Laser and Its Properties
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Quantum Theory Matters with thanks to John Clarke Slater (1900{1976), Per-Olov L¨owdin(1916{2000), and the many members of QTP (Gainesville, FL, USA) and KKUU (Uppsala, Sweden) Nelson H. F. Beebe Research Professor University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe Telephone: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 1 / 1 11 November 2015 The periodic table of elements All from H (1) to U (92), except Tc (43) and Pm (61), are found on Earth. Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 2 / 1 Correcting a common misconception Scientific Theory: not a wild @$$#% guess, but rather a mathematical framework that allows actual calculation for known systems, and prediction for unknown ones. Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 3 / 1 Scientific method Theories should be based on minimal sets of principles, and be free of preconceived dogmas, no matter how widely accepted. [Remember Archimedes, Socrates, Hypatia, Galileo, Tartaglia, Kepler, Copernicus, Lavoisier, . ] Open publication and free discussion of physical theories and experimental results, so that others can criticize them, improve them, and reproduce them. Know who pays for the work, and judge accordingly! Science must have public support. History shows that such support is paid back many times over. If it ain't repeatable, it ain't science! Nelson H. -
Laser Spectroscopy to Resolve Hyperfine Structure of Rubidium
Laser spectroscopy to resolve hyperfine structure of rubidium Hannah Saddler, Adam Egbert, and Will Weigand (Dated: 12 November 2015) This experiment had two main goals: to create an absorption spectrum for rubidium using the technique of absorption spectroscopy and to resolve the hyperfine structures for the two rubidium isotopes using saturation absorption spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum was used to determine the frequency difference between the ground state and first excited state for both isotopes. The calculated frequency difference was 6950 MHz ± 90 MHz for rubidium 87 and 3060 MHz ± 60 MHz for rubidium 85. Both values agree with the literature values. The hyperfine structure for rubidium 87 was able to be resolved using this experimental setup. The energy differences were determined to be 260 MHz ± 10 MHz and 150 MHz ± 10 Mhz MHz. The hyperfine structure for rubidium 85 was unable to be resolved using this experimental setup. Additionally the theory of doppler broadening was used to make measurements of the full width half maximum. These values were used to calculate a temperature of 310K ± 40 K which makes sense because the experiments were performed at room temperature. I. INTRODUCTION in the theory section and how they were manipulated and used to derive the results from the recorded data. Addi- tionally there is an explanation of experimental error and The era of modern spectroscopy began with the in- uncertainty associated the results. Section V is a conclu- vention of the laser. The word laser was originally an sion that ties the results of the experiment we performed acronym that stood for light amplification by stimulated to the usefulness of the technique of laser spectroscopy. -
El Premio Nobel De Fısica De 2012
El premio Nobel de f´ısica de 2012 Jose´ Mar´ıa Filardo Bassalo* Abstract Palabras clave: Premio nobel de f´ısica de 2012; Haroche y In this article we will talk about the 2012 Nobel Prize in Phy- Wineland, manipulacion´ cuantica.´ sics, awarded to the physicists, the frenchman Serge Haroche and the north-american David Geffrey Wineland for ground- Serge Haroche breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and ma- El premio nobel de f´ısica (PNF) de 2012 fue con- nipulation of individual quantum systems. cedido a los f´ısicos, el frances´ Serge Haroche (n. 1944) y el norteamericano David Geffrey Wine- Keywords: 2012 Physics Nobel Prize; Haroche and Wineland; Quantum Manipulation. land (n. 1944) por el desarrollo de tecnicas´ experimen- tales capaces de medir y manipular sistemas qu´ımi- Resumen cos individuales por medio de la optica´ cuanti-´ En este art´ıculo trataremos del premio nobel de f´ısica de 2012 ca. Con todo, emplearon tecnicas´ distintas y comple- concedido a los f´ısicos, el frances´ Serge Haroche y al norteame- mentarias: Haroche utilizo´ fotones de atomos´ carga- ricano David Geffrey Wineland por el desarrollo de tecnicas´ ex- dos (iones) entrampados; Wineland entrampo´ los io- perimentales capaces de medir y manipular sistemas cuanticos´ nes y empleo´ fotones para modificar su estado individuales. cuantico.´ *http://www.amazon.com.br Recibido: 16 de abril de 2013. Comencemos viendo algo de la vida y del trabajo de es- Aceptado: 09 de octubre de 2013. tos premiados, as´ı como la colaboracion´ en estos temas 5 6 ContactoS 92, 5–10 (2014) por algunas f´ısicos brasilenos,˜ por ejemplo Nicim Za- gury (n. -
EYLSA Laser for Atom Cooling
Application Note by QUANTELQUANTEL 1/7 Distribution: external EYLSA laser for atom cooling For decades, cold atom system and Bose-Einstein condensates (obtained from ultra-cold atoms) have been two of the most studied topics in fundamental physics. Several Nobel prizes have been awarded and hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in this research. In 1975, cold atom research was enhanced through discoveries of laser cooling techniques by two groups: the first being David J. Wineland and Hans Georg Dehmelt and the second Theodor W. Hänsch and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. These techniques were first demonstrated by Wineland, Drullinger, and Walls in 1978 and shortly afterwards by Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toschek and Dehmelt. One conceptually simple form of Doppler cooling is referred to as optical molasses, since the dissipative optical force resembles the viscous drag on a body moving through molasses. Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips were awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in “laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms”. In 2001, Wolfgang Ketterle, Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman also received the Nobel Prize in Physics for realization of the first Bose-Einstein condensation. Also in 2012, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland were awarded a Nobel prize for “ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”. Even though this award is more directed toward photons studies, it makes use of cold atoms (Rydberg atoms). Laser cooling Principle Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic To a stationary atom the laser is neither red- and molecular samples are cooled to near absolute zero through nor blue-shifted and the atom does not absorb interaction with one or more laser fields. -
