of 25 March 192 I, the Reichswehr of the Republic consisted of both the Army (Reichsheer) and the Navy (Reichsmarine). The Reichsheer was subordinate to the Head of the Army Command (Chef der Heeresleitung) , the Reichsmarine to the Head of the Naval Command (Chef der Marineleitung). As a result of the legislation on the build-up of the Wehrmacht of 16 March 1935 and the Armed Forces Act of 2 I May 1935, the Reichswehr was replaced by the Wehrmacht. At its head stood Colonel-General von Blomberg as Reich Defence Minister (Reichskriegsminister) and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht (Oberbefehlshaber der Wehrmacht). The Wehrmacht comprised the Army (Heer) under its Commander-in-Chief (Oberbefehlshaber des Hems) General Freiherr von Fritsch, the Navy (Kriegsmarine) under its Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Raeder, and the Luftwaffe under the Reich Minister for Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwoffe (Reichsminister der Luftfahrt und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe) General Hermann Goring. 6. F. L. Carsten, Reichswehr and Politics. 7. R. Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik. 8. Cf. M. Geyer's summary of literature 'Die Wehrmacht der Republik ist die Reichswehr', in .Hilitargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 14 (1973) p. 152 ff.; also Mullerl Opitz (ed.), Militar und Militarismus, passim. The international aspects are discussed comprehensively by E. W. Bennett, German Rearmament and the West, 1932 - 1933 (Princeton, 1979)' 9. Literally, 'Guilt and Fate': Title of Hermann Foertsch's book on the Fritsch crisis (Stuttgart, 195 I). 10. K.-J. Muller, Das Hur, passim. I I. Cf. works by M. Messerschmidt, K. H. Volker, E. L. Homze, R.J. Overy, M. Salewski and J. Dulffer. NOTES TO CHAPTER I I. Cf. Herzfeld, Politik, Heer und Riistung, p. 264 f. 2. See Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik, p. 93 ff. 3. Salewski, Entwoffnung, passim. 4. Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik, p. 207 f. 5. Stulpnagel papers, BA-MA N 5/10. The Truppenamt was, along with other offices, subordinate to the Chef der Heeresleitung (see Introduction, Note 5) and took over the functions of the previous General Staff which had been dissolved in accordance with the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. 6. Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 80 ff.; Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 253 ff., interprets this development as a political 'leap to the left'. 7. Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 245 ff.; Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik, p. 282 ff. 8. Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 284 ff.; Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik, p. 115 ff. 9. No critical biography of Groener has as yet been written, cf. F. Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen's contribution in Neue Deutsche Biographie, VII (1966), p. I I I ff. for a list ofGroener's writings. Cf. also Wohlfeil, heer und Republik, p. I 17 ff.; Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 290 ff. Notes 115 10. Cf. the latest account by Gerhard W. Rakenius, Wilhelm Groener als Erster Generalquartiermeister. Die Politik der Obersten Heersleitung 1918/19 (Boppard 1977), passim and especially the introduction. II. Cf. Geyer's view in Aufriistung, p. 463 If. 12. Cf. Wallach's analysis in Dogma der Vernichtungsschlacht; also Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 464 If. 13. Cf. the recently published, B.F. Schulte, 'Neue Dokumente zu Krieg­ sausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914', in MiliUjrgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 25 (1979) pp. 123-85. 14. Memorandum printed in: Zeitschriftfiir GeschichtswissenschaJt, XIX (1971) pp. 1167 If. 15. Geyer, Aufriistung, pp. 463 f. and 472 If. 16. Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 265 f. 17. Ibid., pp. 257 If. 18. Ibid., pp. 220 f. and 266 f. 19. Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 103. 20. Kabinett Muller II/I, No. 42, p. 153. 21. Hansen, Reichswehr, pp. 168 If.; Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 200 f. The A-Army refers to the field army. Cf. Note 32. 22. Cf. Rautenberg, Riistungspolitik, Appendix, p. 81 f. In 1928 the budget of the Reich Army and Ministry amounted to 513.7 thousand million Rm. 23. On the 'Air Force Armament Phase ofI927-31' cf. Hansen, Reichswehr, p. 176 If., and Volker, Entwicklung, p. 159 If. 24. On the activities of the Army Ordnance Office and its Supplies Stalfas well as on their objectives cf. Hansen, Reichswehr, p. 93 If. 25. Cf. Geyer, Riistungsprogramm. 26. Groener papers, BA-MA N 46/147. For-an interpretation of the memoran­ dum, cf. Diillfer, Weimar, p. 113 If. 27. Cf. Post, Civil-Military Fabric, p. 256 If. 28. Hansen, Reichswehr, p. 168 If. It certainly did not escape Groener's notice that the pocket battleship 'A' was not, according to its construction specifications, suitable for the tasks defined by him in his memorandum 'Das Panzerschilf'. He nevertheless remained of the opinion that the protection of the Baltic and the safeguarding of the link between the Reich and East Prussia was the primary task of the Navy. On the Navy leadership's rejection of this view, see Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 224 If.; also Schreiber, Revisionismus, p. 78 If. and p. 85 If. 29. Wohlfeil, Heer und Republik, p. 121 If.; Vogelsang, Reichswehr, p. 55 If.; Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 296 If. The new ministerial department comprised various sections which were directly subordinate to the Minister. As from 30January 1933 the department was under the direction of Colonel von Reichenau (cf. p. 34 f.) and from 12 February 1934 was designated the Wehrmachtamt. 30. Geyer, Riistungsprogramm, p. 131. 31. Directive of 16 April 1930, 147/30, W II a; BA-MA, Pg 34072; Draft in von Bredow papers, BA-MA N 97/9. For an interpretation see, Geyer, Aufriistung, p. 213 If.; Post, Civil-Military Fabrics, p. 197 If. 32. Cf. Note 25. In German military terminology a basic distinction is drawn between the peacetime army [Friedensheer] and the wartime army [Kriegsheer] which develops from the peacetime army during the course of mobilisation. The wartime army is composed of the field army [Feldheer], i.e. the actual I 16 The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament mobile combat units, and the reserve army [Ersat~heerl which remains stationed at home. 33. Post, Civil-Military Fabric, p. 204 fT.; Geyer, AufrUstung, p. [88 fT. 34· Geyer, AufrUstung, p. [92 fT. 35. DiilfTer, Weimar, pp. 67 fT. and [[2 fT.; Rahn, Reichsmarine, p. 2[4 fT. 36. On this and the following see Rahn's new account in Reichsmarine, p. [[4 fT.; also Schreiber, Reichsmarine, p. [62 fT. DiilfTer, Determinanten, p. [5 f. speaks of a crisis of status in the Navy between [928 and [932. 37· Geyer, AufrUstung, p. [95 fT., especially Note 27. On the Navy's studies, see also Rahn, Reichsmarine, p. [33 fT.; Schreiber, Revisionismus, p. 5 [ fT.; Schreiber, Reichsmarine, p. [60 fT. 38. Cf. Note 26. 39. Cf. Note 28. 40. Geyer, AufrUstung, pp. [97 fT. and 207 fT.; ,Post, Civil-Military Fabric, p. 2[5 fT. 4[. Geyer, AufrUstung, p. 207 f.; Post, Civil-Military Fabric, p. [52 fT. 42. Geyer, AufrUstung, p. 208 If.; Post, Civil-Military Fabric, p. [62 If. 43. Cf. Geyer, Landesverteidigung, p. [66 fT. 44· Vogelsang, Reichswehr, p. [32 f. 45· Cf. Groener-Geyer, Grotner, p. 270 fT.; Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 32 [ f. 46. On the entire issue see Bucher, Reichswehrpro~fjJ, p. [22 If. and [43 If.; Carsten, Reichswehr, p. 347 fT. 47. According to article [ of the 'Professional Duties ofthe Soldier' in the edition of 5 September [930, the soldier was duty-bound to show loyalty to the republican constitution cf.
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