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Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Nakba Related Trauma Experiences Among the Palestinans Living in Israel

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Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Nakba Related Trauma Experiences Among the Palestinans Living in Israel INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF PARENTAL NAKBA RELATED TRAUMA EXPERIENCES AMONG THE PALESTINIANS LIVING IN ISRAEL Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Adnan Abu El Hija an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Psychologie Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12. März 2018 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Elbert 2. Referent: PD Dr. Maggie Schauer-Elbert Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1x8e2v3pfnpur5 I ABSTRACT This review summarizes studies on the intergenerational influence of the Palestinian disaster in 1948 (i.e., NAKBA). For the purposes of this review, it was investigated whether second-generation individuals were affected by war-related trauma to which first-generation individuals were exposed. In this study we examined the intra-family trauma communication style (i.e., disclosure/silencing) as a mediator variable. A path model was constructed to demonstrate how the influence of traumatic experiences was transmitted to the second generation. Finally we investigated the factors that might affect the willingness of Palestinians to reconcile with Jews and the state of Israel. This thesis includes a review and three articles, which consider the topic from different perspectives. In the first chapter, a literature review of the existing publications on the topic of the transgenerational impact of trauma and displacement is presented and the outstanding research questions are discussed. The subsequent three chapters refer to the results of the current study and finally a chapter summarizes the results in German. Keywords: Nakba-trauma, intergenerational transmission, communication styles, psychological complaints, word assumption, II DEDICATION To the memory of my father, who would have been happy and proud to see my completed dissertation. His memories have been a source of inspiration to me and his resolve to always do everything in his power to ensure that his children receive the best education, was my motivation throughout this process. III Acknowledgements I would like to extend my greatest appreciations and thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Thomas Elbert for his great support. It was a pleasure to have the opportunity to conduct my research under his supervision. He consistently encouraged and guided me throughout my difficulties with his great patience, acceptance, and help. I also would like to present my special thanks to Prof. Dr. Zahava Solomon from the University of Tel Aviv, first of all for the unwavering willingness to guide me in a politically fraught study. She provided me with immense understanding and encouragement. The sensitivity and attention that she demonstrated towards the experiences and pain of others aroused a lot of hope and optimism in me. My thanks also to Dr. Anke Köbach, who provided me with many ideas, insights, and comments to help me find a path between my original proposal and ultimately to this dissertation. I would also like to thank my colleague, Najla Asmer, for the encouragement and many helpful suggestions and comments. My thanks to the Palestinian Internal Displacement Committee (PIDC) for their support and help in assisting with the collection of the data. This study would not have been possible without the help of all those who participated and I would like to extend my utmost gratitude for their assistance. I thank you for trusting me by sharing such a precious part of yourself and for your strong desire to empower the community through your experiences. IV Special thanks to my friend, Dr. Mohammed Diab, for his encouragement and constant motivation and support during the trips we made to the University in Germany and for his much needed sense of humor during my times of stress. I would like to thank my mother and father-in-law for their role in supporting my family and encouraging me to finish this work and especially my father-in-law for the many hours he spent collecting data. My brothers Ahmed, Issam, Mahmoud, Ali, and my sisters Nihad, Jihad, and Manal, thank you all for being by my side and encouraging me always. Your support for my success and the sense of pride you have for me means so much. Of course no acknowledgments would be complete without giving thanks to my mother and my late father, who passed without seeing this work completed. Both have instilled many admirable qualities in me and have given me the best foundation with which to confront all of life’s challenges. Through their examples, they have taught me about hard work, self-respect, persistence, and independence. They were the best role models of the value of resilience, strength, and persevering despite any struggles along the way. Last, but certainly not least, I must acknowledge with tremendous and deep thanks my wife, Eman, who supported my decision to take this turn in my life and to embark in graduate studies in order to fulfill my career goals. She has provided stability to our family by taking charge of our home and our daughters’ education while I was busy and traveled abroad to the University in Germany to work on my research. I thank my daughters, Noor, Lana, and Sana for their understanding and help in encoding the data to the computer. Their encouragement to finish this dissertation was invaluable. V Table of Contents 1 Chapter Transgenerational consequences of Parental war-related trauma: ................................................ 1 A Literature review on different populations of trauma survivors offspring ................................... 1 Strategy of Research Literature........................................................................................................... 5 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................. 6 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 6 Definition and Concepts of the Intergenerational Transmission .................................................... 6 Studies of Transgenerational Trauma ............................................................................................. 7 Families of Holocaust Survivors ...................................................................................................... 9 Children of War Veterans ............................................................................................................. 11 Transgenerational Trauma by Forced Displacement. ................................................................... 13 Theories of Trauma Transmission .................................................................................................... 15 Summary of the Introduction ............................................................................................................ 19 Historical Background ...................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................... 24 Transgenerational impact of traumatic experiences during the Nakba ........................................ 24 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Historical Background ...................................................................................................................... 26 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 27 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Participants ................................................................................................................................... 31 Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Instruments ................................................................................................................................... 33 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 35 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Path-Analysis Model for Traumatic Experience of Parents .............................................................. 45 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................... 54 The transgenerational Impact of the Forced Internal Displacement of Israeli Palestinians from 1948 .................................................................................................................................................
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