Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Papers Graduate Research 2011 Sacred Times: The Book of Jubilees at Qumran J. Amanda McGuire Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/papers Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation McGuire, J. Amanda, "Sacred Times: The Book of Jubilees at Qumran" (2011). Papers. 2. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/papers/2 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. SACRED TIMES: THE BOOK OF JUBILEES AT QUMRAN by J. Amanda McGuire Berrien Springs, Michigan Introduction It is widely accepted that the Qumran community had an interest in matters pertaining to the calendar, and the proper times to observe feasts.1 Amongst the thousands of manuscripts found in the Qumran caves, there are nineteen texts that are strictly calendrical in nature, as well as one sundial.2 However, several other DSS texts indicate an interest in, or even a preoccupation with the calendar. One such example is the book of Jubilees. Jubilees holds a very distinct place in the Qumran library. It is not regarded as a sectarian document, however it is one of the most attested books in the entire Qumran corpus.3 At least fifteen, possibly sixteen, manuscripts of Jubilees were found at Qumran.4 It is not, however, simply the number of manuscripts that indicates Jubilees 1 For example, see James C. Vanderkam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Measuring Time, ed. George J. Brooke, The Literature of the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Routledge, 1998).; Sacha Stern, "Qumran Calendars: Theory and Practice," in The Dead Sea Scrolls in Their Historical Context, ed. Timothy H. Lim (London: T&T Clark, 2000). 2 Vanderkam, 74-90, 110. For a nice image of the sundial, see James C. Vanderkam, "Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls," Near Eastern Archaeology 63, no. 3 (2000): 166. 3Charlotte Hempel, "The Place of the Book of Jubilees at Qumran and Beyond," in The Dead Sea Scrolls in Their Historical Context, ed. Timothy H. Lim (London: T&T Clark, 2000), 195-196.; James C. Vanderkam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1994), 40. Only Psalms, Deuteronomy, Isaiah, and Genesis equal or exceed Jubilees. 1 2 importance, but also the reliance of the sectarian writers on the book itself. For example, the book is mentioned by name in CD 16:2-4: “But the specification of the times during which all Israel is blind to all these rules is laid out in detail in the ‘Book of Time Divisions by Jubilees and Weeks.’”5 Another connection to Qumran was identified by Gershon Brin, who points out that there is a unique linguistic connection between 11Q19 51:6-7 and 4Q216 1:12-13.6 Given the evidence that Jubilees was so influential at Qumran, this paper seeks to answer the following questions: How did the book of Jubilees understand sacred times in general and the Sabbath in particular? How did its sacred time theology affect the theology of the Qumran community? This paper will not contribute any novel or unique ideas regarding either Jubilees or the Qumran community, as such. It will, however, endeavor to bring the various facets of scholarship on the subjects together, making the relationship between the two more concrete. Background to the Book of Jubilees The only complete version of Jubilees is written in Classical Ethiopic, however fragments of the book also exist in Latin (approximately one-third of the book) and Greek (quotations only).7 Before the discovery of Qumran, it was hypothesized that Jubilees 4 1Q17, 1Q18, 2Q19, 2Q20, 3Q5, 4Q176a, 4Q176b, 4Q216, 4Q217?, 4Q218, 4Q219, 4Q220, 4Q221, 4Q222, 4Q223-224, 11Q12 An Index of Qumran Manuscripts, Ver. 4.2 (OakTree Software). 5 Translation from Qumran Sectarian Manuscripts (QUMENG), Ver. 1.9 (OakTree Software). 6 Gershon Brin, "Regarding the Connection between the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees," JBL 112, no. 1 (1993). 3 was originally composed in Hebrew, and the finds were able to prove it.8 The earliest manuscript (4Q216) comes from c. 125-100 B.C.E., and thus was copied not long after the time that the book was originally written.9 Current scholarship now dates the composition of Jubilees to c. 170-150 B.C.E. It was written in Hebrew, and then subsequently translated into Greek, and possibly Syriac. It is from the Greek that the Latin and Ethiopic were translated10 and preserved by Christians. Jubilees was written during a fascinating time in Judaism’s history. The Second Temple Period saw many different expressions and interpretations of Judaism. Despite the apparently united front, Judaism, like any family, had internal strife.11 Diaspora Jews, often endeavored to make their beliefs more palatable to their Gentile neighbors.12 Palestinian Judaism was divided into various sects and groups following one teacher or another. It was the Maccabean Rebellion (c. 167-164 B.C.E.), however, that set in motion a chain of events that led to the further splintering of Judaism. