DOCSLIB.ORG

Early Stalked Stages in Ontogeny of the Living Isocrinid Sea Lily Metacrinus Rotundus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Early Stalked Stages in Ontogeny of the Living Isocrinid Sea Lily Metacrinus Rotundus Published for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 97: 102–116 (January 2016) doi: 10.1111/azo.12109 Early stalked stages in ontogeny of the living isocrinid sea lily Metacrinus rotundus Shonan Amemiya,1,2,3 Akihito Omori,4 Toko Tsurugaya,4 Taku Hibino,5 Masaaki Yamaguchi,6 Ritsu Kuraishi,3 Masato Kiyomoto2 and Takuya Minokawa7 Abstract 1Department of Integrated Biosciences, Amemiya,S.,Omori,A.,Tsurugaya,T.,Hibino,T.,Yamaguchi,M.,Kuraishi,R., Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The Kiyomoto,M.andMinokawa,T.2016.Earlystalkedstagesinontogenyoftheliving University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, isocrinid sea lily Metacrinus rotundus. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 97: 102–116. 277-8526, Japan; 2Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, The early stalked stages of an isocrinid sea lily, Metacrinus rotundus,wereexam- Ko-yatsu, Tateyama, Chiba, 294-0301, ined up to the early pentacrinoid stage. Larvae induced to settle on bivalve shells 3 Japan; Research and Education Center of and cultured in the laboratory developed into late cystideans. Three-dimensional Natural Sciences, Keio University, Yoko- (3D) images reconstructed from very early to middle cystideans indicated that hama, 223-8521, Japan; 4Misaki Marine 15 radial podia composed of five triplets form synchronously from the crescent- Biological Station, Graduate School of Sci- ence, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, shaped hydrocoel. The orientation of the hydrocoel indicated that the settled Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan; 5Faculty of postlarvae lean posteriorly. In very early cystideans, the orals, radials, basals and Education, Saitama University, 255 Shim- infrabasals, with five plates each in the crown, about five columnals in the stalk, o-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, 338- and five terminal stem plates in the attachment disc, had already formed. In 6 8570, Japan; Division of Life Science, mid-cystideans, an anal plate appeared in the crown. Late cystideans cultured in Graduate School of Natural Science and the field developed into pentacrinoids about 5 months after settlement. These Technology, Kanazawa University, Ka- pentacrinoids shared many crown structures with adult sea lilies. On the other kuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; 7Research Center for Marine Biology, To- hand, many features of the stalk differed from those in adult isocrinids, while hoku University, Sakamoto 9, Asamushi, sharing many characteristics with the stalk of feather star pentacrinoids, includ- Aomori,039-3501,Japan ing disc-like proximal columnals, high and slender median columnals, synarthri- al articulations developmentally derived from the symplexial articulations, Keywords: limited formation of cirri only in the proximal columnal(s), and an attachment sea lily, crinoid, isocrinid, echinoderm, disc. On the basis of these findings, phylogenetic relationships among extant cri- Articulata, Metacrinus rotundus, cystidean, noid orders are discussed. pentacrinoid, scanning electron microscopy, 3D reconstruction Shonan Amemiya, Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu Univer- sity, Ko-yatsu, Tateyama, Chiba 294-0301, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted for publication: ne.jp 04 November 2014 now accepted that the comatulids plus the stalked bourgueti- Introduction crinids are derived within the articulates, there is no consensus Crinoids, comprising the stalked sea lilies and the stalkless co- about relationships among the more basal stalked orders. One matulids, are widely recognized as a sister group to the other of these basal articulate groups is the order Isocrinida, which four classes of extant echinoderms and considered to be the includes Metacrinus rotundus Carpenter, 1885, the most acces- most basal of living echinoderms (Paul and Smith 1984; Lit- sible sea lily known, being relatively abundant at depths of tlewood et al. 1997; Janies 2001; Scouras and Smith 2006; 100–150 m off the southern coast of Japan (Oji 1989). Infor- Rouse et al. 2013). All extant crinoids belong to the subclass mation on the development of isocrinids is important when Articulata, which originated from Palaeozoic sea lilies near the considering evolution within the echinoderms in general and start of the Mesozoic era (Ubaghs 1978b; Hess and Ausich the crinoids in particular, and more arguably for discussing 1999; Hess 2011). At present, some of the relationships evolution of the deuterostomes. among the extant orders of articulate crinoids remain contro- We have previously reported the development of M. rotun- versial (Hess and Messing 2011). For example, although it is dus between fertilization and larval settlement (Nakano et al. 102 © 2014 The Authors. Acta Zoologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 97: 102–116 (January 2016) Amemiya et al. Early stalked stages in sea lily 2003). At that time, the swimming larval stages were and the settled postlarvae in the cups were examined on 19 describedindetail,butthesettledstageswerenotcharacter- March and 3 April 2008. ized substantially because the larvae died soon after they had settled.Here,therefore,wedescribe the newly settled stages Preparation of specimens at the early attached stage for scanning and development throughout the early pentacrinoid stage. electron microscopy (SEM) This is the first description of these stages based on living material. We focus on the developing skeletal system, to Living organisms at the early attached stage were fixed over- enable comparison with the adult condition and comparable night in seawater-Bouin’s fluid, dehydrated in a graded etha- developmental stages of feather stars. The axial organization nol series and critical-point-dried in a CP-5A CO2 dryer of the postlarva is discussed based on Carpenter’s system of (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). The dried specimens were attached the hydrocoel and surrounding skeletal elements. to aluminium stubs via double-sided adhesive tape, coated withgoldinanE-101ionsputtercoater(Hitachi,Tokyo, Japan) and observed with an S-3000N SEM (Hitachi). Materials and Methods Animals and larvae Visualization of the skeleton by SEM and polarizing microscopy Adults of the isocrinid sea lily M. rotundus were collected Postlarvae at various stages were fixed with 70% ethanol using a gill net from a depth of 130 m in the south-eastern (EtOH) after removal from the substrates. The fixed speci- area of the Uraga Channel in the Sagami Sea, Japan, from late mens were rinsed with 70% EtOH and preserved in 70% September to middle October. Eggs and sperm were obtained EtOH at room temperature. The preserved specimens were and fertilized, and developmental stages before settlement hydrated with a graded ethanol series, treated with bleach were cultured as described previously (Amemiya et al. 2013). containing 0.4% sodium hypochlorite for 40 s, rinsed with Occasionally, artificial sea water (Jamarin U) containing or distilled water, dehydrated with a graded ethanol series, air- lacking antibiotics (100 lg/mL streptomycin and 100 unit/ dried and mounted on an aluminium stub with double-sided mL penicillin) was used for larval culture. The use of artificial electrically conductive adhesive tape. The specimens were sea water might potentially delay larval development. The occasionally bleached further with the same or a higher antibiotics were effective for keeping the swimming larvae (0.6–1.2%) concentration of sodium hypochlorite for the healthy, but reversibly prevented their settlement. same period or longer (1–2 min) on the adhesive tape stuck to the aluminium stub. The dried specimens were observed with a JSM-6510LV SEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) in back-scattered Induction of settlement electron mode to examine the skeletal ossicles. Two very early To induce settlement of the swimming larvae of M. rotundus, cystideans were dehydrated with a graded ethanol series after we added shell fragments of Cryptopecten sp. (a pectinid treatment with bleach and photographed in benzyl benzoate bivalve collected using a gill net along with the adult sea lilies) andbenzylalcohol(2:1)(BABB)underaBiophot(Nikon, to the culture dishes. The larvae became attached to the shells Tokyo, Japan) or a BX53F (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) DIC or, less often, to the inner wall of the culture dishes. The set- microscope. tled postlarvae, which initially did not feed, were maintained in a laboratory incubator in the dark at 14 °C. Occasionally, Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction middle to late cystideans were cultured at 16 °C, 18 °Cor 20 °C to examine their tolerance to higher temperatures. A very early cystidean, about 8 days after settlement, and a They grew healthily up to 18 °C, but became weakened and mid-cystidean, about 19 days after settlement, were fixed with died at 20 °C. 4% paraformaldehyde for 16 h according to Omori et al. (2011). An early cystidean, about 9 days after settlement, was fixed with seawater-Bouin’s fluid overnight. After dehydration Raising of postlarvae from the late cystidean to pentacrinoid stages in a graded ethanol series and transfer through 100% acetone, Eleven disposable plastic cups with volumes of 350 mL or the specimens were embedded in Technovit 8100 resin (Kul- 500mLwereusedtoraisethepentacrinoids.Asmallfrag-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Post-Paleozoic Crinoid Radiation in Response to Benthic Predation Preceded the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
