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Download Download PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online OPEN ACCESS every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Pollination ecology of Brownlowia tersa (Malvaceae), a Near Threatened non-viviparous true mangrove shrub Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju 26 July 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 9 | Pages: 14119–14127 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4906.11.9.14119-14127 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Partner Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14119–14127 Pollination ecology of Brownlowia tersa (Malvaceae), a Near Threatened non-viviparous true mangrove shrub Communication Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530003, India. PLATINUM [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract: Brownlowia tersa is a low-ground semi-evergreen shrub species. The phenological events occur sequentally—leaf fall, leaf fushing, fowering and fruitng from April to November. It is hermaphroditc, protandrous, self-compatble, facultatve xenogamous, and melitophilous involving worker honey bees, small male and female carpenter bees and male and female cuckoo bees. Of these, worker honey bees and female carpenter bees forage for both pollen and nectar while male carpenter bees and both sexes of cuckoo bees forage exclusively for nectar. Cuckoo bees are very important for cross-pollinaton because they are swif fiers and visit many fowers from diferent plants in the shortest tme. Carpenter bees and honey bees are largely important for self-pollinaton as they are not fast fiers and tend to spend more tme at each fower for forage collecton. The fowers have a specialized pollinaton mechanism to resort to autonomous autogamy if not pollinated but this mode of pollinaton is subject to the availability of pollen in its own anthers. Fruit is a 1-seeded follicle produced from a single carpel of the fower. It is indehiscent and foats in tdal water when detached from the plant. When setled in muddy substratum, it breaks open to expose the seed which germinates and produces a new plant in quick succession. The study reports that the plant is highly threatened due to diferent human economic actvites taking place in the area and hence immediate in situ conservaton measures are required for its protecton and propagaton. Keywords: Facultatve xenogamy, hermaphroditsm, melitophily. DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4906.11.9.14119-14127 Editor: Cleofas Cervancia, University of Philippines Los Baños College Laguna, Philippines. Date of publicaton: 26 July 2019 (online & print) Manuscript details: #4906 | Received 18 February 2019 | Final received 31 May 2019 | Finally accepted 16 June 2019 Citaton: Raju, A.J.S. (2019). Pollinaton ecology of Brownlowia tersa (Malvaceae), a Near Threatened non-viviparous true mangrove shrub. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(9): 14119–14127. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4906.11.9.14119-14127 Copyright: © Raju 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: UGC, New Delhi, India and Society for Conservaton Biology, Washington DC, USA. Competng interests: The author declares no competng interests. Author details: Prof. A.J. Solomon Raju is the recipient of several natonal and internatonal awards. He has more than 300 research papers in internatonal and natonal Journals. Acknowledgements: The work reported in this paper was carried out with the fnancial support received under BSR Mid-Career Award insttuted by the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, and Marine Secton - Small Grants Program insttuted by the Society for Conservaton Biology, Washington DC, USA. 14119 Pollinaton ecology of Brownlowia tersa Raju INTRODUCTION true mangrove species (Duke 1992; Giesen et al. 2007; Polidoro et al. 2010) though it has not been included The Malvaceae family contains herbs and shrubs in the Indian mangrove fora in certain natonal and (Tang et al. 2007). Flowers of this family are usually internatonal status reports (Kathiresan & Bingham hermaphroditc and entomophilous (Ruan 2010). 2001; Kathiresan & Rajendran 2005; Anonymous 2008; Wind pollinaton in the species of this family is unlikely Mandal & Naskar 2008). But, it is reported as a true because the pollen grains are stcky and tend to clump mangrove species in the mangrove fora of Andaman together. Pollinators are mostly bees and buterfies; & Nicobar Islands (Sahni 1958; Debnath 2004). In the however, other pollinators are species-specifc and IUCN Red List, it is included in the Near Threatened include hawk moths, hummingbirds, and other birds category (Kathiresan 2010; Polidoro et al. 2010) and the (Rathcke 2000; Ruan 2010). In this family, the sub- reasons stated for this status include habitat loss from family Brownlowioideae consists of eight genera with coastal development, erosion and the constructon of 70 species distributed in palaeo-tropical lattudes. shrimp and fsh ponds throughout its range. Further, it This sub-family is characterized by sepals fused into a is also stated that this species may qualify for threatened campanulate tube (Burret 1926), many stamens either category in the near future due to its occurrence only on unfused or slightly fused into fascicles at their base with the landward margin where it is the most vulnerable to or without staminodia (Ridley 1922; Hutchinson 1967), coastal development and human actvites (Kathiresan and ovaries sessile or borne on a short-stalk representng 2010). B. tersa has been in use as a traditonal folk gynophore. Among these genera, Brownlowia consists remedy for diarrhoea, dysentery, wounds and boils. of about 30 species widely distributed in southeastern Roots possess antbacterial actvity while leaves possess Asia through Malaysia and the Pacifc Islands (Tomlinson ant-infammatory, antoxidant, analgesic and ant- 1986). Diferent authors reported that Brownlowia is a diarrhoeal actvites (Hossain et al. 2013). Despite its genus of trees, comprising about 25 species in southern threatened status, there have been no studies on the and southeastern Asia with Borneo as centre of its reproductve biology of this species in any part of its distributon where it is represented by 17 species of which distributon. Further, the other species B. argentata has 15 are endemics. Many species of this genus grow along also not been investgated for its reproductve biology so rivers, in swamp forests and mangroves (Kostermans far. Tomlinson (1986) noted that the pollinaton biology 1965; Turner 1995; Bayer & Kubitzki 2003). This genus is of Brownlowia is unknown. Since then, no one has ever distnguished from other genera by its apocarpous fruits atempted to report on the pollinaton biology of any and loosely connected carpels (Bayer & Kubitzki 2003). species of this genus. Only two shrub hermaphroditc species B. argentata The study is aimed at providing certain details of and B. tersa have been reported as occurring in swamp foral biology and pollinaton in B. tersa which is currently forests and river banks, and mangroves inundated by the in threatened status at Coringa Mangrove Forest (CMF), highest tdes (Tomlinson 1986). These two species have Andhra Pradesh, India. This informaton is useful been classifed as true mangrove species by diferent to understand the sexual, breeding, and pollinaton authors (Duke 1992; Giesen et al. 2007; Polidoro et al. systems and fruitng ecology. Further, it provides clues 2010). B. tersa is distributed from India to southeastern to understand why it atained threatened status not only Asia where it has been recorded in Myanmar, Cambodia, at this forest and also at other mangrove forests where Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, it is distributed. Indonesia (Giesen et al. 2007). In India, its distributon is restricted to the east coast where it is common in West Bengal and Odisha but rare in the Godavari estuary of MATERIALS AND METHODS Andhra Pradesh, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Venu et al. 2006; Kathiresan 2010; Bhat et al. 2011). CMF covering an area of 188km2 lies at 16043’47.413”N This species is
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