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Lepidoptera: Psychidae REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF BAGWORMS, OIKETICUS -YI (GUILDIBIG) AND METISA PLANA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA:PSYCHIDAE) Marc Rhainds B.A., Université de Montréal 1986 B.Sc., Universite Laval 1991 THESIS SUBMlTTED iN PARTIAL OF THE REQUlREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF =OR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of B iological Sciences 8 Marc Rhainds 1999 SIMON FRASER üNIVERSl'N December 1999 Al1 rights ~served.This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. National Library Bibiiothdque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliognphic Services services bibliographiques 385 Wdlngtm Street 395, rus Wellington Oîîawa ON K1A ûN4 ûttawaON K1AW CMed. Gonade The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disûiiute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantiai extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheMrise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abfitract. Unusual life history of bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), with sessile females completing their reproductive activity within a self-constnicted bag, provides an oppominity to evaluate factors infiuencing lifetime reproductive success. Sarnpiing and experimental studies conducted in plantations of oii palms investigated density-dependent processes and life history traits that affect reproductive success and population dynamics of 2 allopatric bagworms, Oiketicu~kirbyi in Costa Rica and itlefisuplmu in Southest Asia. Simiiar within- and between-plant distribution of M. plana in parental and offspring generations indicated that emergent larvae commonly do not disperse, suggesting that local populations of bagworm exhibit high level of genetic relatedness. Density- and defoliation-dependent dispersal by larvd M. plana contributes to their reproductive success, because larvae on crowded palms attain srnail size at pupûtion, and smali bagworms have low survival during pupal stage (male and female M. plana), mating success (female 0. kirbyi and M. pkuna) and fecundity (femde O. kirbyi and M. plana). Greater incidence of bailooning by femde than male lame rnay be due to females seeking suitable hosts for their progeny. For 0.kirbyi, mortality during pupal stage was greater for females than males; the opposite trend was obsewed for M. plana. For both O. kirbyi and M. plana, females emerged before males; protogyny may be a comrnon life history trait in bagworms that contribute to reduce inbreeding. Femde O. kirbyi produced a blend of 4 chiral esters to attmct males for mating. As previously reported for other bagworms, relatively large proportions of female O. kirbyi and M. plana did not mate as adult. Size-dependent mating success of female bagwoms may be attributed, in part, to males preferentidy mating with large, moa fecund females. Density-dependent dispersal by Iwae, as well as small size and low mating success of females on crowded palms, contribute to stabilize local populations of M. plana. Individual variations of femaie reproductive success iduenced the population dynarnics of M. pfana. Cette thèse est dédiée b mes parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 first and foremost express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Gerhard Gries, my senior supervisor, for giving me the opportunity to conduct research in various ports of the world, and for generously providing me with materiai, academic and penonal support throughout my thesis. 1 also deeply appreciated the research freedom Gerhard gave me as a graduate student. I extend my appreciation to Regine Gries, for helping me with pheromone studies, and more importantiy for her generosity and honesty. Gerhard and Regine will remain very special fnends for the rest of rny life. Mmy thanks go to Da. John H. Borden and Keith N. Slessor, my committee supervisors, for their help, assistance and advice. This thesis would not have been possible without field assistance and logistic support from several collaborators: D.L. Richardson. R. Escobar, C. Chinchilla, A.C. Oehlschlager, G. Castrillo, Y. Campos, I. Bulgareili, N. Bamntes and M. Corrales from Palma Tica in Costa Rica; Y. Sasareila. G. Brown, H.L. Foster, A. Saieh, T. Rhamdan Noor, S. Sutanto, and H.Z. Abidin fiom London Sumatera in Indonesia; P.S. Chew, K.J. Goh, M.M.Min, B.S. Sim, P. Valu, and B.N. Ang fiom Applied Agriculture in Malaysia; Ho Cheng Tuck, Dr. Mohd Hashim Ahmad Tajudin, Dr. Lee Cheng Hee, Fahl Ariffin Saini Shahanidin Bakar, Mohaimi Mohamad, Abdul Mm,Abdul Latif Rarnlam, Hasan Hahi Saleh, Jaialudin Abdul Azia, Abdul KaHee Ahmad. Mohamad Rais Ramlam, Adina Rusdi fiom Golden Hope OPRS in Malaysia. The help of R.G. Rodriguez was essential for sampling bagworm populations in Costa Rica. Palma Tica, Appiied Agriculniral Research and Golden Hope generously provided research Ming. 1 acknowledge E. Carefoot for preparation of figures, R.F. Balshaw for assistance with statisticai analyses, J. Li and P. Zhang for chemicd syntheses, G. Owen for mass spectral analyses, and M. W. Basri for shipment of insects. I received financiai support from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Scholarship, a Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide à la Recherche (FCAR) Scholarship, a Marshall Noble Scholarship, three SFU Graduate Fellowships, an H.R. MacCarthy Graduate Bursary, a President Ph.D. Research Stipend, and a NSERC research grant to G.G. vii TABLEOFCONTENTS TITLE PAGE.......................................................................................... 1 APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................. i i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................ iv ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... .Y LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................... xi 1*O INTRODUCTTON ............................................................................. 1 Intraspecific variations of reproductive success and population dynarnics..... 1 A short review on Lepidoptera with fligthtless fernales ........................... 2 Life history of bagwoms .............................................................. 3 1.3.1 Land stage .................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Pupal stage ...................................................................... 6 1.3.3 Adult stage ....................................................................... 7 1.3.4 Egg stage and emergent larvae ............................................... 14 Bagwonns on oil palm ................................................................. 14 Population dynamics of bagworms on oil palm .................................... 17 Life history traits related to reproductive successof bagworms ................... 11 1.6.1 Larval stage ..................................................................... 21 1.6.1 .1 Density-dependent dispersal ........................................ 34 1.6.1.2 Size attained at pupation ............................................. 26 1.6. 1.3 Pupation site .......................................................... 27 1.6.2 Adultstage .............. .. ..............*...... *........................... 31 1 .621 Timing of emergence .................... .. ....................... 31 1.6.2.2 Sexuai communication.. ...*,... ....*.......,*.............*...32 .. Specific research objechves........................................................... 32 1.7.1 Oiketicus kirbyi ................................................................ 33 1.7.2 Metisa plana .................................................................... 33 viii MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................... ....................................... 35 Study sites ................................................................................... Dispenal by larval Metisa plana ..................................................... 2.2.1 Sarnpling studies conducted in plantation of oil palm ..................... 2.2.2 Expenrnents conducted in cage environment.................................. Assessrnent of reproductive success for 0. kirbyi and M. plana ................. 2.3.1 Oiketim kiroyi population in Coto 50 ...................................... 2.3.2 Oiketicus kirbyi population in Coto 52 ...................................... 2.3.3 Metisa plana population in Sungei Merah ................................. 2.3.4 Metisa plana population in Ladang Coalfield ............................... Size-dependent mating success of female Oiketicirs kirbyi ....................... 2.4.1 Field study ...........................................................................
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