    Post-Paleozoic crinoid radiation in response to benthic predation preceded the Mesozoic marine revolution Tomasz K. Baumillera,1, Mariusz A. Salamonb, Przemysław Gorzelakc, Rich Mooid, Charles G. Messinge, and Forest J. Gahnf aMuseum of Paleontology and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; bFaculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, PL-41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; cInstitute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; dDepartment of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118; eOceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004; and fDepartment of Geology, Brigham Young University–Idaho, Rexburg, ID 83460 Edited by David J. Bottjer, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board February 16, 2010 (received for review December 10, 2009) It has been argued that increases in predation over geological time To further explore the interaction between extant cidaroids and should result in increases in defensive adaptations in prey taxa. Recent crinoids, to test for evidence of the interaction in the geologic past, in situ and laboratory observations indicate that cidaroid sea urchins and to identify its evolutionary consequences, we conducted aquar- feed on live stalked crinoids, leaving distinct bite marks on their skeletal ium experiments, analyzed samples of Triassic fossil crinoids, and elements. Similar bite marks on fossil crinoids from Poland strongly examined
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Modeling of Coordinated Movements in Brittle Stars with a Variable Number of Arms
    Title Behavioral modeling of coordinated movements in brittle stars with a variable number of arms Author(s) 脇田, 大輝 Citation 北海道大学. 博士(生命科学) 甲第13957号 Issue Date 2020-03-25 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k13957 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/78055 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Daiki_WAKITA.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Behavioral modeling of coordinated movements in brittle stars with a variable number of arms （腕数に個体差があるクモヒトデの協調運動の行動モデリング） A doctoral thesis presented to the Biosystems Science Course, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University by Daiki Wakita in March 2020 CONTENTS Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1. General introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.1 Body networks coordinating animal movements --------------------------------- 2 1.2 Morphological variation and movement coordination --------------------------- 4 1.3 Number of rays in echinoderms ---------------------------------------------------- 5 1.4 Aims of this study -------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2. Locomotion of Ophiactis brachyaspis ---------------------------------------------------- 9 2.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.2 Materials and methods ------------------------------------------------------------- 14 2.2.1 Animals ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Echinoderms in Sagami Bay : Past and Present Studies
    Title Echinoderms in Sagami Bay : Past and Present Studies Author(s) Fujita, Toshihiko Edited by Hisatake Okada, Shunsuke F. Mawatari, Noriyuki Suzuki, Pitambar Gautam. ISBN: 978-4-9903990-0-9, 117- Citation 123 Issue Date 2008 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/38447 Type proceedings Note International Symposium, "The Origin and Evolution of Natural Diversity". 1‒5 October 2007. Sapporo, Japan. File Information p117-123-origin08.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Echinoderms in Sagami Bay: Past and Present Studies Toshihiko Fujita* National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan ABSTRACT Many taxonomically important echinoderms have been collected from Sagami Bay in the 130 years since German biologist Ludwig Döderlein discovered the extraordinarily diverse marine fau- na of the bay. Four large and historically important echinoderm collections exist from previous taxonomical surveys of Sagami Bay. Recently, the National Museum of Nature and Science col- lected additional echinoderm material from Sagami Bay. For some taxa of echinoderms, compila- tion of lists of species occurring in Sagami Bay is almost complete based on the results of both historical and recent collections. However, despite this long research history, there are still taxo- nomical problems among echinoderms, and we need further study to elucidate the echinoderm fauna of Sagami Bay. Keywords: Echinodermata, Collection, Research history, Taxonomy, Fauna of marine animals. I focus on 5 major taxonomical
    [Show full text]
