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Seedling Mortality in Two Vulnerable Tree Species in the Sacred Groves of Western Ghats, South India

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Seedling Mortality in Two Vulnerable Tree Species in the Sacred Groves of Western Ghats, South India View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ePrints@ATREE SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE for this protocol was reported to amplify 2. Narayanan, N., Baisakh, N., Vera Cruz, C. laboratory facilities. This research was funded a 687-bp region (from base pair 1055 to M., Gnanamanickam, S. S., Datta, K. and by a grant from Bayer CropScience, Belgium. 1741) of the total Pot2 element for the Datta, S. K., Crop Sci., 2002, 42, 2072–2079. specific detection of only the non-rice 3. Viji, G., Gnanamanickam, S. S. and Levy, strains of M. grisea5. The results of the PCR M., Mycol. Res., 2000, 104, 161–167. Received 12 July 2004; revised accepted 17 4. Tai, T. H. and Tanksley, S. D., Plant Mol. assay were quite reproducible for amplifica- November 2004 Biol. Rep., 1990, 8, 297–303. tion of the 687-bp fragment in Setaria- 5. Harmon, P. F., Dunkle, L. D. and Latin, R., infecting M. grisea, suggesting that this Plant Dis., 2003, 87, 1072–1076. V. KARTHIKEYAN amplified region of the genome is common 6. Kachroo, P., Leong, S. A. and Chattoo, B. SAMUEL S. GNANAMANICKAM* to M. grisea isolates that infect perennial B., Mol. Gen. Genet., 1994, 245, 339–345. ryegrass and foxtail millet. This specific Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, detection procedure is also rapid and can University of Madras, be concluded within 3–4 h. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank the Associate Director, Regional Agricultural Res- Guindy Campus, earch Station, Pattambi, Kerala for use of blast Chennai 600 025, India 1. Babujee, L. and Gnanamanickam, S. S., nursery space and Director, CAS in Botany, *For correspondence. Curr. Sci., 2000, 78, 248–257. University of Madras, Chennai for granting e-mail: [email protected] Seedling mortality in two vulnerable tree species in the sacred groves of Western Ghats, South India Sacred groves form a significant component within 20-km radius of Ponnampet were from groves (n = 13 groves for Artocarpus, of the traditional conservation movement visited and 15 groves with area ranging and n = 11 groves for Canarium). The in many parts of the tropical world1. The from 0.37 to 11.28 ha were selected for the seeds/fruits of the trees were collected Western Ghats, one of the two mega-diver- study. The latitude and longitude of the during the respective fruiting phenologies sity centers in India, is dotted with sacred sacred groves were recorded using a global (for Canarium strictum during January– groves, with the highest concentrations positioning system (GPS) and digitized February while for Artocarpus hirsutus located in the central Western Ghats2. using GIS software (MAPINFO)8. Based during May–June). Immediately after collec- Sacred groves are believed to serve as the on the GPS data, inter-grove distance was tion, seeds/fruits were washed, weighed and last refugia for a number of taxa, particu- estimated for each grove. a number of seed/fruit parameters (such larly for rare, endangered and threatened The study was conducted on two econo- as seed abortion, seed predation, etc.) were species3,4. Of late due to encroachments mically important and vulnerable tree spe- determined. and land-use changes, the sacred groves cies. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. (Moraceae) Sufficient care was taken to avoid sam- have been increasingly threatened and is a dominant canopy tree, vulnerable glob- pling errors, including over- or under-repre- fragmented4. During the last century alone, ally9 and endemic to the Western Ghats10. sentation for samples across the grove area. the total area under the groves in Kodagu The fruits are yellow, ovoid, covered with The seeds were sown separately in poly- district in the central Western Ghats de- spines, containing numerous white seeds, thene bags filled with soil mixture, and creased by 42%. Besides, more than 46% 0.5–0.75 inches long with viability period allowed to germinate under shade in green- of the sacred groves in the district are less of three weeks11. Because of its edible house conditions. Aborted seeds that were than 0.4 ha in area. The increased frag- fruit collection and extensive harvesting rudimentary and scleretorized were not mentation of the groves could undermine of highly prized timber, A. hirsutus has considered. The germination percentage the utility of these groves in serving as a been threatened in the Western Ghats. was calculated as the ratio of number of refugium for the rare, endangered and Canarium strictum Roxb. (Burseraceae) is seeds germinated to the total number of threatened (RET) species. Here we exam- reportedly vulnerable in Karnataka9 and sown seeds. The ratio of the number of dead ine the effects of grove area on the seedling is