1 Race or Ethnicity? ` Biologically we all belong to the Human Race ` Race in reality is a social construct ◦ an arbitrary classification of modern humans based on any or a combination of various physical characteristics, as skin color, facial form, or eye shape, and now frequently based on such genetic markers as blood groups.

2 Due to migration, time, and environment factors the human race has been able to diversify. ` This enabled people to conceive of “original races” ◦ Caucasians, Africans, and Asians (Caucasoids, Congoloids, Mongoloids)

Humanity Reunited ` The discovery of other human populations in the age of Exploration enabled for further human diversification as populations interacted and merged.

3 ` by common biological heritage (genetics, physical traits) ` cultural heritage (language, customs, values, traditions) ` ancestry (maternal and paternal ethnic groups), or awareness of belonging (self- identification)

4 Composite image of faces removed due to copyright restrictions.

Caribbeans and Latinos as a Mixed Race

5 1492 ‐ Christopher Columbus’ voyage to the Caribbean marks first wave of integration between the indigenous Native American populace and the Spanish/Portuguese settlers.

Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of Christopher Columbus, c. 1520.

Image of Aztecs from Apocalypto removed due to copyright restrictions.

6 Juan Rodriguez Juárez, De mulatto y mestiza, ` Mestizo: Spanish father and Indian mother produce mulatto es torna atrás, c. 1715. ` Castizo: Spanish father and Mestizo mother ` Espomolo: Spanish mother and Castizo father ` Mulatto: Spanish and black African ` Moor: Spanish and Mulatto ` Albino: Spanish father and Moor mother ` Throwback: Spanish father and Albino mother ` Wolf: Throwback father and Indian mother ` Zambiago: Wolf father and Indian mother ` Cambujo: Zambiago father and Indian mother ` Alvarazado: Cambujo father and Mulatto mother ` Borquino: Alvarazado father and Mulatto mother ` Coyote: Borquino father and Mulatto mother ` Chamizo: Coyote father and Mulatto mother ` Coyote-Mestizo: Chamizo father and Mestizo mother ` Ahi Tan Estas: Coyote-Mestizo father and Mulatto mother

7 Mexican Caste System

8 ` Pre-1500 - Brazil was inhabited by almost 5 million native Americans ` 1500-1700 – Portugal claimed Brazil and 100,000 Portuguese immigrated ` 1550-1850 – The Slave Trade brought 3.5 million slaves (37% of all slaves brought to the Americas) ` 1870-1953 - Approximately 5 million people, mostly Italian & Portuguese but also Germans, Spaniards, Japanese, & Syrian-Lebanese, immigrated to Brazil

9 ` In a study conducted by Folha de São Paulo and the Institute of Research Datafolha x 89% of Brazilians said they believe there is racism in the society,

x only 10% admitted they were prejudiced

x but 87% manifested some sort of prejudice by agreeing with racist statements or admitting having had discriminatory behavior in the past. ` About 48% of interviewed blacks agreed with such statements as “Good blacks have white souls.”

Photo of Brazilian Samba dancers removed due to copyright restrictions. Please also see: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png

10 TheIncrease and Decreaseof Mixed Racesin SouthAfrica Due to Globalization

11 th z Dutch arrived in 18 Century(+). th z Britain displaced the Dutch in the 19 Century. z Previous Caucasians living in South Africa were known as Boers. z Boers became tired of British rule and decided to revolt in conflicts known as the First (1880-1881) and Second Boer (1899-1902) Wars. z Boers then were granted independence in 1961 from the British.

12 Apartheid(1 948-1 994)

13 z Caucasian > Coloured > Indian/Asian > African z The Caucasians who came to South Africa brought this hierarchy with them. z Caucasian – Dutch, German, Afrikaner z Coloured – Offspring of Caucasian and indigenous Africans; most of these offspring came from fornication z Indian/Asian – Indians that were brought during British rule z African – Indigenous (Zulu, Xhosa, Khoisan) z No hypodescent rule.

14 z Imported the idea that the Caucasian race must remain pure(-). z Manifestation(-) − Pencil Test − Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 − Immorality Act of 1950 − Group Areas Act of 1950

15 z Bowing to economic pressure in 1960s z Japanese were considered Caucasian z Chinese were not, but were hard to distinguish from Japanese z South Koreans and Taiwanese were later added

16 z UN placed economic sanctions on South Africa until it removed its apartheid system.(+) z Boycotts and divestments ensued from other nations.(+) z South Africa had become too integrated into the global economy that it felt the pangs of these sanctions.(+)

17 Post-Apartheid(1 994-Now)

18 z Caucasian >= Coloured >= Indian/Asian >= African z This hierarchy is present all around the Western world, Caucasians are still regarded as the masters while those with the darkest skin are regarded as servants.

