Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Ethno-Botanical Wealth of Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary in Karnataka

Ethno-Botanical Wealth of Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary in Karnataka

Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 3(1), January 2004, pp. 37-50

Ethno-botanical wealth of Bhadra wild life sanctuary in

M Parinitha, G U Harish, N C Vivek, T Mahesh and M B Shivanna* Department of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, University Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta 577451, District, Karnataka

Received 18 February 2003; revised 17 October 2003

Ethno-botanical surveys were conducted during 1998 and 99 in villages of Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area, situated in the region of Karnataka. Results of the study indicated that 60 species belonging to 50 genera and 35 families were used for preparing at least 78 herbal drugs by the medicine men. Among the plant species, the utilization of of Centella asiatica, roots of Ichnocarpus frutescens and decoction of leaves of Bambusa arundinacea in the treatment of jaundice, diabetes and for expulsion of placenta in human’s and animals, respectively, are note worthy. Apart from the above, a few drugs formulated by the local people are not known to literature. According to a CAMP survey, Tylophora indica and hirsutus are vulnerable while, Dipterocarpus indicus and Rauwolfia serpentina are endangered and Spondias pinnata is a lower risk category plant. The information collected from these ‘local specialists’ enriches the countrywide database on the availability of biodiversity resources and gives full credit to the origin of information at different levels. Keywords: Ethno-botanical survey, Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Karnataka.

Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary situated in very conservative in nature and have a the Malnad region of the Western Ghats, great faith in their own traditional system Karnataka, is very unique in its formation of medicine. and bestowed with lofty hill ranges of It has been pointed out that in most Mullainagiri, Hebbegiri, Gangegiri and underdeveloped and developing also . The sanctuary is countries, the flora remain virtually composed of dry-evergreen to dry- unexplored from the point of view of deciduous type of vegetation and their practical utilization. In recent years, harbours many endemic, rare and however, efforts to record the knowledge endangered species as well as scores of of ethno-medicinal being used by economically important plant species. natives of various countries have drawn There are 35 villages in the sanctuary close attention of scientists. The area. The local medicine men of different information on medicinal plants and folk communities residing in these villages are drugs is being handled with renewed ______vigour to investigate new biodynamic *Correspondent author compounds of potential therapeutic value. 38 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

There are reports of intensive ethno- The sanctuary area was divided into 11 botanical surveys conducted in different study regions: 1) Aldera, 2) parts of , viz. Bihar1, Orissa2, Thammadihalli, 3) Kakanahosudi, 4) Arunachal Pradesh3, Assam4 and Madhya , 5) Singanamane, 6) Pradesh5. Most ethno-botanical Madhuguni, 7) Muthodi, 8) Madla, 9) information in Karnataka is restricted to Kagemanegiri, 10) Hebbegiri, and 11) Ayurvedic6,7 and ancient medicinal Gangegiri (Table 1 and Fig. 1). formulations8,9. However, a few reports are also available on the ethno-botanical These divisions were made in exploration. Bhandary et al10,11 and Gopal accordance with the jurisdiction ranges et al12 have surveyed Uttara and being followed by the State Forest Biligirirangana hills in districts, Department, Karnataka. The villages in Karnataka, respectively and reported this region are inhabited by Adikarnataka, ethno-medicine being practiced by tribal Banjara, Kumbarasetty, Maratinayaka, people. However, there is no Reddy, Tamilian and Vokkaliga documentary evidence of ethno-botanical communities (Table 1). There are no survey of Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary tribal communities in this area13. Ethno- area. Although a few studies on the flora botanical information was collected from and vegetation of this area have been the people of these communities who made, ethno-botanical aspects were practice herbal medicine. A almost neglected. The present study was questionnaire, prepared based on WHO undertaken to fill this gap and present format, was circulated among the little known native uses of plants for medicine men. The questionnaire wider circulation and to explore consisted of information highlighting the possibilities of utilization of the ethno- social status, educational qualification, botanical knowledge of communities occupation and financial position, their residing in the sanctuary area. expertise to cure disease, plant products recommended as medicine, adjuvant in a Materials and Methods recipe, mode of application, dosage and Ethno-botanical explorations were duration, precaution and the local names undertaken during 1998 and 1999 in of plants. Three visits were made to these different areas of Bhadra Wild Life regions and medicine men were Sanctuary. The sanctuary covering an interviewed and the information was area of 492.46 sq km is situated between documented following consistent reveals. 13° 21' and 13° 50' northern latitude and The resident people of the study area who 75° 15' and 75° 50' eastern longitude. The were treated with herbal medicine for sanctuary is located in the Western Ghats their diseases were also interviewed and regions of Chikkamagalore, Narasimha- information documented. The medicine rajapura and taluks of Chik- men were persuaded to reveal the local or kamagalore district and Bhadravathi taluk vernacular names of medicinal plants and of . their habitat in and around their villages. PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 39