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Maccabees made themselves a dynasty of kings and priests, but their 7 James C. Vanderkam, The Book of Jubilees, 2 vols., Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 510-511, Scriptores Aethiopici 87-88 (Lovanii: E. Peeters, 1989), Vol. 1 p. IX, Vol 2. p. XI-XIV.; O. S. Wintermute, "Jubilees: A New Translation and Introduction," in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. James H. Charlesworth (New York: Doubleday, 1985), 41-42. 8 Wintermute, 43. 9 James C. Vanderkam, Emanuel Tov, J.T. Milik, et. al., Qumran Cave 4: Parabiblical Texts Part 1, ed. Emanuel Tov, Discoveries in the Judean Desert Vol. 13, vol. 8 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 2. 10 Vanderkam, The Book of Jubilees, Vol. 2 p. V-VI. 11 Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Second ed. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2006), 12-14. 12 John J. Collins, Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora, Second ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000), 14-16. 4 authority was not universally acknowledged.13 Josephus relates that by the time of Jonathan the High Priest, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes were in existence.14 Given this setting, Jubilees was most likely written by a Palestinian Jew of priestly background and Hasidic or Essene persuasion. His knowledge not only of Canaanite geography as well as an intense interest in festivals and law gives witness to this.15 Though the book is well attested at Qumran,16 it is generally thought to predate the site, as the Damascus Document refers to it as an authority.17 The book itself is a retelling of the events of Gen 1 to Exo 16. It begins with the Lord calling Moses to the top of Mt. Sinai to receive a revelation: “And Moses was on the Mount forty days and forty nights, and God taught him the earlier and the later history of the division of all the days of the law and of the testimony. And He said: … ‘And do thou write down for thyself all these words which I declare unto thee on this mountain, the first and the last, which shall come to pass in all the divisions of the days in the law and in the testimony and in the weeks and the jubilees unto eternity, until I descend and dwell with them throughout eternity.’… And the angel of the presence who went before the camp of Israel took the tables of the divisions of the years – from the time of the creation– of the law and of the testimony of the weeks of the jubilees, according to the individual years, according to all the number of the jubilees [according, to the individual years], from the day of the [new] creation when the heavens and the earth shall be renewed and all their creation according to the powers of the heaven, and according to all the creation of the earth, until the sanctuary of the 13 Cohen, 5, 22-23. The Essene sect is thought to have been loyal to another priestly family, the Zadokites, thus alienating them from the Temple cult. See E. P. Sanders, "The Dead Sea Sect and Other Jews: Commonalities, Overlaps, and Differences," in The Dead Sea Scrolls in Their Historical Context, ed. Timothy H. Lim (London: T & T Clark, 2000), 16-17. 14 Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, trans. William Whiston, New Updated ed. (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1987), Antiq. 13.5.9. 15 Wintermute, 45. 16 For the purposes of this paper, I am assuming that the Qumran community was Essene, as has been generally assumed, and recently defended in Vanderkam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, 71-97. 17 Wintermute, 43-44. 5 Lord shall be made in Jerusalem on Mount Zion, and all the luminaries be renewed for healing and for peace and for blessing for all the elect of Israel, and that thus it may be from that day and unto all the days of the earth.”18 The first chapter of the book clearly outlines the basic tenants of the author’s theology, and eschatology. The world and its events are running on a very strict calendar that was preordained and engraved on tablets in heaven.19 God has scheduled the time from creation to the renewal of creation, and it is important for the children of Israel not only be aware of it, but also to follow it.