DOCSLIB.ORG

Bio 20B Lab Book Version

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bio 20B Lab Book Version Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Bio 20 B Anatomy and physiology II Lab Book By John L. Polos M.S., M.Ed. 1 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Table of Contents Lab 24: Vision ................................................................................................................................... 3 Lab 25: Hearing and Balance ......................................................................................................... 13 Lab 26: Olfaction (smell) and Gustation (taste) ............................................................................ 17 Lab 27: Endocrine system Anatomy .............................................................................................. 21 Lab 28: Blood ................................................................................................................................. 29 Lab 29: Anatomy of the heart and great vessels ........................................................................... 37 Lab 30: Blood pressure and pulse ................................................................................................. 46 Lab 31: Major Blood Vessels .......................................................................................................... 51 Lab 32: Mechanical and chemical properties of the CV system ................................................... 61 Lab 33: The Lymphatic System ...................................................................................................... 70 Lab 34: Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay ............................................................................. 78 Lab 35: Respiratory Anatomy ........................................................................................................ 84 Lab 36: Respiratory Function Tests and sounds ............................................................................ 94 Lab 37: respiratory system principals using Physio Ex ...................................................... 101 Lab 38: Digestive Anatomy and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue ........................................ 104 Lab 39: Amylase Digestion of starch ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Lab 40: Urinary System Anatomy .......................................................................................... 122122 Lab 41: Urinary Physiology ..................................................................................................... 132 Lab 42: the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................ 142 Lab 43: Female Reproductive Anatomy ...................................................................................... 146 Lab 44: Development, principals of heredity and intro to genetics ............................................ 152 Lab 45: The Rat ............................................................................................................................ 157 2 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Lab 24 Vision Introduction to the special senses: Last term, you learned about the general senses. These senses are called the general senses because they are found all over your body and that the receptors are not very specialized. As you learned have previously learned, your sense of “touch” is in reality 3 separate senses working together. Those senses allow us to detect temperature via thermoreceptors (free nerve endings), pain (nocioreception) via nociperceptors (again free nerve endings). This term, we will learn about the special senses. Those are vision, hearing, gestation, and olfaction. Receptors for the special senses are highly specialized structures located in the head. Vision uses photo receptors to detect light. If you recall from lecture, we have 2 types of photo receptros; cones are responsible for color vision while rods are responsible for detecting the presence, or absence, of visible light. Hearing uses mechanoreceptors that are located in the ear. These receptors convert the mechanical energy of the sound wave into nerve impulses. Your senses of taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are actually linked together. Both of those senses use specialized chemoreceptors that require the substance to be dissolved. Gustation and olfaction are also linked together functionally. In order for you to fully taste something, you must smell it too. That is why warm food (which tend to be more aromatic) taste better than cold foods and why you cannot really taste anything when you have a cold. Gustation and olfaction differ in that you have 5principal tastes (sour, sweet, salty, bitter, and umami (glutamic acid and other amino acids) while you can smell hundreds if not thousands of different smells. However, what ties those 4 senses together is that they all have special receptors located in 1 specific place. Receptors for the special senses are highly specialized structures. Within your eye are millions of photoreceptors. Those receptors have either a rod shaped or a conical shape. Rod shaped receptors, called rods, detect the presence or absence of visible light. As a result, it is said that rods allow you to see black and white only though this is not 100 percent accurate. It is more that rods tell you about the presence or absence of visible light. It is believed that you have 90 million rods in your eye and they tend to be found in the lateral parts of your retina and they let you see motion and the presence of light. Cones are the conical shaped receptor. In reality, you have 3 different type of cone that detects a different frequency of light. Therefore, you have red cones (high wavelengths), green cones (medium wavelengths), and blue cones (short wavelengths). All three types are highly concentrated in the center of your eye while you have mostly rods towards the outside. Both rods and cones are connected to bipolar cells and the bipolar cells feed into ganglion cells. However, the arrangement is different. Each cone is attached to a single bipolar cell which is attached to a single ganglion cell whereas, multiple rods will connect to 3 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ 1 bipolar cell and multiple bipolar cells feed 1 ganglion cell. To complicate issues with rods, each rod is connected to its neighbors by horizontal cells. When 1 rod is active, it deactivates the rods around it through the horizontal cell. As a result, cones give you vivid detail (in color) where as rods give you a summary from multiple perspectives of what is in your peripheral vision. All ganglion cell lead to the optic nerve which exits in part of the retina called the optic disc. At this part of the retina, you have no photoreceptors due to the exiting of the optic nerve. 