Fig. 1 ─ Regions of Bhadra Wild Life sanctuary for ethnobotanical study 1. Aldera, 2. Tammadihalli, 3. Kakana Hosudi, 4. Lakkavalli, 5. Singanamane, 6. Maduguni, 7. Muttodi, 8. Madla, 9. Kagemane Giri, 10. Hebbegiri, 11.Gange Giri

The medicinal plants were identified, Results and Discussion photographed and collected for preparing Survey of the study area indicated the herbarium. Plants were characterized ethno-botanical information of 60 plant based on the identification keys given in taxa belonging to 50 genera and 35 standard identification manuals like Flora families; of these 20 are edible and 3 of Madras Presidency14, Hassan15 and spices (Tables 2 and 3). Among them, Chikkamagalore16 districts. The some are cultivated. Communities living information that is obtained from the in and around forests in the sanctuary survey was compared with the already area have been practicing herbal medicine existing literature on ethno-botany. to cure diseases of local communities 40 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

Table 1 ─ Medicine men of different communities residing in different villages of study areas in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary

Study areas Villages Communities practicing medicine

1. Aldera Junction Vokkaliga-1* (1.34 Sq km) Hunasekatte Reddy-3 2. Kakana Hosudi Umblebylu Muslim-1 (2.2 Sq km) Kakanahosudi Nil Siddammajihosur Nil 3. Thammadihalli Thammadihalli Ediga-2, Tamilian-1 (11.95 Sq km) Gonibeedu Vokkaliga-4 Malligenahalli Nil 4. Singanamane Shanthinagar Tamilian-1 (1.29 Sq km) Singanamane Adikarnataka-1 B.R. Project Nil 5. Madhuguni Balegadde Uninhabited (10.42 Sq km) Karegadde Uninhabited Ambuguli Achari-1 Maduguni Nil 6. Muthodi Muthodi Kumbarasetty-1 (97.07 Sq km) Karvani Nil 7. Madla Kurkulmane Adikarnataka-1 (10.04 Sq km) Madla Adikarnataka-1 Hipla Kumbarasetty-1 Vaddarashatti Vokkaliga-1 Dabgaru Vokkaliga-1 8. Kagemanegiri Kesave Nil (33.54 Sq km) 9. Hebbegiri Hebbe Maratinayaka-1 (21.15 Sq km) (Bhavasara kshatriya) 10. Gangegiri Kodi Kumbarasetty-1 (43.39 Sq km) Shiragola Banajara-1 Gundihambala Nil Hoggaru Nil Mattuvani Nil Hirebella Nil Karugadde Nil Trasmata Nil Paradeshappanamata Nil 11. Lakkavalli Doddakundur Vokkaliga-1 (260.07 Sq km) Channayyanakere Kumbarasetty-2

* Number following community represents the number of persons practicing herbal medicine. ‘Nil’ There are no medicine men in the particular hamlet.

PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 41

since long time. Many medicinal plants of Some of the noteworthy observations the sanctuary are endemic to the Western of the survey work, not reported Ghats (Tables 2 and 3) and are being anywhere, are the utilization of certain exploited commercially. Some of the taxa plant species in curing specific diseases identified in the sanctuary have been and disorders. For example, roots of listed in the IUCN Red Data Book17. Ichnocarpus frutescens and Solanum They include ─ Tylophora indica and xanthocarpum for treatment of diabetes Artocarpus hirsutus reported vulnerable and breast cancer, respectively; leaves of from Northern, Northeastern and Central Centella asiatica and Gymnosporia India; Dipterocarpus indicus and montana for curing jaundice; bark of Rauvolfia serpentina reported endangered Cassia fistula and Holoptelea integrifolia from Southern, Northeastern and Central for treating herpes and Bambusa India and Spondias pinnata listed under arundinacea for expulsion of placenta of lower risk category18. humans and animals. The medicine men belonging to Certain medicinal plants that different age groups and communities had commonly grow in the sanctuary also regulation of knowledge of traditional grow in other regions and are being used medicine from their ancestors. Quite to prepare herbal drugs by tribal and folk often, the medicine men were reluctant to communities residing elsewhere. The disclose the ethno-botanical information. utilization of the herbal drugs were in Through repeated contacts and some cases similar. For instance, drugs persuasions, the secrets of herbal obtained from Centella asiatica and treatment were revealed. The medicinal Careya arborea were used to treat and formulations like powder, decoction or cure menstrual disorders and dysentery, infusion were prescribed for treatment of respectively, by the folk of the sanctuary various ailments along with spiritual as well as by the ‘Siddis’ of Uttara chanting. Majority of the herbal drug Kannada district10. Achyranthes aspera, a recipes were prescribed by medicine men common herb, is being used as an as a single plant drug or in combination. antidote for treatment of scorpion sting by Generally, fresh leaves, bark and roots the sanctuary folk and ‘Gowlis’ of Uttara were preferred and in the absence of fresh Kannada as well11. Holarrhena materials, the dried ones were also antidysenterica was used by the folk of prescribed. the sanctuary to cure diarrhoea. Mahato et The common ailments, botanical and al19 also found this plant being local names of medicinal plants and their exclusively used to cure diarrhoea by uses are detailed in Tables 2 and 3. The ‘Singhbhum’ people. On the other hand, authenticity of reveals, therapeutic the therapeutic value of herbal drugs was practices and types of treatment were not always similar in different regions. confirmed by discussion with resi- Elephantopus scaber growing commonly dents and also referring to authentic in different parts of India is being used by literature. different communities to treat different 42 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

Table 2⎯Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in the treatment of infectious diseases caused to local folk in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

1. Cough Piper nigrum L.*† Piperaceae boiled with water (Menasu) and taken as tea and also in the form of tablets.

2. Dysentry Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae Bark powder mixed with (Kavalu or Doddala) cow milk and taken internally on empty stomach in the morning.

Alseodaphne Lauraceae extract taken with semicarpifolia Nees cow milk and sugar, 2 (Mashe mara) times a day.

Eugenia jambolana Myrtaceae Bark powdered and Lam. † taken with milk 2-3 (Nerale) times a day.

3. Fever and Adhatoda zeylanica Acanthaceae Leaves and throat Medic. mixed with milk and irritation (Adusoge) used as a drink.

Jasminum sambac Ait. Oleaceae Leaf extract taken with (Mallige) milk.

Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Fruits homogenised with DC.* lime juice and used. (Gimmana mara)

4. Hair loss Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Leaf bud mixed with by Pl.* lime juice and applied infection (Tapsi or tabase) externally to affected area.

5. Herpes Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinioideae Bark extract given with (Kakke mara) brandy and applied.

Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Bark powder mixed with Pl. cardamom powder and used till marks dis- appear.

(Contd) PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 43

Table 2⎯Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in the treatment of infectious diseases caused to local folk in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

6. Skin Calotropis procera R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Paste of the made problems (Ekka) with castor oil and a) Scabies turmeric and applied externally on affected area.

Datura fastuosa L. Solanaceae Seeds mixed with (Karedatturi) rauvolfia root, lime juice and boric acid, made into paste and applied externally.

Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Seeds mixed with (Arishina datura) Datura fastuosa seeds and lime juice, made into paste, and applied externally.

Thevetia neriifolia Juss. Apocynaceae Flowers and seeds (Kadu kasi) crushed into powder, mixed with butter milk and applied externally.

b) Ring Artocarpus hirsutus Bark burnt and applied worm Lam.* † externally with coconut (Maddhalasu) oil.

Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Leaf paste made with (Lakkipatre) lime juice and applied externally.

c) Dobi’s Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae Latex with coconut oil is itch Roxb. applied. (Kanagauly)

Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Bark burnt and mixed Lam. with coconut oil and used.

Papilionaceae Flower mixed with Erythrina indica Lam. butter and used. (Halwana) (Contd) 44 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

Table 2⎯Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in the treatment of infectious diseases caused to local folk in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name) Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinioideae Leaf paste made with lime juice and applied externally.

