Harri Heikkilä Sähkökirjan Valtavirtaistumisen Haasteet

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Harri Heikkilä Sähkökirjan Valtavirtaistumisen Haasteet Harri Heikkilä TÄMÄ EI OLE KIRJA Sähkökirjan valtavirtaistumisen haasteet Aalto-yliopiston julkaisusarja DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 28/2017 Aalto-yliopiston taiteiden ja suunnittelun korkeakoulu Median laitos Aalto ARTS Books, Helsinki books.aalto.fi © Harri Heikkilä MUOTOILU & TAITTO Safa Hovinen / Merkitys KIRJAINTYYPPI Caecilia (Peter Matthias Noordzij) PAPERI Scandia 2000 Natural 115 & 300 g/m2 ISBN 978-952-60-7301-9 (painettu) ISBN 978-952-60-7300-2 (pdf) ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (painettu) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2017 TIIVISTELMÄ 6 ABSTRACT 8 ESIPUHE 10 1 JOHDANTO 12 1.1 Tutkimuksen merkitys ja lähtökohdat 13 1.2 Sähkökirjan määrittelyn hankaluus 17 1.3 Sähkökirjatutkimus eri tieteenaloilla 26 1.4 Valtavirtaistumisen lyhyt historia ja nykytilanne 47 2 Sähkökirja tutkimuksen teoreettisia näkökulmia 56 2.1 Kovasta determinismistä ehdolliseen 57 2.2 Rationaalinen kuluttaja teknologian hyväksyjänä 61 2.3 Käyttäjäryhmä teknologian muokkaajana 63 2.4 Konstruktionismin kritiikki 69 2.5 Teknologian diffuusiotutkimus ja kuilumalli 71 2.6 Alustatutkimus mustan laatikon avaajana 76 2.7 Julkaisuteoriat 79 2.8 Käsitemallit 84 3 Tutkimuksen toteutus 86 3.1 Tutkimuskysymykset 87 3.2 Aineistot 88 SISÄLLYS 3.3 Metodit 89 3.4 Analyysikehikko 90 4 Kirjan sähköistymisen edellytykset 96 4.1 Käyttäjävaatimukset 97 4.1.1 Laitteet, lukuohjelmistot, sisällöt ja ekosystemit käyttökokemuksen rakentajina 98 4.1.2 Sähkökirjapalvelun käyttöönottotestaus 117 4.2 Riittävän teknologian olemassaolo: sähkökirjan kehitys 123 4.2.1 Laitteet 123 4.2.2 Ohjelmistot ja formaatit 142 4.2.3 Sähkökirjat alustoina 146 4.3 Tietojärjestelmien integraatio: kirja, verkko ja monimediallisuus 154 4.3.1 Koodeksi – sivutetun kirjan kehittyvä perinne 154 4.3.2 Tietoverkko ja rajattoman kirjan utopia 159 4.3.3 Multimediakirja – kirja medioiden yhdistäjänä 171 4.4 Uudet organisaatiot ja kustannustehokkuus 175 5 Suomalainen kehitys asiantuntijain silmin 180 5.1 Käyttäjien tarpeet 182 5.2 Kustannustehokkuus 183 5.3 Uudet organisaatiot 185 5.4 Riittävä teknologia ja integraatio tietojärjestelmiin 188 5.5 Analyysi haastatteluista 201 6 Tulokset 204 6.1 Sähkökirjan vaikea valtavirtaistuminen 205 6.2 Tulokset tiivistettynä tutkimuskysymyksittäin 213 6.3 Suunnitteluosa: BOK – minimalistinen sähkökirja-alusta 219 6.3.1 Konseptin lähtökohdat 219 6.3.2 Alustan kuvaus eri tasoilla 224 6.3.3 Ohjelmistotaso 227 6.3.4 Yhteenveto BOKin ratkaisuista 238 7 Lopuksi 244 7.1 Katse taaksepäin 245 7.2 Katse tähän hetkeen 247 7.2.1 Laitekehityksestä 248 7.2.2 Standardeista 249 7.2.3 Formaateista 251 7.2.4 Avoimuudesta 253 7.3 BOKista 255 7.4 Tutkimuksen rajoitteet 257 7.5 Katse tulevaan 259 Liitteet 264 Haastateltujen lista 265 eReading Petting Zoo 266 Sanasto 267 Kuvat ja kuviot 272 Lähdeluettelo 274 Kirjalliset lähteet 274 Verkkolähteet 289 Muut lähteet 295 TIIVISTELMÄ Tässä väitöstyössä tarkastellaan kirjan sähköistymiseen ja sähkökir- jan valtavirtaistumiseen liittyviä ongelmia ja luodaan niihin ratkai- suja. Tarkastelukulma on valtavirtaistuminen innovaation hyväksy- mis- ja muokkautumisprosessina, jota ohjaavat mikro-ja makrotason paineet. Makrotasolla kirjan kehittymistä vie eteenpäin tarve käyttää informaatiota tehokkaasti, mutta kirjan siirtyminen sähköiseen muo- toon edellyttää myös mikrotason tarpeiden täyttymistä. Työn teoreettinen kontribuutio muodostuu alustatutkimuksen ja teknologisen konstruktionismin yhdistämisestä diffuusioteorioihin. Tarkastelu korostaa teknologian muokkautumisen ehdollisuutta, dia- logisuutta ja epälineaarisuutta. Teknologia on ihmisten luomus. Siksi sen kehitystä ei ohjaa teknologia itse, vaan vuoropuhelu käyttäjäryh- mien kanssa on ratkaisevaa. Käyttäjät hyväksyvät tai hylkäävät inno- vaation ja muokkaavat sitä valinnoillaan. Väitöskirjatyö tuo keskus- teluun sähkökirjoista käyttäjän merkitystä korostavaa teknologista humanismia ja näkökulmaa, jonka mukaan teknologian tulisi adap- toitua ihmisten toimintatapoihin ja käsitemalleihin eikä päinvastoin. Sähkökirjan pitkä olemassaolo on sisältänyt useita suuria muu- toksia, ja valtavirtaistumista on yritetty hyvin erilaisilla keinoilla. Tut- kimus tarkastelee sähkökirjan rakentumista ja rakenteen osien kehit- tymistä nykyiseen muotoonsa. Tutkimukseen sisältyy ensimmäinen laajamittainen sähkökirjatutkimuksen katsaus suomeksi ja sähkökir- jan kehityksen analyysi. Lisäksi tutkimukseen on haastateltu usei- ta asiantuntijoita, jotka ovat olleet mukana kirjan sähköistymiseen liittyvissä eri toiminnoissa. Haastattelut edustavat kahta ryhmää. In- novaattorien ryhmään kuuluvat ne edelläkävijät, jotka ovat itse ak- tiivisesti kehittäneet tuotteita varhaisessa vaiheessa. Myöhemmin tehtyihin sidosryhmähaastatteluihin kuuluu kustannustalojen