  • Encrinus Liliiformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Fossil Crinoid Encrinus liliiformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) Janina F. Dynowski1,2, James H. Nebelsick2*, Adrian Klein3, Anita Roth-Nebelsick1 1 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2 Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 3 Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany * [email protected] a11111 Abstract Crinoids, members of the phylum Echinodermata, are passive suspension feeders and catch plankton without producing an active feeding current. Today, the stalked forms are known only from deep water habitats, where flow conditions are rather constant and feeding OPEN ACCESS velocities relatively low. For feeding, they form a characteristic parabolic filtration fan with their arms recurved backwards into the current. The fossil record, in contrast, provides a Citation: Dynowski JF, Nebelsick JH, Klein A, Roth- Nebelsick A (2016) Computational Fluid Dynamics large number of stalked crinoids that lived in shallow water settings, with more rapidly Analysis of the Fossil Crinoid Encrinus liliiformis changing flow velocities and directions compared to the deep sea habitat of extant crinoids. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). PLoS ONE 11(5): In addition, some of the fossil representatives were possibly not as flexible as today’s cri- e0156408. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156408 noids and for those forms alternative feeding positions were assumed. One of these fossil Editor: Stuart Humphries, University of Lincoln, crinoids is Encrinus liliiformis, which lived during the middle Triassic Muschelkalk in Central UNITED KINGDOM Europe. The presented project investigates different feeding postures using Computational Received: August 24, 2015 Fluid Dynamics to analyze flow patterns forming around the crown of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Isocrinid Crinoids from the Late Cenozoic of Jamaica
    A tlantic G eology 195 Isocrinid crinoids from the late Cenozoic of Jamaica Stephen K. Donovan Department of Geology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica Date Received April 8, 1994 Date A ccepted A ugust 26, 1994 Eight species of isocrinines have been documented from the Lower Cretaceous to Pleistocene of Jamaica. New finds include a second specimen of a Miocene species from central north Jamaica, previously regarded as Diplocrinus sp. but reclassified as Teliocrinus? sp. herein. Extant Teliocrinus is limited to the Indian Ocean, although Miocene specimens have been recorded from Japan, indicating a wider distribution during the Neogene. One locality in the early Pleistocene Manchioneal Formation of eastern Jamaica has yielded three species of isocrinine, Cenocrirtus asterius (Linne), Diplocrinus maclearanus (Thomson) and Neocrinus decorus Thomson. These occur in association with the bourgueticrinine Democrinus sp. or Monachocrinus sp. These taxa are all extant and suggest a minimum depositional depth for the Manchioneal Formation at this locality of about 180 m. This early Pleistocene fauna represents the most diverse assemblage of fossil crinoids docu­ mented from the Antillean region. Huit especes d’isocrinines de la periode du Cretace inferieur au Pleistocene de la Jamai'que ont ete documentees. Les nouvelles decouvertes comprennent un deuxieme specimen d’une espece du Miocene du nord central de la Jamai'que, auparavant consideree comme l’espece Diplocrinus, mais reclassifiee en tant que Teliocrinus? aux presentes. Le Teliocrinus existant est limite a l’ocean Indien, meme si on a releve des specimens du Miocene au Japon, ce qui est revelateur d’une distribution plus repandue au cours du Neogene.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room
    •...~ ..~ THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-31S, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. NEW E-MAIL: [email protected] Distributed by: David Pawson Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-321, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. The newsletter contains information concerning meetings and conferences, publications of interest to echinoderm biologists, titles of theses on echinoderms, and research interests, and addresses of echinoderm biologists. Individuals who desire to receive the newsletter should send their name, address and research interests to the editor. The newsletter is not intended to be a part of the scientific literature and should not be cited, abstracted, or reprinted as a published document. A. Agassiz, 1872-73 ., TABLE OF CONTENTS Echinoderm Specialists Addresses Phone (p-) ; Fax (f-) ; e-mail numbers . ........................ .1 Current Research ........•... .34 Information Requests .. .55 Announcements, Suggestions .. • .56 Items of Interest 'Creeping Comatulid' by William Allison .. .57 Obituary - Franklin Boone Hartsock .. • .58 Echinoderms in Literature. 59 Theses and Dissertations ... 60 Recent Echinoderm Publications and Papers in Press. ...................... • .66 New Book Announcements Life and Death of Coral Reefs ......•....... .84 Before the Backbone . ........................ .84 Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea . • •• 84 Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth IEC. • .85 Papers Presented at Meetings (by country or region) Africa. • .96 Asia . ....96 Austral ia .. ...96 Canada..... • .97 Caribbean •. .97 Europe. .... .97 Guam ••• .98 Israel. 99 Japan .. • •.••. 99 Mexico. .99 Philippines .• . .•.•.• 99 South America .. .99 united States .•. .100 Papers Presented at Meetings (by conference) Fourth Temperate Reef Symposium................................•......
