The Enthroned Buddha in Majesty: an Iconological Study

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The Enthroned Buddha in Majesty: an Iconological Study The Enthroned Buddha in Majesty : an Iconological Study Nicolas Revire To cite this version: Nicolas Revire. The Enthroned Buddha in Majesty : an Iconological Study. Religions. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. English. NNT : 2016USPCA157. tel-01552082 HAL Id: tel-01552082 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01552082 Submitted on 30 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 École Doctorale 268 Unité Mixte de Recherche 7528 – Mondes Iranien et Indien Thèse de Doctorat Langues et civilisations orientales Nicolas REVIRE The Enthroned Buddha in Majesty: An Iconological Study VOLUME 1 Thèse dirigée par Claudine BAUTZE-PICRON Soutenue le 10 décembre 2016 Jury : Mme Nalini BALBIR (Professeur, Université Sorbonne nouvelle – Paris 3) Mme Claudine BAUTZE-PICRON (Chargée de recherche, CNRS) M. Arlo GRIFFITHS (Directeur d’études, EFEO) M. Christian LUCZANITS (Senior Lecturer, SOAS, University of London) M. Thierry ZÉPHIR (Ingénieur d’études, Musée national des arts asiatiques – Guimet) siddham || deyadharmmo ’yam upāsakasya yad atra puṇyaṁ tad bhavatu mātāpitroḥ sarvasattvānāṁ ca Success! This is the pious gift of a layman. What merit be therein, let it belong to his parents and all living beings. Abstract This dissertation consists of a detailed study of a particular representation of the Buddha, in which he sits on a prominent throne, i.e. a bhadrapīṭha or bhadrāsana, in a majestic posture with two legs pendant, that is, in bhadrāsana or the “auspicious pose.” This pendant-legged imagery, generally associated with a throne, has been found widely depicted in ancient religious art associated with early urban complexes and is, as a rule, mostly associated with kingship, fertility, and even divinity. South Asian antecedents are well known for Buddhas in bhadrāsana. They are first depicted in the art of Andhra Pradesh and Gandhāra as early as the third–fourth centuries CE and, in close succession, followed by images from Sārnāth in the mid-to-late fifth century. Often, this bhadrāsana as a pose is combined with the teaching gesture of the “Turning the Wheel of the Law,” holding both hands in dharmacakra at solar plexus level. This iconographic type, of the Buddha in bhadrāsana with dharmacakra, became a hallmark of the rock-cut caves of Ajaṇṭā, Auraṅgābād, Kaṇherī, Ellorā, and many other western Deccan sites in Maharashtra from the turn of the sixth century onwards. It was also adopted in Nālandā and other Pāla sites of Bihar and Bengal before spreading further into the Himalayan regions of Kashmir, Ladakh, and Tibet. The type was widely produced in East Asia as well, with colossal examples stretching along the land Silk Road in China during the Tang period (618–907 CE). In Southeast Asia, the iconography also became widely disseminated, especially during the seventh to ninth centuries, first in the Mekong Delta, and then in the art of Dvāravatī, one of Thailand’s oldest religious cultures. As in East Asia, however, Buddha images in bhadrāsana from mainland Southeast Asia generally show a variant teaching gesture with only the raised right hand in vitarka. Conversely, in Java, the sub-type performing the hand gesture in dharmacakra became common in the late eighth and remained so throughout the ninth century. The results of this iconological examination have wide implications for understanding the origins, spread and development of Buddhist art in those lands, particularly during the mid-to-late first millennium CE. In sum, the dissertation traces the roots and original significance of this specific iconographic type in South Asia as well as its chronological development and subsequent spread in East and Southeast Asia by both land and maritime trade routes. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive corpus has been assembled of Buddha images, as well as other deities similarly seated in (and on a) bhadrāsana. Particular attention is paid to those images which i have secure provenances, are securely dated, and are identified by inscriptions — although these last are regrettably rare. When possible or desirable, the dissertation also examines the loose relationship between these visual representations (icons or narrative images) and a selected corpus of narrative texts or prescriptive ritual sources which are likely to have been in circulation in those regions of South Asia and beyond during the first millennium CE. The research finally deals, on a case by case basis, with the difficult and controversial issue of the identification of such enthroned Buddhas in majesty. It can on the whole be demonstrated that this iconography can either represent a past, present, or