Nerium indicum L. Apocynaceae Flower burnt, made into (Kanagale) paste with water and applied on affected area.

d) Pimples Cassia sophera L.† Caesalpinioideae Flowers made into paste (Chakkade) and applied externally.

Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Leaves crushed with (Mehandi or goranti) neem leaves and applied externally.

* Plants endemic to the Western Ghats of India. † Edible plants

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

1. Anaemia Calotropis procera R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Infusion of dried roots along and (Biliekke) with dates and sugar candy weakness made with milk and used for 42 days.

2. Asthma Tylophora indica W. & A. Asclepiadaceae Leaves and roots with betel (Adumuttada balli) leaves, cardamom and garlic made into tablets and used.

3. Boils and Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpaceae Gum obtained from the bark burns Bedd. applied externally. (Bili doopada mara) Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinioideae Bark paste applied with coconut oil.

Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Young leaves made into (Thega) paste and applied externally.

(Contd) PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 45

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area— Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae The young leaves burnt and (Bikke or perala) the char applied on burns along with coconut oil. 4. Bone Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Bark and leaves made into fracture Wall.* powder and taken with milk (Kodasinge or halukodasu) till the pain vanishes and bark paste applied externally. Bone Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae The bark powder given to fracture in Wall. drink along with buttermilk. cattle (Kodasinge or halukodasu) Roots mixed with Ziziphus 5. Breast Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae roots, Cassia sophera, made cancer Sch. & into paste with lime juice (tumour) Wendl. and applied as ointment. (Ramagulla) 6. Chest pain Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Lauraceae Leaf paste prepared with Nees water or milk and externally (Mashe mara) applied. 7. Crack heels Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome powder mixed (Arishina) with castor oil and lime, heated for 30 minutes and applied externally. 8. Dog bite Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Bark paste made with water (Nugge) applied externally and also taken internally with milk. 9. Ear Allium sativum L. † Liliaceae Cloves of garlic boiled with bleeding (Bellulli) coconut oil and cooled and used as ear drop. 10. Eye pain Ervatamia coronaria Stapf Apocynaceae Flowers washed thoroughly (Nandibattalu) with clean water and extract used to wash eyes. Piper betle L.* † Piperaceae Leaves washed thoroughly (Veelyadele) with water, crushed with milk and common salt and used to wash eyes. Cataract Erythrina indica Lam. Papilionacae Juice put drop-wise to the (Halwana) infected eye.

(Contd) 46 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

Breynia rhamnoides M. Euphorbiaceae Exudate oozing from stem Arg. collected and put into eyes (Hulikaddi) for 2 to 3 days early in the morning.

11. Expulsion Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Decoction of leaves taken of placenta Willd. † after child birth for the (Bidiru) removal of placenta.

Expulsion Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Leaves given to eat which of placenta Willd. act as laxative and removes in cattle (Bidiru) placenta.

12. Headache Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Root tied to opposite sides (Chitramula) of the aching part of the ear.

Leucas aspera Spr. Lamiaceae Leaf paste made with lime (Thumbe) juice and applied externally.

Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Fruits paste made with (Madyana mallige) coconut oil and used externally.

Half Leucas aspera Spr. Lamiaceae Flowers macerated and headache extract put drop-wise into (migrain) opposite side nostril.

13. Intestinal Citrus medica L. † Rutaceae Leaf paste taken with milk. worms (Nimbe)

Chenopodium album L. † Chenopodiaceae Leaf juice taken in early (Taggi gida) morning on empty stomach.

Intestinal Elephantopus scaber L. † Asteraceae Roots given internally. worms in (Nelmucha) cattle

14. Jaundice Centella asiatica Urb. Apiaceae Leaves mixed with cumin (Vondelaga) seeds, sugar candy, almond, dry grapes, khasakasi and dates with coconut milk and used. (Contd) PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 47

