Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Bio 20 B Anatomy and physiology II Lab Book By John L. Polos M.S., M.Ed. 1 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Table of Contents Lab 24: Vision ................................................................................................................................... 3 Lab 25: Hearing and Balance ......................................................................................................... 13 Lab 26: Olfaction (smell) and Gustation (taste) ............................................................................ 17 Lab 27: Endocrine system Anatomy .............................................................................................. 21 Lab 28: Blood ................................................................................................................................. 29 Lab 29: Anatomy of the heart and great vessels ........................................................................... 37 Lab 30: Blood pressure and pulse ................................................................................................. 46 Lab 31: Major Blood Vessels .......................................................................................................... 51 Lab 32: Mechanical and chemical properties of the CV system ................................................... 61 Lab 33: The Lymphatic System ...................................................................................................... 70 Lab 34: Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay ............................................................................. 78 Lab 35: Respiratory Anatomy ........................................................................................................ 84 Lab 36: Respiratory Function Tests and sounds ............................................................................ 94 Lab 37: respiratory system principals using Physio Ex ...................................................... 101 Lab 38: Digestive Anatomy and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue ........................................ 104 Lab 39: Amylase Digestion of starch ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Lab 40: Urinary System Anatomy .......................................................................................... 122122 Lab 41: Urinary Physiology ..................................................................................................... 132 Lab 42: the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................ 142 Lab 43: Female Reproductive Anatomy ...................................................................................... 146 Lab 44: Development, principals of heredity and intro to genetics ............................................ 152 Lab 45: The Rat ............................................................................................................................ 157 2 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Lab 24 Vision Introduction to the special senses: Last term, you learned about the general senses. These senses are called the general senses because they are found all over your body and that the receptors are not very specialized. As you learned have previously learned, your sense of “touch” is in reality 3 separate senses working together. Those senses allow us to detect temperature via thermoreceptors (free nerve endings), pain (nocioreception) via nociperceptors (again free nerve endings). This term, we will learn about the special senses. Those are vision, hearing, gestation, and olfaction. Receptors for the special senses are highly specialized structures located in the head. Vision uses photo receptors to detect light. If you recall from lecture, we have 2 types of photo receptros; cones are responsible for color vision while rods are responsible for detecting the presence, or absence, of visible light. Hearing uses mechanoreceptors that are located in the ear. These receptors convert the mechanical energy of the sound wave into nerve impulses. Your senses of taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are actually linked together. Both of those senses use specialized chemoreceptors that require the substance to be dissolved. Gustation and olfaction are also linked together functionally. In order for you to fully taste something, you must smell it too. That is why warm food (which tend to be more aromatic) taste better than cold foods and why you cannot really taste anything when you have a cold. Gustation and olfaction differ in that you have 5principal tastes (sour, sweet, salty, bitter, and umami (glutamic acid and other amino acids) while you can smell hundreds if not thousands of different smells. However, what ties those 4 senses together is that they all have special receptors located in 1 specific place. Receptors for the special senses are highly specialized structures. Within your eye are millions of photoreceptors. Those receptors have either a rod shaped or a conical shape. Rod shaped receptors, called rods, detect the presence or absence of visible light. As a result, it is said that rods allow you to see black and white only though this is not 100 percent accurate. It is more that rods tell you about the presence or absence of visible light. It is believed that you have 90 million rods in your eye and they tend to be found in the lateral parts of your retina and they let you see motion and the presence of light. Cones are the conical shaped receptor. In reality, you have 3 different type of cone that detects a different frequency of light. Therefore, you have red cones (high wavelengths), green cones (medium wavelengths), and blue cones (short wavelengths). All three types are highly concentrated in the center of your eye while you have mostly rods towards the outside. Both rods and cones are connected to bipolar cells and the bipolar cells feed into ganglion cells. However, the arrangement is different. Each cone is attached to a single bipolar cell which is attached to a single ganglion cell whereas, multiple rods will connect to 3 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ 1 bipolar cell and multiple bipolar cells feed 1 ganglion cell. To complicate issues with rods, each rod is connected to its neighbors by horizontal cells. When 1 rod is active, it deactivates the rods around it through the horizontal cell. As a result, cones give you vivid detail (in color) where as rods give you a summary from multiple perspectives of what is in your peripheral vision. All ganglion cell lead to the optic nerve which exits in part of the retina called the optic disc. At this part of the retina, you have no photoreceptors due to the exiting of the optic nerve. 1. Prelab questions: Match the receptor type with the sense. Audition (hearing) A. Thermoreceptors (free nerve endings) Gustation B. Nociperceptors (free nerve endings) Olfaction C. Photo receptors Pain D. Chemoreceptors Pressure E. Corpuscles (encapsulated nerve endings) Sight F. Specialized hair cells (mechanoreceptors) Temperature 2. Draw a picture of the retina (hint, previous page). Label the rods, cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. 3. Where are rods found? 4. Where are cones found? 5. What are the 3 types of cones? Part 1 External eye structures The eyes, which are about an inch in diameter (2.54 cm), are encased in the bony orbits of the skull and therefore, only about 1/6th of the eye is visible. The eyes themselves are sheathed in a layer of adipose tissue which protects their delicate structure from impact with the bones of the skull. The eyebrows are located on the superior margin of the orbit and it is hypothesized that they prevent sweat from entering the eye. The eyelids (palpebrae)are the third thinnest layer of skin in the body and the primary function is to prevent debris from entering the eye. The eye lashes aid in this function as well. The eyelids meet at the lateral and medial commissures. The conjunctiva, which is a mucus membrane, lines the interior surface of the eyelid and continues over the eye. This membrane produces mucus to lubricate the eye ball. Furthermore, the eye lids contain tarsal glands which are modified sebaceous glands. The tarsal glands produce oil to help trap moisture in the eye. 4 Photos by John Polos. Free to reproduce for educational purposes. Bio 20b Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Book Name__________________________ Tears are produced by lacrimal glands which are located on the superior-lateral surface of each eye. Tears flow from the lacrimal glands across the eye and into the lacramil canaliculi (duct) located where the lacramil bone meets the orbit. From here, the tears go into the lacrimal sack, down the nasolacrimal duct and enter the nasal cavity through the nasal meatus( see picture left). Lacrimal fluid (tears) washes away debris and keeps the eye clean. It also contains an enzyme called lysozyme which digests bacteria. Our eyes are constantly producing lacrimal fluid, but typically we do not notice it because the fluid is able to enter the ducts. Only at times of increased production, when the amount being produced is too great for the duct to handle, do we notice our tears. Observe the