    [Show full text]
  • Squeezing the Fossil Record
    FEATURE fossils up into the chalk country, he had recognized at Although uncertain about the mechanisms in- least part of the stratigraphic column that was later volved, Whitehurst argued for the phenomenon of mapped by William Smith. igneous intrusion as well as extrusion. He recognized that mineralization led to veins cutting limestones; and he knew something of the nature of faulting, Whitehurst’s attainments even if confused by the alleged gulfs under the River In the Inquiry, Whitehurst used observation and ap- Derwent. With the lack of any Whitehurst archives or plied the laws of nature to deduce several basic prin- of records of the Lunar Society it is difficult to say how ciples of geology: much of his ideas came from discussions with others, 1 The Earth had a history of development from a and similarly difficult to say to what extent he influ- chaotic fluid state to one of regular order. enced the ideas of his successors, although White 2 This history was deduced from observations Watson and Farey both followed his Matlock which led to recognition of the principle of stratigraphy. From the few records that survive, it superposition. seems that an outline of the Inquiry was already in his 3 A regular sequence of strata had economic mind by 1763, 15 years before publication, and he implications – i.e. prediction of what might occur had expanded his ideas as a result of Ferber’s visit in elsewhere. 1769. Even then it took another nine years before it 4 Coal originated from ancient vegetation, whilst was completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation, Resistance, and Escalation in Sessile Crinoids
    Predation, resistance, and escalation in sessile crinoids by Valerie J. Syverson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Tomasz K. Baumiller, Chair Professor Daniel C. Fisher Research Scientist Janice L. Pappas Professor Emeritus Gerald R. Smith Research Scientist Miriam L. Zelditch © Valerie J. Syverson, 2014 Dedication To Mark. “We shall swim out to that brooding reef in the sea and dive down through black abysses to Cyclopean and many-columned Y'ha-nthlei, and in that lair of the Deep Ones we shall dwell amidst wonder and glory for ever.” ii Acknowledgments I wish to thank my advisor and committee chair, Tom Baumiller, for his guidance in helping me to complete this work and develop a mature scientific perspective and for giving me the academic freedom to explore several fruitless ideas along the way. Many thanks are also due to my past and present labmates Alex Janevski and Kris Purens for their friendship, moral support, frequent and productive arguments, and shared efforts to understand the world. And to Meg Veitch, here’s hoping we have a chance to work together hereafter. My committee members Miriam Zelditch, Janice Pappas, Jerry Smith, and Dan Fisher have provided much useful feedback on how to improve both the research herein and my writing about it. Daniel Miller has been both a great supervisor and mentor and an inspiration to good scholarship. And to the other paleontology grad students and the rest of the department faculty, thank you for many interesting discussions and much enjoyable socializing over the last five years.
    [Show full text]
  • Crinoids from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Serre De Bleyton (Drôme, SE France)
    ©Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, Serie A 112 733-774 Wien, Juni 2010 Crinoids from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Serre de Bleyton (Drôme, SE France) By Manfred JÄGER (With 2 figures and 7 plates) Manuscript submitted on September 11th 2009, the revised manuscript on January 11th 2010 Abstract The Barremian of the Serre de Bleyton has yielded many disarticulated but well-preserved ele- ments of a diverse crinoid fauna of at least six species, dominated by comatulids (three species) and isocrinids (two species). The single apiocrinitid species is rare. Except for the large and well- known comatulid Decameros ricordeanus D’ORBIGNY, 1850, with specimens similar to the subspe- cies or variety vagnasensis (DE LORIOL, 1888), five of the six species are new. However, only for three of them a new species name is introduced, Isocrinus? bleytonensis nov. spec., Comatulina moosleitneri nov. spec. and Semiometra barremiensis nov. spec. Two fairly rare species, Per- cevalicrinus sp. and Apiocrinites sp., are described in open nomenclature. This Barremian fauna fills a stratigraphic gap from which only few crinoids had so far been de- scribed. Apart from some Hauterivian crinoids (mainly isocrinids), the stratigraphically nearest crinoid-rich (and especially comatulid-rich) horizons are the Valanginian of western Switzerland and southeastern France and especially the Aptian of southeastern France and Spain. The high percentage of new species is not surprising due to phylogenetic changes during the time span Valanginian – Aptian. Apart from these differences at species level, the crinoid fauna from the Serre de Bleyton fits well into the overall faunal composition known from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Neoichnology of Crawling Stalked Crinoids
