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Depth-Wise Distribution of Soil-Carbon Stock Under Shaded- Perennial Agroforestry Systems: Case Studies from India and Costa Rica

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Depth-Wise Distribution of Soil-Carbon Stock Under Shaded- Perennial Agroforestry Systems: Case Studies from India and Costa Rica DEPTH-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL-CARBON STOCK UNDER SHADED- PERENNIAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS: CASE STUDIES FROM INDIA AND COSTA RICA By NILOVNA CHATTERJEE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 1 © 2018 Nilovna Chatterjee 2 To my late grandfather R. K. Sen Sharma 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset, I am indebted to my parents, Biman and Gouri Chatterjee for their relentless support of my decision to endeavor on this career path. While the decision did not come without its consequences— moving 8,800 miles away from the familiar East to the foreign West only added to the challenge. In this spirit, I would not have been able to dream of an education abroad had it not been the grace and kindness of my advisor Dr. P.K. Nair and the School of Forest Resources and Conservation who offered me a Graduate Research Fellowship to pursue this program. Even though, I lacked formal training in forestry and soil science, Dr. P.K. Nair believed in my enthusiasm and abilities to pursue a doctoral degree in soil carbon sequestration. His excellent mentorship weaved in with critical comments, patience, and suggestions have helped me throughout my doctoral program and I consider him as the most influential mentor in my academic life. I am thankful to Dr. Vimala Nair, who showed her concern for me through these four years. Dr. Vimala Nair facilitated the laboratory work in the Soil and Environmental Chemistry Lab at the Soil and Water Sciences department. Immense gratitude towards Dr. Stefan Gerber, a truly genial and compassionate individual in every sense, the go-to person for all things quantitative. He not only brought the best out of me in terms of research method, but also encouraged me every step of the way with his kindest words. With gratitude, I acknowledge the indispensable contribution of Dr Timothy Martin, for his enthusiasm and his forever-welcoming attitude. I am grateful to Dr. Syam Viswanath for facilitating the field work studies in India and for his support over the last four years This project was executed in conjunction with the Institute of Wood Science Technology, India and Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza 4 (CATIE), Costa Rica. I have been fortunate enough to come across several personnel who went above and beyond to help me conduct my field work in India and Costa Rica: Mr. Philip Jacob provided logistics support, Dr. K.M. Nair, Parvathy Sivakumar helped me with soil analyses in India, Dr. Rheinhold Muschler, Dr. Elias De Melo Virginio Filho, Patricia Leandro and Rebeca Madriz Diaz helped me facilitate the field work studies in Costa Rica, Dr. Martin Noponen from the Rainforest Alliance provided previous dataset from the experimental site. I thank all the field assistants in India and Costa Rica who worked relentlessly with me to collect soil samples. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to Dr. Willie Harris, Dr. George. A. O’Connor, Dr. Amy Abernethy, Dr. Jason Curtis for their help during my doctoral program. This journey would have been very hard to negotiate without the company of kind colleagues and friends of which I don't have enough space to list them all, but here are some I would like to give a heartfelt shout-out to: Davis George Thomas (my closest confidant who always taught me to be wise and kind), Dr. Biswanath Dari, Dr. Debjani Sihi, Natasha Chatterjee (my sister),Tony Varghese, Dr. Claudia Romero, Dr. Rafael Tonucci, Saptarshi Chakraborty, Dr. Gregory Toth, Dr. Sumpam Tangjang, Felipe M. Pinheiro, Neha Chitlangia, and Minyuan Tie for meaningful and frivolous conversations, and for the great times and research ideas shared. Special thanks to my colleagues Dr. Anna Evangeline Normand, Milton Diaz and Yasmin Quintana for helping me with the paperwork required to obtain Costa Rican soil export permit. Finally, I thank Dr. Thales A.P. West for his unwavering support and love. He always encouraged me to persevere despite hardship. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 16 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 22 Dissertation Outline ................................................................................................ 22 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 23 Carbon Sequestration ............................................................................................. 23 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems ....................................... 24 Available Literature on Soil C Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems ............. 26 Soil Carbon in Aggregates and its Stability ....................................................... 28 Shaded Perennial Agroforestry Systems and Carbon Storage ............................... 29 Management Practices in Shaded Perennial AFS and C Storage .......................... 34 Selection of Species ......................................................................................... 34 Inorganic vs. Organic Fertilizer: ........................................................................ 35 Plant Residue ................................................................................................... 35 Synthesis ................................................................................................................ 36 3 META-ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 37 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 41 Agroforestry Systems and Agroecological Regions .......................................... 41 Soil-Depth Classes and SOC Stock Calculations ............................................. 43 Meta-Analytical Approach ................................................................................. 44 Meta-Regression, ANOVA and Linear Mixed Effect Model .............................. 46 Results .................................................................................................................... 48 AFS vs. Agriculture ........................................................................................... 49 AFS vs. Forest .................................................................................................. 50 AFS vs. Pasture ............................................................................................... 51 SOC Stocks under AFS with Varying Age of System ....................................... 51 Age group: 0–5 years ................................................................................. 51 Age group: 5–10 years ............................................................................... 52 Age group: 10–20 years ............................................................................. 52 6 Age group: >20 years ................................................................................. 53 Mixed Effect Models, Meta-regression and ANOVA ......................................... 54 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 54 SOC Stock Changes under Agroforestry Systems across Agroecological Regions ......................................................................................................... 55 AFS vs. Agriculture .................................................................................... 55 AFS vs. Forest ........................................................................................... 56 AFS vs. Pasture ......................................................................................... 58 AFS vs. Uncultivated Land ......................................................................... 59 SOC Stocks in Relation to Age of Trees in AFS Management Practices ......... 59 SOC Stock Changes and the Forestry – Agroforestry – Agriculture/Pasture Continuum ..................................................................................................... 61 Data Quality ...................................................................................................... 62 Methodological Challenges .............................................................................. 63 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 64 4 DEPTH-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL-CARBON STOCK IN AGGREGATE- SIZED FRACTIONS UNDER SHADED-PERENNIAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN KARNATAKA, INDIA ........................................................................ 77 Introduction ............................................................................................................
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