Information to Users

Phytoremediation strategies for recalcitrant chlorinated organics Item Type Thesis Authors Schnabel, William Edwin Download date 24/09/2021 08:53:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9547 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PHYTOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR RECALCITRANT CHLORINATED ORGANICS A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By William Edwin Schnabel, M.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9965383 ___ <® UMI UMI Microform9965383 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PHYTOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR RECALCITRANT CHLORINATED ORGANICS By William Edwin Schnabel RECOMMENDED: Dept. Head, Civil and Environmental Engineering APPROVED: DeanTCollege of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Dearto'f' the Graduate School O- • 7 - o / j Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract The purpose of the research was to investigate novel strategies for the phytoremediation of recalcitrant chlorinated organic soil contaminants. The recalcitrance of many chlorinated organics is related to chemical stability and bioavailability. Mycorrhizal fungi have the potential to enhance the degradation of such compounds through the action of lignolytic enzyme systems, and to increase the bioavailability of such compounds through increased root surface area and reach. Furthermore, the addition of surfactants has the potential to increase compound bioavailability via increased solubility. The organochlorine pesticide aldrin, and the polychlorinated biphenyl 3,3’4,4’- tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) were chosen as representative recalcitrant contaminants. Feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) were chosen as vegetative species likely to be useful for phytoremediation in sub-arctic ecosystems. Mixed-culture mycorrhizal fungi were first shown to be capable of taking up the hydrophobic contaminants in vitro. In the same experiments, surfactant addition increased the level of contaminant uptake. In subsequent vegetative uptake studies, mycorrhizal infection was highly correlated with the uptake of aldrin and TCB in the willow systems. In the poplar systems, this correlation was not as strong. Once taken up into the vegetative matrix of either species, most of the carbon originating from the chlorinated compounds existed as bound transformation products. Additionally, water- soluble transformation products of aldrin were formed in all of the soils tested, and such transformations were enhanced in the presence of vegetation. TCB transformation iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. products were not detected in any of the soils tested. Surfactant addition did not impact the fate of either contaminant in the vegetative uptake studies. The surfactants, in the concentrations added, did not sufficiently solubilize the contaminants into the soil solution. The results of these studies indicated that the phytoremediation of recalcitrant chlorinated organics such as aldrin and TCB could be enhanced through the action of mycorrhizal fungi, and that surfactant addition has the potential to increase mycorrhizal uptake. Field studies were recommended, involving the use of specific degradative fungal species and effective surfactants. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Abstract...............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents............................................................................................... v List of Figures.................................................................................................... ix List of Tables.......................................................................................................x Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xi Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature Review......................................................................... 5 Section 2.1: Physical Properties.......................................................................................5 2.1.1: TCB........................................................................................................................6 2.1.2: Aldrin .....................................................................................................................6 2.1.3: Dieldrin ..................................................................................................................7 Section 2.2: Physical Properties vs. Recalcitrance....................................................... 7 2.2.1: Bioavailability ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2: Equilibrium Concentrations ..................................................................................8 2.2.3: Sorption/Desorption Kinetics .............................................................................. 9 2.2.4: Surfactant Use ....................................................................................................11 Section 2.3: Phytoremediation.......................................................................................12 2.3.1: General Principals ............................................................................................... 12 2.3.2: PCB Phytoremediation .......................................................................................13 2.3.3: Pesticide Phytoremediation ................. 16 Section 2.4: Mycorrhizae................................................................................................ 17 2.4.1: General Principals ............................................................................................... 17 2.4.2: Quantification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Biomass ........................................ 18 2.4.3: Degradation of Plant Cell Components .............................................................19 2.4.4: Degradation of Xenobiotics ............................................................................... 20 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 3: In Vitro Study...............................................................................25 Section 3.1: Abstract........................................................................................................25 Section 3.2: Introduction.................................................................................................26 Section 3.3: Materials and Methods..............................................................................28 3.3.1: Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculum ..............................................................................28 3.3.2: Incubation Media .................................................................................................28 3.3.3: Procedure .............................................................................................................29 Section 3.4: Results and Discussion...............................................................................30 3.4.1: Growth Experiment..............................................................................................30

Load more