known for its medicinal resin6. Fruits seedlings (two months after germination mortality of two economically important are ovoid or ellipsoid, often-trigonous drupe for Artocarpus and three months for Cana- and vulnerable tree species. with 1–3 celled, 1–3 seeded stone11. C. rium) to the total number of germinated The study was conducted in the sacred srictum is being mainly threatened for its seeds was computed for each grove and groves of Ponnampet range (12°N, 75°E), valuable resin extracted by partially referred to as per cent seedling mortality. Kodagu district in the central Western burning the trees. The species is distrib- We found a significant decline in per cent Ghats of India (Figure 1). The groves are uted sparsely in the evergreen forests of seedling mortality with increase in area set against a matrix of coffee plantation the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya of the grove (P < 0.05 in both the species; and agricultural landscape6,7. The vegetation in India10. Both species are pollinated by Figure 2 a and b). For Artocarpus, the per of the groves is predominantly evergreen, small insects and are animal-dispersed. cent seedling mortality ranged from as with a small proportion of semi-evergreen Seeds or fruits of both species were high as 100% in the small groves to none and deciduous patches. The sacred groves collected from randomly chosen trees in the large groves. On the other hand, for 350 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 88, NO. 3, 10 FEBRUARY 2005 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE Figure 1. Distribution map of study sites (sacred groves) in Kodagu district, central Western Ghats, India. Canarium the mortality ranged from a y = –21.942ln(x ) + 50.286 100 7 about 60% in the smaller groves to about n = 12, r = 0.62 P < 0.05 10% in the larger groves. Per cent seed 80 germination increased nonlinearly with grove area though not significantly (for 60 Artocarpus y = 9.59ln(x) + 41.014, R2 = 27 0.070 and for Canarium y = 3.72ln(x) + 40 2 17 11.37, R = 0.111). 13 20 43 Thus, in both species, seedling fitness 19 decreased with increased fragmentation Per cent seedling mortality 0 4 2 37 5 16 84 of sacred groves. Seedling mortality was 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 not correlated to other seed features such as seed weight or seed predation. There Size of the groves (ha) was no significant differences in the den- sities of adult trees of both species across b y = –17.182ln(x ) + 59.548 70 the size of the groves; however it likely 20 n = 10, r = 0.69 P < 0.05 60 5 that the smaller groves harbour fewer in- dividuals compared to the larger groves. 50 4 27 Thus the observed increase in per cent 40 seedling mortality with decrease in grove 12 45 30 size could be due to the closed mating 8 20 27 among the fewer individuals in the small 19 groves compared to the large. The average 10 distance separating the selected groves is Per cent seedling mortality 0 8 about 6.5 km, a distance that might con- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 strain pollinator movements such as small Size of the grove (ha) insects (e.g. moths in Artocarpus and flies in Canarium). Thus the increased mortality Figure 2. Per cent mortality of seedling (a) Artocarpus hirsutus and (b) Canarium strictum in the smaller groves could reflect the con- across grove area. Data points from 1.411 ha grove for Artocarpus and 2.711 ha grove for Ca- narium are not included in the regression analysis, since only single seedling was recovered from sequences of inbreeding and the accumu- these groves. Numbers next to datapoint indicate number of seedlings used for analysis from that lation of developmental lethals. While the grove. consequences of fragmentation on seed- CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 88, NO. 3, 10 FEBRUARY 2005 351 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE ling fitness are well known and have been 7. Tambat, B. S., Channamallikarjuna, V., of the Forestry College, Ponnampet, in provi- reported by several earlier workers12–15, our Rajanikanth, G., Ravikanth, G., Kushala- ding accommodation is appreciated. Graduate results are significant as they hold strong ppa, C. G., Ganeshaiah, K. N. and Uma students, Satish, Ullas, Jagdish, Reddy, Yathish implications for the conservation of vul- Shaanker, R., In Tropical Ecosystem: and Raghvendra helped with fieldwork. nerable species in the sacred groves3,6,7. Structure, Diversity and Human Welfare (eds Ganeshaiah, K N., Uma Shaanker, R. Received 30 August 2004; accepted 19 Septe- The study underscores the importance of and Bawa, K. S.), Oxford and IBH, New mber 2004 protecting the sacred groves from frag- Delhi, 2001, pp. 314–318. mentation if they have to serve as refugia for 8. MAPINFO, MapInfo Professionals Ver- 1 BHAUSAHEB TAMBAT the vulnerable species. sion 4.1.2. 1985–1997, MapInfo Corpo- 2 G. RAJANIKANTH ration, USA, 1997. 1,5 9. Red-listed Medicinal Plants of Karnataka, G.
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