Edited from Wikipedia
Laser (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY A laser is a machine that makes an amplified, single-color source of light. The beam of light from the laser does not get wider or weaker as most sources of light do. It uses special gases or crystals to make the light with only a single color. Then mirrors are used to amplify (make stronger) that color of light and to make all the light travel in one direction, so it stays as a narrow beam, sometimes called a collimated beam. When pointed at something, this narrow beam makes a single point of light. All of the energy of the light stays in that one narrow beam instead of spreading out like a flashlight (electric torch). The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". A laser creates light by special actions involving a material called an "optical gain medium". Energy is put into this material using an 'energy pump'. This can be electricity, another light source, or some other source of energy. The energy makes the material go into what is called an excited state. This means the electrons in the material have extra energy, and after a bit of time they will lose that energy. When they lose the energy they will release a photon (a particle of light). The type of optical gain medium used (such as ruby) will change what color (wavelength) will be produced. Releasing photons is the "stimulated emission of radiation" part of laser. Many things can radiate light, like a light bulb, but the light will not be organized in one direction and phase. -
Historical Notes: the Gifts of Physics to Modern Medicine
Indian Journal of Z-Zi&ry of Science, 40.2 (2005) 229-250 The Gifts of Physics to Modern Medicine The advancement of medical science was, and is, and will always be dependent on the progress of fundamental sciences like mathematics, physics and chemistry. It is true that pure science is not rapidly converted to applied science. That has always to depend on further technological advancement and on craftsmen's innovation. The role of physics in the evolution of some mod- ern medical equipments - both diagnostic and therapeutic, is simply unique. A chemical pathology laboratory comprises, overall physics (i.e. laboratory ma- chinery, pressures, radioactivity, voltage, etc). 'The Book ofNature is written in Mathematical Characters' - said Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and nothing is static in nature; nature is dynamic. That Earth moves around the Sun (helio-centric - Greek - 'helios' - 'sun') was the discovery of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1 543). Nature is in motion. William Harvey(1578-1657) was influenced by both Galileo and Copernicus; blood is not static inside the body; it circulates. A physician's mentor were the astro- physicists. Here lies the importance of fundamental sciences in the making of modern medicine. The year "1543" is the Anna Mirabilis in the relationship between Natural Sciences and Medical Sciences when De Revolutionibus Orbrium Coelestium (On th Revolution of Heavenly Bodies) of Nicholaus Copernicus, and De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body) of Andreas Vesalius (15 14-1564) were published. It was an auspicious year. The discoveries of eminent physicists like Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (1845 - 1923), First Nobel Laureate in Physics in 190 1, Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955), Nobel Laureate in Physics in 1921, and Georg Von Bekesy (1 899 - 1972)' Nobel Laureate in Physiology on Medicine in 1961 made significant contribu- tions to the development of many essential medical equipments. -
Coherence: from Undulators to Free Electron Lasers
Coherence: from Undulators to Free Electron Lasers David Attwood University of California, Berkeley Cheiron School September 25, 2014 SPring-8 1 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Coherence 2 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Coherence 3 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Born and Wolf, Chapter 10 4 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Coherence, partial coherence, and incoherence 5 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Spatial and temporal coherence 6 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Marching band and coherence lengths 7 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Spectral bandwidth and longitudinal coherence length 8 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt A practical interpretation of spatial coherence 9 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Partially coherent radiation approaches uncertainty principle limits 10 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt X-rays from relativistic electrons Courtesy of John Madey 11 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Undulator radiation from a small electron beam radiating into a narrow forward cone is very bright 12 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Undulator radiation Following Albert Hoffman 13 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Calculating Power in the Central Radiation Cone: Using the well known “dipole radiation” formula by transforming to the frame of reference moving with the electrons 14 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Power in the central cone 15 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Power in the central radiation cone for three soft x-ray undulators 16 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Power in the central radiation cone for three hard x-ray undulators 17 Attwood_Cheiron_Sept2014_2.ppt Ordinary light and laser light Ordinary thermal light source, atoms radiate independently. A pinhole can be used to obtain spatially coherent light, but at a great loss of power. A color filter (or monochromator) can be used to obtain temporally coherent light, also at a great loss of power. Pinhole and spectral filtering can be used to obtain light which is both spatially and temporally coherent but the power will be very small (tiny). -