1. Prelab questions: Match the receptor type with the sense. Audition (hearing) A. Thermoreceptors (free nerve endings) Gustation B. Nociperceptors (free nerve endings) Olfaction C. Photo receptors Pain D. Chemoreceptors Pressure E. Corpuscles (encapsulated nerve endings) Sight F. Specialized hair cells (mechanoreceptors) Temperature 2. Draw a picture of the retina (hint, previous page). Label the rods, cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. 3. Where are rods found? 4. Where are cones found? 5. What are the 3 types of cones? Part 1 External eye structures The eyes, which are about an inch in diameter (2.54 cm), are encased in the bony orbits of the skull and therefore, only about 1/6th of the eye is visible. The eyes themselves are sheathed in a layer of adipose tissue which protects their delicate structure from impact with the bones of the skull. The eyebrows are located on the superior margin of the orbit and it is hypothesized that they prevent sweat from entering the eye. The eyelids (palpebrae)are the third thinnest layer of skin in the body and the primary function is to prevent debris from entering the eye. The eye lashes aid in this function as well. The eyelids meet at the lateral and medial commissures. The conjunctiva, which is a mucus membrane, lines the interior surface of the eyelid and continues over the eye. This membrane produces mucus to lubricate the eye ball. Furthermore, the eye lids contain tarsal glands which are modified sebaceous glands. The tarsal glands produce oil to help trap moisture in the eye. 4 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Tears are produced by lacrimal glands which are located on the superior-lateral surface of each eye. Tears flow from the lacrimal glands across the eye and into the lacramil canaliculi (duct) located where the lacramil bone meets the orbit. From here, the tears go into the lacrimal sack, down the nasolacrimal duct and enter the nasal cavity through the nasal meatus( see picture left). Lacrimal fluid (tears) washes away debris and keeps the eye clean. It also contains an enzyme called lysozyme which digests bacteria. Our eyes are constantly producing lacrimal fluid, but typically we do not notice it because the fluid is able to enter the ducts. Only at times of increased production, when the amount being produced is too great for the duct to handle, do we notice our tears. Observe the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 21 the Lymphatic System
    Chapter 21 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction • The body harbors at least 10 times as many bacterial cells as human cells – Some beneficial – Some potentially disease-causing • Immune system—not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease – Especially concentrated in the true organ system: lymphatic system • Network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid • Inspect it for disease agents • Activate immune responses • Return fluid to the bloodstream 21-2 The Lymphatic System • Expected Learning Outcomes – List the functions of the lymphatic system. – Explain how lymph forms and returns to the bloodstream. – Name the major cells of the lymphatic system and state their functions. – Name and describe the types of lymphatic tissue. – Describe the structure and function of the red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. 21-3 The Lymphatic System • Fluid recovery – Fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces • Blood capillaries reabsorb 85% • 15% (2 to 4 L/day) of the water and about half of the plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system and then are returned to the blood 21-4 The Lymphatic System • Immunity – Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues • Passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter • Activates a protective immune response • Lipid absorption – Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries 21-5 The Lymphatic System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphatic System
    OUTLINE 24.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System 725 24.2 Lymph and Lymph Vessels 726 24 24.2a Lymphatic Capillaries 726 24.2b Lymphatic Vessels 726 24.2c Lymphatic Trunks 727 24.2d Lymphatic Ducts 727 Lymphatic 24.3 Lymphatic Cells 729 24.3a Types and Functions of Lymphocytes 729 24.3b Lymphopoiesis 734 24.4 Lymphatic Structures 735 System 24.4a Lymphatic Nodules 735 24.4b Lymphatic Organs 736 24.5 Aging and the Lymphatic System 741 24.6 Development of the Lymphatic System 741 MODULE 10: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM mck78097_ch24_724-746.indd 724 2/25/11 2:16 PM Chapter Twenty-Four Lymphatic System 725 e have seen in chapters 21–23 how the cardiovascular system W transports blood throughout the body, where it exchanges gases and nutrients with the tissues. Another body system, called the lymphatic system, aids the cardiovascular system by transporting excess interstitial fluid through lymph vessels assisting in maintain- ing fluid homeostasis. Once this fluid enters the vessels, the fluid is Tonsils renamed lymph. Along the way, lymph is filtered and checked for Cervical lymph nodes foreign or pathologic material, such as bacteria and cancer cells. Right lymphatic duct Lymphatic structures contain certain cells that initiate an immune Axillary response to abnormal materials. Without the primary immune Thymus response by the lymphatic system, the body would be unable to fight lymph nodes infection and keep itself healthy. In this chapter we examine the lymph vessels, lymphatic Thoracic duct structures, and lymphatic organs of the body, and learn how each Spleen Cisterna chyli of these components plays an important role in keeping us healthy.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Physiology of Lymphatic Vessel by Microcirculation Methods*