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

Gymnosporia montana Celastraceae Extract of leaf mixed with Benth.* cow milk and used up to 3 (Thanasi) days early in the morning. 15. Menstrual Erythrina indica Lam. Papilionaceae Bark and flower powder disorder (Halwana) mixed with milk and used for 2-3 days. Centella asiatica Urb. Apiaceae Leaf extract mixed with milk and taken 3 times a day for about 3 days. Spondias pinnata Kurz.* Anacardiaceae Bark powder mixed with (Amate mara) garlic, pepper and taken with milk. Eugenia jambolana Lam. Myrtaceae Infusion of bark made with (Nerale) water and used. Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Root powder mixed with Willd. fresh milk and used. (Shathavari balli) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Flower infusion mixed with (Dasavala) milk and used. Phyllanthus niruri L. † Euphorbiaceae Whole plant used as (Nelanelli) vegetable. 16. Scorpion Leucas aspera Spr. Lamiaceae Leaves made into paste with sting lime juice applied exter- nally. Achyranthes aspera L. † Amaranthaceae Root paste made with lemon (Uttarane) juice and applied. 17. Stomach Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.*† Asclepiadaceae Whole plant washed pain (Sogade) thoroughly, ground with milk and used for 2 to 3 days. 18. Snake bite Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Bark paste made with coconut oil and applied. Ruta graveolense L. Rutaceae Root paste applied exter- (Nagadali) nally. Malva sylvestris L. † Malvaceae Extract of leaf mixed with (Bendi gida) lime juice and used. (Contd) 48 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

Gymnosporia royleana M. Celastraceae Root paste with cowmilk Laws.* taken internally, also (Chabbe) applied externally. Ervatamia coronaria Stapf Apocynaceae Root and bark infusion of E.cornaria and Leucas Ocimum adscendens Wild. Lamiaceae aspera leaves with root of (Heddumbe) O. adscendens and bark of Artocarpus mixed with milk and butter, filtered and used. Calotropis procera R. Br. Asclepiadaceae About 3 drops of latex put (Biliekke) on the bitten area and pressed downwards to bleed. Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Roots and leaf bud crushed Benth.* with milk and made into (Sarpagandhi) paste and used internally, also applied externally on the affected area. Snake bite Leucas aspera Spr. Lamiaceae Leaves with pepper and in cattle garlic chewed and spit into the nostril with force. 19. Thorn Calotropis procera R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Latex applied to the point removal (Biliekke) where the spine or thorn is inserted, expels it within 24 hours 20. Ulcers Solanum nigrum L. † Solanaceae Fruits mixed with mango (Kari kaki) seeds crushed into paste and used as tablets. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Poaceae Rhizome powder mixed (Garike) with milk and taken as tea. 21. Wounds Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Bark paste made with water and worms Wall. and applied. Wounds Leucas aspera Spr. Lamiaceae Whole plant dugout early in and worms the morning and made into in cattle paste with water applied externally and also taken internally.

(Contd) PARINITHA et al: ETHNO-BOTANICAL WEALTH OF BHADRA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY 49

Table 3 ─ Ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of use in treating non-infectious diseases caused to local folk and their domestic animals in Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary area —Contd

Ailments Botanical name Family Parts and mode of use (Local name)

22. Diabetes Ichnocarpus frutesecens Apocynaceae Roots made into powder (L.) R.Br. and taken with milk 2-3 ( Syamalatha) times a day.

23. Toothache Amaranthus spinosus L.† Amranthaceae Leaves burnt and made into (Mullu harive) ash, mixed with salt and applied on affected teeth and gums. Solanum torvum Sw. † Solanaceae (Sondekayi gida or Smoke from the seeds Kadusunde) inhaled.

Psidium guajava L. † Myrtaceae (Perale) Leaves boiled with water and extract used for gargling twice a day.

* Plants endemic to the Western Ghats of India † Edible plants diseases. Srivastava & Rout20 reported popular allopathic medicine. This might that this plant is used as a laxative and an result in the non-application of their local appetizer, while Khanna & Mudgal21 medicinal knowledge and deviation from reported its use for relieving fever in their own ethnic knowledge of medicine children. On the other hand, ‘Gowlis’ and which they followed for generations. In ‘Siddis’ used this plant as a diuretic and this paper, an attempt has been made to also to relieve fever10,11. However, the document traditional medicinal present survey indicated that this plant is knowledge of the local communities of used to deworm cattle. Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary, which Bhadra Wild Life Sanctuary was otherwise, would have been lost. declared as protected area in the year 197413. Under the protected area act, local Acknowledgement communities were forbidden from Authors are thankful to the Chairman, residing there. Recently, residents living Department of P.G. Studies and Research in the heart of the sanctuary are being in Applied Botany, , rehabilitated to nearby urban areas. The for providing facilities and State Forest implication of the rehabilitation is that Department, Karnataka and Forest these people will be forced to live in the officers of the sanctuary for their co- urban areas and they might depend on the operation during the study. 50 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 3, No. 1, JANUARY 2004