NIELS J. REIMERS an Oral History Conducted by Larry Horton
NIELS J. REIMERS An Oral History conducted by Larry Horton STANFORD HISTORICAL SOCIETY ORAL HISTORY PROGRAM Stanford University ©2015 2 Photo: Michele Firpo Niels Reimers 3 4 Contents Introduction p. 7 Abstract p. 9 Biography p. 11 Interview Transcript p. 13 Topics p. 101 5 6 Introduction This oral history was conducted by the Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program in collaboration with the Stanford University Archives. The program is under the direction of the Oral History Committee of the Stanford Historical Society. The Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program furthers the Society’s mission “to foster and support the documentation, study, publication, dissemination, and preservation of the history of the Leland Stanford Junior University.” The program explores the institutional history of the University, with an emphasis on the transformative post-WWII period, through interviews with leading faculty, staff, alumni, trustees, and others. The interview recordings and transcripts provide valuable additions to the existing collection of written and photographic materials in the Stanford University Archives. Oral history is not a final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a unique, reflective, spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it may be deeply personal. Each oral history is a reflection of the past as the interviewee remembers and recounts it. But memory and meaning vary from person to person; others may recall events differently. Used as primary source material, any one oral history will be compared with and evaluated in light of other evidence, such as contemporary texts and other oral histories, in arriving at an interpretation of the past. -
History Newsletter CENTER for HISTORY of PHYSICS&NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol
History Newsletter CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS&NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Vol. 45, No. 2 • Winter 2013–2014 1,000+ Oral History Interviews Now Online Since June 2007, the Niels Bohr Library societies. Some of the interviews were Through this hard work, we have been & Archives (NBL&A) has been working conducted by staff of the Center for able to receive updated permissions to place its widely used oral history History of Physics (CHP) and many were and often hear from families that did interview collection online for its acquired from individual scholars who not know an interview existed and are researchers to easily access. With the were often helped by our Grant-in-Aid pleased to know that their relative’s work help of two National Endowment for the program. These interviews help tell will be remembered and available to Humanities (NEH) grants, we are proud the personal stories of these famous anyone interested. to announce that we have now placed over two- With the completion of thirds of our collection the grants, we have just online (http://www.aip.org/ over 1,025 of our over history/ohilist/transcripts. 1,500 transcripts online. html ). These transcripts include abstracts of the interview, The oral histories at photographs from ESVA NBL&A are one of our when available, and links most used collections, to the interview’s catalog second only to the record in our International photographs in the Emilio Catalog of Sources (ICOS). Segrè Visual Archives We have short audio clips (ESVA). They cover selected by our post- topics such as quantum doctoral historian of 75 physics, nuclear physics, physicists in a range of astronomy, cosmology, solid state physicists and allow the reader insight topics showing some of the interesting physics, lasers, geophysics, industrial into their lives, works, and personalities. -
Scuola Internazionale Di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”
SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI FISICA Scuola Internazionale di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” La Scuola Internazionale di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” (International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”) con i suoi Corsi è una delle più prestigiose attività culturali della Società Italiana di Fisica (SIF), sin dal 1953. In quell’anno, il Presidente della Società, Giovanni Polvani dell’Università di Milano, concepì l’idea di una Scuola estiva a livello post universitario che avrebbe dovuto conquistare un’altissima rilevanza internazionale. Scelse come sede una magnifica villa sul Lago di Como, Villa Monastero, in Provincia, oggi, di Lecco. Nel tempo, la Scuola di Varenna si è evoluta. Il numero dei Corsi è passato da uno a tre e adesso a quattro all’anno. Il loro prestigio internazionale è rimasto indiscusso. I più celebri scienziati del mondo, come direttori, docenti o studenti hanno partecipato alla Scuola di Varenna. Gli argomenti, monografici, si sono estesi a tutti i campi della fisica, anche in relazione allo sviluppo di nuovi settori, specialmente in Italia e con particolare attenzione all’UE. La Scuola è, da sempre, un’attesa occasione d’incontro per illustri scienziati e giovani allievi provenienti da tutto il mondo. La tranquilla atmosfera, le acque limpide del lago, la vita della Scuola facilitano il dialogo tra i giovani e gli esperti con giovamento intellettuale di entrambi. In conclusione, si può affermare che la International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi” di Varenna è tra le più famose e importanti scuole di fisica post laurea del mondo. Dalla sua istituzione nel 1953, la Scuola ha attratto, come detto, i più illustri studiosi del mondo. -