19 z Caucasian – 12.6% z Caucasian* – 9.1% z African – 76.4% z African – 79.3% z Coloured – 8.5% z Coloured – 9.0% z Indian/Asian – 2.5% z Indian/Asian – 2.6% *In 1995, 1.5 million Caucasians emigrated from South Africa

20 ` Globalization has increased and decreased the presence of mixed races in South Africa.

21 Hapa Haole:Mixed Race in Hawaii

22 ` The Hawaiian islands were first settled by Polynesians sailing by outrigger canoe from other islands between A.D. 300 and A.D. 600. ` The first European contact came from Captain James Cook in 1778. ` It remained under native rule throughout the 19th century, but increased U.S. interest in the sugar industry on the island led to the deposition of the last monarch, Queen Lililuokalani in 1893. ` Soon after, the island was annexed by the United States in 1898, made a territory in 1900, and a state in 1949.

23 Ethnic Group Hawaii USA White 29.7% 79.8% Black 3.1% 12.8%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.6% 1.0% Asian 39.3% 4.5%

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 9.1% 0.2% Mixed Race 18.3% 1.7% Hispanic/Latino 8.7% 15.4%

Data taken from the US Census Bureau, 2008 at 24 http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html ` Short for hapa haole, a Hawaiian term that literally means “half-white”. ` Though it originally referred to Asian- Americans, it has since evolved to encompass a large variety mixed Asian ethnic groups.

25 ` hapa haole (part Caucasian/white) ` hapa kanaka (part Hawaiian) ` hapa popolo (part African/black) ` hapa kepani (part Japanese) ` hapa pilipino (part Filipino) ` hapa pake (part Chinese) ` hapa kolea (part Korean) ` hapa kamoa (part Samoan) ` hapa pukiki (part Portuguese)

26 ` Migration and subsequent isolation ◦ Colonialism x American annexation and statehood x Chinese workers in sugar plantations ` Economic Prosperity ◦ Appeals to immigrants from other Pacific islands because more opportunity and chance to retain culture. ` Acceptance of mixed races

27 Mixed Race in Japan: Contemporary Factors for Racial Mixing

Photos of multiracial Japanese youth removed due to copyright restrictions.

28 ` 1000 years of isolation ◦ Limited contact with China, Korea ◦ Homogeneous society x <1% population not ethnically Japanese (2008) ` Japan opens to the world in 1854 ◦ Religious persecution ` Aftermath of WWII ◦ American military presence ◦ Illegitimate children x Mixed=victims ◦ Amending Japanese Nationality Law, Immigration Policy ` In-group vs. outgroup ◦ Ai no ko, konketsuji, hafu and daboru ◦ Standing out=inconvenience to others ◦ Bullying

29 Marriage Distribution 1,200,000

1,000,000 --

0 800,000 -- - II3 L .Japanese 600,000 ------bZ Spouse O 400,000 -- - # ------Forelgn Spouse 200,000 ------m m 0 I I I I I I I

Year

30 Distribution of Inter-racial Marriages by Gender 40,000

ForeignWives Foreign Husbands

Year

31 Filipino

*Filipino and Thai grouped under ‘Other’ prior to 1990 32 Filipino

*Filipino and Thai grouped under ‘Other’ prior to 1990 33 ` Japan is world’s 2nd largest economy ◦ International students ◦ Influx of migrant workers ◦ High tech job market ◦ Tourism ` Global pressure ◦ Global relations x 2005 UN special report x LPD out, DPJ in x Obama’s election ◦ Changing gender roles ` Popular culture ◦ Web 2.0 x Forums, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc. ◦ Anime, film, literature, music, art x Beauty/fashion magazines

34 ` Vendors, Adventurers, Warriors, Missionaries are still the active roles in globalization ◦ Web 2.0, NGOs, international companies ◦ Speed up mixing of races ` Are we headed towards homogeneity? Cover of Time, November 18, 1993, removed due to copyright restrictions.

35 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

21G.076 Globalization: the Good, the Bad, and the In-Between Fall 2009

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