ja vä- littäjien edustajia. Tutkimuksen mukaan sähkökirjaa on hyödyllistä tarkastella ko- konaisena alustana, jonka valtavirtaistumisen vaatii varhaisen 6 käyttäjäenemmistön pragmaattisten tarpeiden huomioimista. Se edellyttää nykyistä suurempaa käytännön hyötyä, parempaa käy- tettävyyttä ja käyttökokemusta alustan kaikilla tasoilla. Mutta myös muut edellytykset – riittävä teknologia, integraatio olemassa oleviin tietojärjestelmiin, kustannustehokkuus ja uusien organisaatioiden synty – ovat tärkeitä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että sähkökirjan valtavirtaistumisen edellytyksistä on toteutunut vain osia ja nekin paikallisesti. Vaikka teknologia on edistynyt ja mahdollistanut muun muassa liikutelta- van lukulaitteen ja muita hyötyjä, keskustelu sähkökirjan sellaisesta mallista, jonka varhainen enemmistö voisi hyväksyä, on vielä kesken. Ongelmaksi jää, että kirjan ja verkon välillä on vielä ratkaisematon ristiriita, teknologia on vakiintumatonta, ja että uudet palvelut ovat rakentuneet pääosin suljettujen ekosysteemien kautta. Keskeisenä havaintona on, että sähkökirjan käyttäjäryhmien muuttumiseen ei ole aikaisemmin kiinnitetty tarpeeksi huomiota, vaikka se on olennainen osa teknologian muokkautumista, koska eri käyttäjäryhmillä on erilaiset tarpeet. Väittelijä myös päättelee, että koherentin käyttökokemuksen luomiseksi sähkökirjan laitteen, oh- jelmiston ja sisällön tulee toimia yhdessä niin että nämä kehykset ovat toisistaan ”tietoisia”. Tuloksena tutkimus esittää myös mahdollisen ratkaisumallin, löydösten perusteella mallinnetun kokeellisen sähkökirjakonseptin, joka on samalla osa keskustelua sähkökirjan tulevasta muodosta. 7 ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis examines the problems with digitalizing books and mainstreaming e-books, and proposes solutions for them. The perspective is diffusion of innovation as a process of acceptance and adaptation, guided by micro and macro level needs. On the macro lev- el, the development of the book is driven by the need to use informa- tion effectively, but the transition to electronic format also requires that micro-level needs are met. The theoretical contribution of this work consists of platform studies and technological constructivism combined with diffusion theories. The research emphasises the conditionality, dialogical na- ture, and non-linearity of technological change. Technology is created by humans. Thus the process of technological development is not steered by the technology itself, but rather by dialogue with user groups. Users approve or reject innovation and shape it by their choices. The thesis brings a much-needed technological humanism to the discussion about e-books, that is, stressing the importance of the user. From this perspective, technology should be adapted to how people use it and to human conceptual models, not the other way around. The e-book has undergone a number of major changes during its long existence, and mainstreaming has been attempted in very dif- ferent forms. The research examines how the e-book is constructed and structured as it is today. The work includes the first large-scale Finnish-language review of e-book research and analysis of the de- velopment of e-books. In addition, the researcher interviewed a num- ber of experts who have been involved in various activities related to digitalization. Two groups were represented in the interviews. The innovator category includes those pioneers who have actively devel- oped products themselves at an early stage. Stakeholder interviews, conducted later, include representatives of publishing houses and dealers. 8 According to this study, it is beneficial to see e-books as a com- prehensive platform and taking into account the pragmatic needs of the early user majority is demanded in its mainstream development. A platform needs to provide greater practical benefits, better usability and user experience at all levels. Other conditions are also important, including adequate technology, integration with existing information systems, cost-effectiveness and the emergence of new organisations. The required conditions for mainstreaming of e-books have only partly been met, and largely in local contexts. Although the technol- ogy has advanced, enabling mobile e-readers and other benefits, the debate concerning what kind of e-book model the early user majority would accept is still ongoing. There is still an unresolved conflict be- tween the book and the (Inter)net, the technology is not established and new services have been created largely via closed ecosystems. One of the key findings of this research is that not enough atten- tion has been paid to how e-book user groups are changing, even though this evolution is an essential factor shaping the technology, since different groups of users have different needs. In order to cre- ate a coherent user experience,
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