References 13 Parameshwar G, Draft Management Plan for 1 Gupta S P, An appraisal of Chotanagpur tribal Bhadra wild life sanctuary (1996-2001), Publ Pharmacopea Bihar, Bull Bihar Trib Res Inst, Wild Life Division, Chikamagalur, Karnataka 5 (1963) 1. Forest Dept, (1996) 43. 2 Jain S K, Some magico-religious beliefs about 14 Gamble J S, Flora of the Presidency of plants among adibasis of Orissa, Adibasi, 12 Madras, Vol I – III, (Reprint, Bishen Singh (1970-71) 39. Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India (1995) 3 Pal G D, Observations on Ethnobotany of pp. 2017. tribals of Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, Bull 15 Saldanha E J & Nicolson D H, Flora of Bot Surv India, 26 (1984) 26. Hassan District, Karnataka, Vol I, (Oxford & 4 Borthakur S K, Less known medicinal uses of IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi), 1976, plants among the tribals of Mikir Hill, Assam, pp. 923. Bull Bot Surv India, 18 (1976) 166. 16 Yoganarasimhan S N, Subramanyam K & 5 Shukla K M L, Khan A A, Shabina Khan & Razi B A, Flora of District, Verma A K, Ethnobotanical Studies in Korba Karnataka, India, (Book Distributors, Dehra Basin, District Bilaspur (M.P.), India, Ad Dun), 1981, pp. 407. Plant Sci, 14 (2001) 391. 17 Anonymous, Biodiversity Conservation 6 Yoganarasimhan S N, Togunashi V S, Prioritisation Project (BCPP) India. Keshavamurthy K R & Govindaiah, Endangered Species Project, Conservation Medicobotany of Tumkur district, Karnataka, Assessment & Management Plan (CAMP) J Econ Taxon Bot, 3 (1982) 391. workshop for Selected medicinal plants of 7 Gopakumar K, Vijayalakshmi B, Shantha T R Northern, Northeastern & Central India. & Yoganarasimhan S N, Plants used in Hosted by Forest Department of Uttar Ayurveda from Chikamagalur district, Pradesh, Lucknow, Zoos' Print, 13 (1998a) 1. Karnataka II, J Econ Taxon Bot, 15 (1991) 18 Anonymous, FRLHT CAMPs for selected 379. species of Medicinal Plants of Southern India 8 Iyengar M A, Bhat K G, Nayak G K, Rajgopal 1995, 1996 & 1997, . Species P K & Singh R, Survey of Medicinal flora of summaries of C.A.M.P. workshops designed South Kanara-III, Indian Drugs, 25 (1987b) and facilitated by Zoo Outreach Organization 45. and CBSG, India. (1998b) 4. 9 Iyengar M A, Bhat K G, Nayak G K, Rajgopal P K & Singh R, Survey of Medicinal flora of 19 Mahato A K, Mahato P & Prasad R, South Kanara IV, Indian Drugs, 25 (1988) Ethnobotanical wealth of Chhota Nagpur 266. Plateau, India, Part III, Some medicinal plants 10 Bhandary M J, Chandrashekar K R, used against diarrhoea by the people of Kaveriappa K M, Medical ethnobotany of Singhbhum District, Ad Plant Sci, 9 (1996) Siddis of Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, 25. India, J Ethnopharmacol, 47 (1995) 149. 20 Srivastava S C & Rout N, Some plants of 11 Bhandary M J, Chandrashekar K R, ethno-pediatric importance in District Kaveriappa K M, Ethnobotany of Gowlis of Koraput, Orissa, Bull Bot Surv India, 36 Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, J Econ (1994) 166. Taxon Bot, Additional series, 12 (1996) 244. 21 Khanna K K & Mudgal V, Ethnobotanical 12 Gopal G V, A note on ethno-medical value of data from the herbarium of Botanical Survey Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. J Mysore Univ, of India. Central Circle, Allahabad, Bull Bot Sec-B, 31 (1985-86) 36. Surv India, 34 (1992) 112.

Top View