    80 S. GoDART References 1 Bennett, H. S., ]. H. Lu/t, ]. C. Hampton: Morpho­ 10 Karnovsky, M. ].: The ultrastructural basis of ca­ logical classification of vertebrate blood capillaries. pillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a Amer. J. Physiol., 196 (1959), 381-390 tracer. j. Cell Bioi. .35 (1967), 213-236 2 Casley-Smith, ]. R.: An electron microscopical study 11 Leak, L. V.: Ultrastructural studies on the lymphatic of the passage of ions through the endothelium of anchoring filaments. J. Cell. Bioi. 36 (1968), 129-149 lymphatic and blood capillaries, and through the 12 Majno, G.: Ultrastructure of the vascular membrane. mesothelium. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 52. (1967), 105-113 In: Handbook of Physiology. Circulation 3 (1965), .3 Casley-Smith, ]. R.: The fine structures, properties -2293-2375; Ed. W. F. Hamilton, P. Dow. Waverly and permeabilities of the endothelium. How these de­ Press, Baltimore, USA termine the functioning of the lymphatic system. In: 13 Mayerson, H. S.: The physiologic importance of New Trends in Basic Lymphology; Ed. J. Collette; lymph. In: Handbook of Physiology. Circulation 2 Birkhauser, Basel 1967 (1963), 1035-1073; Ed. W. F. Hamilton, P. Dow. Wa­ 4 Casley-Smith, ]. R.: The fine structures and permea­ verly Press, Baltimore USA. bilities of lymphatics under some pathological condi­ 14 Palade, G. E.: Blood capillaries of the heart and tions. In: New Trends in Basic Lymphology. Ed. J. other organs. Circulation 24 (1961), 368-384 Collette. Birkhauser, Basel 1967 15 Pappenheimer, ]. R.: The passage of molecules 5 Casley-Smith, ]. R.: The functioning of the lympha· through capillary walls. Physiol. Rev. 33 (1953).
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary System
    24 The Urinary System nimals living in an aquatic environment face little risk of becoming dehy- 24.1 Overview of the drated. However, animals that started to spend more time on dry land millions Urinary System 941 Aof years ago needed mechanisms to conserve water and prevent dehydration. 24.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 943 The organ system that performs this function in humans—the urinary system—is the 24.3 Overview of topic of this chapter. The organs of the urinary system are organs of excretion—they Renal Physiology 951 remove wastes and water from the body. Specifically, the urinary system “cleans the 24.4 Renal Physiology I: blood” of metabolic wastes, which are substances produced by the body that it cannot Glomerular Filtration 951 use for any purpose. However, as you will learn in this chapter, the urinary system does 24.5 Renal Physiology II: far more: This system is also essential for removing toxins, maintaining homeostasis of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 960 many factors (including blood pH and blood pressure), and producing erythrocytes. 24.6 Renal Physiology III: Read on to discover how the urinary system is vital to your body’s homeostasis. Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume 968 24.7 Putting It All Together: MODULE 24.1 The Big Picture of Renal Overview of the Urinary System Physiology 974 24.8 Urine and Renal Clearance 974 Learning Outcomes 24.9 Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination 976 1. List and describe the organs of the urinary system. 2. Describe the major functions of the kidneys. The urinary system is composed of the paired kidneys and the urinary tract.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lymphatics in Kidney Health and Disease
    REVIEWS The lymphatics in kidney health and disease Michael D. Donnan 1,2, Yael Kenig- Kozlovsky3 and Susan E. Quaggin1,2 ✉ Abstract | The mammalian vascular system consists of two networks: the blood vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system. Throughout the body, the lymphatic system contributes to homeostatic mechanisms by draining extravasated interstitial fluid and facilitating the trafficking and activation of immune cells. In the kidney, lymphatic vessels exist mainly in the kidney cortex. In the medulla, the ascending vasa recta represent a hybrid lymphatic-like vessel that performs lymphatic- like roles in interstitial fluid reabsorption. Although the lymphatic network is mainly derived from the venous system, evidence supports the existence of lymphatic beds that are of non-venous origin. Following their development and maturation, lymphatic vessel density remains relatively stable; however, these vessels undergo dynamic functional changes to meet tissue demands. Additionally, new lymphatic growth, or lymphangiogenesis, can be induced by pathological conditions such as tissue injury, interstitial fluid overload, hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Lymphangiogenesis is also associated with conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, ultrafiltration failure and transplant rejection. Although lymphangiogenesis has protective functions in clearing accumulated fluid and immune cells, the kidney lymphatics may also propagate an inflammatory feedback loop, exacerbating inflammation and fibrosis. Greater understanding of lymphatic biology, including the developmental origin and function of the lymphatics and their response to pathogenic stimuli, may aid the development of new therapeutic agents that target the lymphatic system. In mammals, the circulatory system consists of the blood role of dermal lymphatics in fluid homeostasis4 and the and the lymphatic vascular systems, which perform contribution of cardiac lymphatic remodelling to cardio- complementary roles in maintaining body homeostasis.
    [Show full text]