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In-Situ Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Landfill

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In-Situ Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Landfill IN-SITU REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM LANDFILL GAS ARISING FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND SULPHIDE MINE ENVIRONMENTS WITHIN BIOREACTOR CONDITIONS David Andrew Lazarevic Master of Science Thesis Stockholm 2007 David Andrew Lazarevic IN-SITU REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM LANDFILL GAS - A RISING FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND SULPHIDE MINE ENVIRONMENTS WITHIN BIOREACTOR CONDITIONS Supervisor and Examiner: Lennart Nilson, Industrial Ecology STOCKHOLM 2007 PRESENTED AT INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY www.ima.kth.se TRITA-IM 2007:30 ISSN 1402-7615 Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology www.ima.kth.se Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, 2007 Veolia Environmental Services ABSTRACT This project was compiled in co-operation with the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm and Veolia Environmental Services (Australia) at the Woodlawn Bioreactor in NSW, Australia. Hydrogen sulphide is an unwanted component of landfill gas, raising occupational health and safety concerns, whilst leading to acid gas corrosion of power generation equipment and increased emissions of SOx, a primary constituent of acidification. Australian governmental requirements to place a periodic cover over the unused proportion of the tipping surface of landfills and bioreactors create an interesting opportunity for the removal of the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas. Using waste materials containing a high concentration of metals as waste cover can enhance the precipitation of sulphur in the form of metal sulphides. The reduction of sulphate via sulphate reducing bacteria is prevalent in sites that have a sizeable inflow of sulphate. The Woodlawn Bioreactor is located in an area where the influence of sulphate has a critical influence of bioreactor performance and production of hydrogen sulphide. Through a series of experimental bioreactors it was established that from the use of metalliferous periodic waste covers, the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas was maintained at an extremely low level when compared to the levels of hydrogen sulphide produced in waste under the influence of high sulphate loads with no waste cover. KEY WORDS Hydrogen sulphide, sulphate reduction, sulphate reducing bacteria, metal sulphide precipitation, sulphide mine environments, acid mine drainage, bioreactor, alternative waste cover. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks must go to the organisations and individuals for their expertise, time and support in completing this project. Firstly to Veolia Environmental Services (Australia) for their continued support both technically and financially for the duration of the project. Specific mention must be made to VES’s Technical General Manager Shaun Rainford, Woodlawn’s Engineering and Design Manager Chris Alexander, Pablo Gonzalez, Justin Houghton and Henry Gundry from the Woodlawn Bioreactor for their support. Lennart Nilson from the Department of Industrial Ecology at the Royal Institute of Technology for his supervision throughout this project, and Dr Damien Batstone from the Australian Wastewater Management Centre at the University of Queensland was a great help in the area of anaerobic digestion and metal solubility. D.A. Lazarevic i Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, 2007 Veolia Environmental Services EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The production of hydrogen sulphide gas results from the reduction of sulphate to sulphide by sulphate reducing bacteria, it is of great concern and is a cause of ongoing issues in terms of acid gas corrosion and increased SOx emissions during the burning of landfill gas, at sites that have sustained sources of sulphate, much like the Woodlawn Bioreactor. Bioreactor biochemical process at Woodlawn have been directly affected by the influence of acid mine drainage, hence subject to waters containing extremely high sulphate concentrations, high heavy metal loads and a low pH. A long term strategy for the management of acid mine drainage at Woodlawn includes physical barriers preventing sulphate rich waters from entering the bioreactor and a leachate treatment system to remove sulphate from bioreactor leachate prior to leachate recirculation. During the design, construction and commission of this plant and equipment, sulphate reduction and hydrogen sulphide is still of great concern, especially whilst the bioreactor is ‘young’ and the proportion of acid mine drainage influence to the waste mass is greatest at this time. The deliberately enhanced precipitation of metals sulphides via the addition of iron rich materials used as alternative periodic waste covers was tested. These materials would act as an alternative daily waste cover, fulfilling the EPA requirement to intermittently cover the waste surface on areas where waste placement is not taking place. A series of 6 laboratory bioreactors were established to determine the influence of four different cover materials, an additional bioreactor tested the ability of metals contained within the acid mine drainage to precipitate metal sulphides. Two scenarios were tested, the first a point load of acid mine drainage (sulphate concentration 5000 mg/l) recirculated through the bioreactors and secondly a continuous charge of acid mine drainage at 4L of acid mine drainage added per week (sulphate concentration 34000 mg/l). The bioreactor with no alterative daily cover material experienced a negligible rise in hydrogen sulphide gas after the initial point load, even though leachate indicators showed that reduction of sulphate was taking place. Metals occurring within the waste, primarily iron, precipitated with the sulphide produced, trapping the sulphur in the waste as a solid metal sulphide precipitate. When the continuous acid mine drainage load was introduced, leachate chemistry showed a prolific reduction of sulphate to sulphide, however little metal ions were available to precipitate with the sulphide produced, as they were consumed in the previous stage. The net result of this sulphate reduction was hydrogen sulphide gas concentrations of more than 1700 ppm or 0.17 % volume (hydrogen sulphide is fatal to humans at > 1000 ppm). All bioreactors containing iron rich alternative daily cover materials experienced very similar results, with hydrogen sulphide gas concentrations remaining below 0.5 ppm in almost all measurement. In most cases there was a small peak of hydrogen sulphide after the initial continuous acid mine drainage addition, after which hydrogen sulphide gas stabilised to below 1ppm in all cases. Leachate chemistry data shows that while sulphate reduction was evident in these bioreactors the iron was able to precipitate sulphide upon its formation. Data suggest that whilst sulphate reduction was evident in these bioreactors it was not as pronounced as the previous bioreactor. It is recommended that whilst a system for the removal of sulphate from bioreactor leachate is being developed that any one of the alternative daily covers tested should be added as alterative daily cover to prevent the formation of hazardous levels of hydrogen sulphide within the landfill gas. D.A. Lazarevic ii Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, 2007 Veolia Environmental Services TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................I KEY WORDS .................................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................II LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ IV LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................... V 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1 2 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................2 2.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NSW.......................................................................................................... 2 2.2 BIOREACTORS DURING NSW WASTE MANAGEMENT TRANSITIONAL PERIOD........................................ 3 2.3 WOODLAWN BIOREACTOR ................................................................................................................. 4 3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................7 3.1 AIMS ................................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 7 4 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................8 5 BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................9 5.1 BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS ...................................................................................................................
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