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Coral Sea) and Comparison Biodiversity survey of Ashmore Reef (Coral Sea) and comparison with surrounding reefs Graham J Edgar, Daniela Ceccarelli, Rick D Stuart-Smith, Antonia T Cooper Report to Parks Australia, Department of the Environment 2017 Citation Edgar GJ, Ceccarelli D, Stuart-Smith RD, Cooper AT (2017) Biodiversity survey of Ashmore Reef (Coral Sea) and comparison with surrounding reefs. Report for Parks Australia, Department of the Environment. Reef Life Survey Foundation Incorporated. Copyright and disclaimer © 2017 RLSF To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of The Reef Life Survey Foundaiton. Important disclaimer The RLSF advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, The RLSF (including its volunteers and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. Images Graham Edgar and Rick Stuart-Smith Contents Executive summary ................................................................................. v 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 2 Methods ........................................................................................ 2 3 Results ........................................................................................... 6 4 Discussion .................................................................................... 21 5 Recommendations ....................................................................... 24 6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 25 7 References ................................................................................... 26 8 Appendices .................................................................................. 28 ii | Biodiversity survey of Ashmore Reef (Coral Sea) and comparison with surrounding reefs Figures Figure 1. Map of Ashmore Reef sites surveyed during 2013 and 2015. ...................................................... 2 Figure 2. Stylised representation of method 1 survey technique ................................................................ 3 Figure 3. Stylised representation of method 2 survey technique ................................................................ 3 Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) based on reef fish biomass data. The analysis was conducted on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of the log(x+1) transformed data. Species vectors are shown if they have a correlation value of at least 0.6. ....................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5. Abundance, species richness and biomass of all fishes, and biomass of large fishes (TL >20 cm), at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea (per 500 m2 transect). ......... 8 Figure 6. Biomass of functional groups of reef fishes at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea (per 500 m2 transect). ....................................................................................... 9 Figure 7. Reef health indicators (Community Temperature Index scores and the percentage of IUCN- listed threatened species) at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea. Differences were not significant for IUCN –listed species, but for CTI scores ANOVA F5,126 = 3.85, p=0.003. .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 8. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) plot of benthic community structure, recorded with Method 3, summarised into mean percent cover per site. The single Torres Strait transect was excluded. The analysis was conducted on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of the log(x+1) transformed data. Species vectors are shown if they have a correlation value of at least 0.5. ........................................................... 12 Figure 9. Variability in benthic community characteristics at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea. a) Total cover of live biota, b) number of benthic categories, c) Live hard coral, d) Turf algae, e) Crustose coralline algae, f) Total sponges. Note the differences in the y-axes. .... 13 Figure 10. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) plot of invertebrate abundance, recorded with Method 2, summarised by site. The analysis was conducted on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of the log(x+1) transformed data. Species vectors are shown if they have a correlation value of at least 0.3. ................ 15 Figure 11. Abundance and species richness of macroinvertebrates at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea (per 100 m2 transect). ............................................................ 16 Figure 12. Abundance and species richness of key macroinvertebrate taxa at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea (per 100 m2 transect). ...................................................... 17 Figure 13. Abundance and species richness of cryptic fishes at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea (per 100 m2 transect). ............................................................................ 19 Figure 14. Biomass (kg) of sharks recorded with Method 1 at reefs or groups of reefs in the northern GBR, Torres Strait and Coral Sea. F = 4.04, p = 0.002 (per 500 m2 transect).............................................. 20 Tables Table 1. ANOVA of key metrics of the fish assemblage, and functional groups, testing for differences between reefs. Data were log (x+1) transformed. ....................................................................................... 9 Table 2. ANOVA of key metrics of the benthic community, testing for differences between reefs. Data were log (x+1) transformed. The single Torres Strait transect was excluded from the analysis. .............. 14 Table 3. ANOVA of key metrics of the invertebrate assemblage, and main groups, testing for differences between reefs. Data were log (x+1) transformed. ..................................................................................... 18 Biodiversity survey of Ashmore Reef (Coral Sea) and comparison with surrounding reefs| iii List of acronyms ACRONYM EXPANDED AMP/CMR Australian Marine Park/ Commonwealth Marine Reserve RLSF The Reef Life Survey Foundation MPA Marine Protected Area IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature RLS Reef Life Survey EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone CTI Community Temperature Index iv | Biodiversity survey of Ashmore Reef (Coral Sea) and comparison with surrounding reefs Executive summary Ashmore Reef is located in the northwestern Coral Sea, between the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea, close to the islands and reefs of the Torres Strait. Field surveys at Ashmore Reef and adjacent Boot Reef were conducted in 2013 and 2015 by a team of skilled divers from the Reef Life Survey program (www.reeflifesurvey.com) and the University of Tasmania. Ecological surveys were conducted at varying depths along 155 transects at 78 sites across Ashmore Reef, Boot Reef, and at reefs considered the most comparable. These reference reefs comprised the pinnacle reefs in the northern Coral Sea (e.g. Bougainville and Osprey Reefs), which are also remote and isolated from Australian continental reefs; and the platform reefs of the far northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Torres Strait, which are in close proximity, but are located on the continental shelf. Data collected from each site consisted of abundance and size of fishes, abundance of mobile macroinvertebrates and cryptic fishes, and percentage cover of sessile biota. Ashmore and Boot Reefs form part of the Coral Sea CMR, and due to their northern location and shelf-edge geomorphology they contribute ecological characteristics that are different from other Coral Sea reefs: - Ashmore and Boot Reefs were more similar to the ‘oceanic’ reefs of the Coral Sea, but with some representation of the ‘inshore’ fish community – which is unusual among the reefs in the Coral Sea CMR; thus, inclusion of this northern area adds to the overall biodiversity coverage of the CMR. - Ashmore Reef had anomalously high abundance and species richness of invertebrates, similar to the continental shelf reefs and much higher than the oceanic reefs. - Ashmore and Boot Reefs had high coral cover (~30%) compared to reefs elsewhere in the Coral Sea (average ~18%). - When compared with other Coral Sea reefs, Ashmore Reef stood out as having high macroinvertebrate diversity, Boot Reef had very high fish abundance, Ashmore and Boot Reefs both had high fish species richness, total biomass and large fish biomass. - Shark biomass at Ashmore and Boot Reefs was as high as would
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