future Buddha, the latter especially ― if not exclusively ― in the art of East Asia and, in a later period, in the Himalayas. Without proper and primary textual or epigraphic supports, it remains quite hazardous systematically to identify such images in India with the future Buddha or even more with a transcendental Jina. In broad terms, I propose that this imagery embeds a universal and imperial form of Buddhahood, viz. an enthroned Buddha in all his glory as King of the Dharma (dharmarāja) and “Lord of the universe.” Keywords: bhadrāsana, Buddha, Buddhist art, dharmarāja, iconography, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Throne ii Résumé Cette thèse étudie en détail un type particulier de représentation du Bouddha où il est représenté assis sur un trône prééminent, le bhadrapīṭha ou bhadrāsana, dans une posture majestueuse avec les deux jambes pendantes, c’est-à-dire assis en bhadrāsana, ou dans l’attitude « de bon augure ». Cette iconographie, étroitement associée à l’imagerie du trône, se retrouve largement représentée dans l’art religieux ancien des premiers complexes urbains, et est, en règle générale, intimement liée aux modèles de la royauté, de la fertilité, et même du divin. Les prototypes les plus anciens du Bouddha en bhadrāsana sont bien connus en Asie du Sud. On les trouve d’abord représentés dans l’art de l’Andhra Pradesh et du Gandhāra, dès le IIIe ou IVe s. de notre ère, et suivis de près par les sculptures trouvées à Sārnāth dès la seconde moitié du Ve s. Le plus souvent, cette pose en bhadrāsana est combinée avec le geste de l’enseignement dit de « la mise en branle de la Roue de la Loi » en tenant les deux mains en dharmacakra au niveau du plexus solaire. Cette iconographie du Bouddha en bhadrāsana et dharmacakra est une caractéristique des grottes d’Ajaṇṭā, d’Auraṅgābād, de Kaṇherī, et d’Ellorā, et de nombreux autres sites rupestres du Deccan occidental dans le Maharashtra dès la fin du Ve s. Il a également été adopté à Nālandā et autres sites Pāla du Bihar et du Bengale, avant de finalement se disséminer dans les contrées himalayennes du Cachemire, du Ladakh, ou encore du Tibet. Cette iconographie du Bouddha en bhadrāsana se retrouve également largement répandue en Asie de l’Est, avec des exemples monumentaux répartis le long de la Route de la Soie terrestre en Chine au cours de la période Tang (618–907). En Asie du Sud- Est, cette iconographie est aussi populaire, surtout entre les VIIe et IXe s., d’abord dans le Delta du Mékong, puis dans l’art de Dvāravatī, une des plus anciennes cultures religieuses de la Thaïlande. Cependant, comme en Asie de l’Est, les représentations du Bouddha en bhadrāsana de l’Asie du Sud-Est continentale arborent essentiellement une variante du geste de l’enseignement où seule la main droite est levée en vitarka. À l’inverse, à Java, c’est le sous-groupe effectuant le geste des deux mains en dharmacakra qui est le plus populaire à la fin du VIIIe s. et au IXe s. Plusieurs implications notables ressortent de cet examen iconologique concernant les origines, la diffusion et le développement de l’art bouddhique dans ces contrées, particulièrement au cours de la seconde moitié du premier millénaire de notre ère. iii En somme, la thèse tente de retracer la genèse et la signification originelle de cette iconographie spécifique en Asie du Sud, ainsi que de mieux cerner son développement chronologique et sa diffusion ultérieure en Asie de l’Est et du Sud-Est à travers les routes commerciales terrestres et maritimes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l’étude s’appuie sur un large corpus assemblé de représentations du Bouddha, ainsi que d’autres divinités qui sont de même assises en (et sur un) bhadrāsana. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux sculptures pour lesquelles la provenance est connue et fiable, et qui sont datées, voire, bien que très rarement, identifiées par des inscriptions. Lorsque cela fût possible, ou souhaitable, nous avons aussi étudié les rapports plus ou moins avérés entre ces représentations visuelles (icônes ou images narratives) avec un corpus raisonné de textes narratifs, ou sources rituelles prescriptives, susceptibles d’avoir pu circuler dans ces régions de l’Asie du Sud et au-delà, au cours du premier millénaire de notre ère. Enfin, cette recherche a cherché à traiter, au cas par cas, la difficile et controversée question de l’identification de ces représentations du Bouddha trônant en majesté. Il a été généralement démontré que cette iconographie peut s’appliquer aussi bien aux Bouddhas du passé, du présent, ou du futur, ce dernier mode de représentation étant particulièrement ― peut-être même exclusivement ― réservé à l’art de l’Asie orientale, et de l’Himalaya à une période plus tardive.
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