    Swiss Journal of Palaeontology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0158-9 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) REGULAR RESEARCH ARTICLE Experimental neoichnology of crawling stalked crinoids 1,2 3 4 1,2 5 Krzysztof R. Brom • Kazumasa Oguri • Tatsuo Oji • Mariusz A. Salamon • Przemysław Gorzelak Received: 13 June 2018 / Accepted: 5 July 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Stalked crinoids have long been considered sessile. In the 1980s, however, observations both in the field and of laboratory experiments proved that some of them (isocrinids) can actively relocate by crawling with their arms on the substrate, and dragging the stalk behind them. Although it has been argued that this activity may leave traces on the sediment surface, no photographs or images of the traces produced by crawling crinoids have been available. Herein, we present results of neoichnological experiments using the shallowest species of living stalked crinoid, Metacrinus rotundus, dredged from Suruga Bay (near the town of Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture, * 140 m depth). Our results demonstrate that isocrinids produce characteristic locomotion traces, which have some preservation potential. They are composed of rather deep and wide, sometimes weakly sinuous, central drag marks left by the stalk and cirri, and short, shallow scratch marks made by the arms. Based on the functional morphology and taphonomy, it has been argued that the ability to autotomize the stalk and relocate had already evolved in the oldest stem-group isocrinids (holocrinids), likely in response to increased benthic predation pressure during the so-called Mesozoic marine revolution. Our data show that this hypothesis may be corrob- orated in the future by ichnological findings, which may provide more direct proof of active locomotion in Triassic holocrinids.
    [Show full text]
  • Sepkoski, J.J. 1992. Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Families
    MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM Contributions . In BIOLOGY and GEOLOGY Number 83 March 1,1992 A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Families 2nd edition J. John Sepkoski, Jr. MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM Contributions . In BIOLOGY and GEOLOGY Number 83 March 1,1992 A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Families 2nd edition J. John Sepkoski, Jr. Department of the Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637 Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology Rodney Watkins, Editor (Reviewer for this paper was P.M. Sheehan) This publication is priced at $25.00 and may be obtained by writing to the Museum Gift Shop, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233. Orders must also include $3.00 for shipping and handling ($4.00 for foreign destinations) and must be accompanied by money order or check drawn on U.S. bank. Money orders or checks should be made payable to the Milwaukee Public Museum. Wisconsin residents please add 5% sales tax. In addition, a diskette in ASCII format (DOS) containing the data in this publication is priced at $25.00. Diskettes should be ordered from the Geology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233. Specify 3Y. inch or 5Y. inch diskette size when ordering. Checks or money orders for diskettes should be made payable to "GeologySection, Milwaukee Public Museum," and fees for shipping and handling included as stated above. Profits support the research effort of the GeologySection. ISBN 0-89326-168-8 ©1992Milwaukee Public Museum Sponsored by Milwaukee County Contents Abstract ....... 1 Introduction.. ... 2 Stratigraphic codes. 8 The Compendium 14 Actinopoda.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pelagic Propagule's Toolkit
    The pelagic propagule’s toolkit: An exploration of the morphology, swimming capacity and behaviour of marine invertebrate propagules by © Emaline M. Montgomery A Dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland June 2017 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract The pelagic propagules of benthic marine animals often exhibit behavioural responses to biotic and abiotic cues. These behaviours have implications for understanding the ecological trade-offs among complex developmental strategies in the marine environment, and have practical implications for population management and aquaculture. But the lack of life stage-specific data leaves critical questions unanswered, including: (1) Why are pelagic propagules so diverse in size, colour, and development mode; and (2) do certain combinations of traits yield propagules that are better adapted to survive in the plankton and under certain environments? My PhD research explores these questions by examining the variation in echinoderm propagule morphology, locomotion and behaviour during ontogeny, and in response to abiotic cues. Firstly, I examined how egg colour patterns of lecithotrophic echinoderms correlated with behavioural, morphological, geographic and phylogenetic variables. Overall, I found that eggs that developed externally (pelagic and externally-brooded eggs) had bright colours, compared
    [Show full text]