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OPEN ACCESS All arfcles publfshed fn the Journal of Threatened Taxa are regfstered under Creafve Commons Atrfbufon 4.0 Interna - fonal Lfcense unless otherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unrestrfcted use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon and dfstrfbufon by provfdfng adequate credft to the authors and the source of publfcafon. Journal of Threatened Taxa The fnternafonal journal of conservafon and taxonomy www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Communfcatfon On the occurrence of Common Baron (Lepfdoptera: Nymphalfdae: Lfmenftfdfnae: Euthalfa aconthea Cramer, 1777) fn the Delhf area and analysfs of abfotfc factors affectfng fts dfstrfbutfon fn Indfa Rajfv K. Sfngh Bafs 26 October 2016 | Vol. 8 | No. 12 | Pp. 9418–9433 10.11609/jot. 3112 .8.12. 9418-9433 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/About_JoTT.asp For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes.asp For Polfcfes agafnst Scfenffc Mfsconduct vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnst_Scfenffc_Mfsconduct.asp For reprfnts contact <[email protected]> Publfsher/Host Partner Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2016 | 8(12): 9418–9433 On the occurrence of Common Baron (Lepidoptera: Communication Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae: Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777) ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) in the Delhi area and analysis of abiotic factors affecting its ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) distribution in India OPEN ACCESS Rajiv K. Singh Bais A-13, Sector 33, Noida 201301, India [email protected] Abstract: This paper gives details of the occurrence of Euthalia aconthea from Delhi area situated in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Occurrence records of this species suggest that it is most frequent in five zones of India, despite the fact that its main larval food plant Mango Mangifera indica is abundantly available almost throughout India. Possible abiotic factors are hypothesized for this distribution. Keywords: Common Baron, Euthalia aconthea, Indo-Gangetic plains, Mangifera indica, Mango. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3112.8.12.9418-9433 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FE935A4F-5FF5-4970-B281-75B779E988BF Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 October 2016 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # 3112 | Received 24 June 2016 | Final received 04 October 2016 | Finally accepted 07 October 2016 Citation: Bais, R.K.S. (2016). On the occurrence of Common Baron (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae: Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777) in the Delhi area and analysis of abiotic factors affecting its distribution in India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(12): 9418–9433; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3112.8.12.9418-9433 Copyright: © Bais 2016. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. Funding: None. Conflict of Interest: The author declares no competing interests. Author Details: Author is a Noida based independent researcher with special interest in birds and butterflies. Acknowledgements: Author is thankful to the two anonymous referees and the subject editor for critically examining and offering useful comments on the original manuscript. LOGOs 9418 Common Baron in the Delhi area Bais INTRODUCTION aconthea was not supposed to be a Delhi butterfly and Peter Smetacek’s booklet “Butterflies of Delhi” (which is The distribution range of Euthalia aconthea covers based on Donahue 1966) did not include this butterfly, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh it took me some time to positively identify this butterfly. and Myanmar (Kehimkar 2008). Its range is alternatively On 12 September 2003 one female landed in our front described as all of south and south-east Asia, from Sri courtyard and was brought inside. I made a coloured Lanka to the Sunda Island (Kunte 2000). This distribution pencil sketch of this brown butterfly with white spots however is not uniform and this butterfly appears to be in my diary and re-deposited the butterfly from where practically absent from some parts of the Indo-Gangetic it was picked. This gave me an opportunity to closely plains despite abundance of its larval food plant. Till examine the butterfly and positively identify it to be a date this butterfly has not been reported from Delhi Euthalia aconthea. area. On 23 Sept 2003 I photographed one mud puddling The most common and preferred larval host plant at 13:30hr in Sector 33, Noida. On 21 Oct 2003 one of this butterfly is Mango Mangifera indica. In coastal male was spotted on the road at 09:30hr (Images 1 & Maharashtra and perhaps in other states too, it also 2). It was searching for the liquid nutrients on the edges feeds on Cashew Anacardium occidentale (Kunte of a fresh cow dung using its long green proboscis. At 2000). Mango and cashew both belong to the family 13:30hr I found this butterfly dead on the same spot Anacardiaceae. Mango occurs wild or semi-wild crushed by some vehicle. These are the records of the nearly throughout India, in tropical and sub-tropical initial sightings ofEuthalia aconthea from the Delhi area. hilly forests particularly near nullahs and ravines. It is common in the sub-tropical Himalaya, hills of Western Study Area and Eastern Ghats and the forests of central India, Sector 33 and 24 of Noida (28.60N, 77.35E), a Bihar, Odisha, Assam and the Andaman Islands. It is satellite town of Delhi. Sector 33 is a residential area grown in plantations and orchards, but more often in with small home gardens and potted plants in almost homegardens, field borders and roadside avenues (CSIR all the houses. Sector 24 is an institutional area with 1959). numerous offices and educational institutes. A busy There are three main papers on the butterflies main road separates the two sectors. Karanj (Pongania of Delhi: Donahue (1966), Ashton (1973) and Larsen pinnata), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Kasod (Cassia (2002). On the basis of the then available records from siamea) and Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) are the main Lucknow, Lahore and Amritsar, Donahue kept this trees planted on both sides of the sector roads. In butterfly in the “hypothetical list” of butterflies for Delhi addition, Peepal, Jamun, Mango, Mulberry, Currypatta area at the end of the paper as Euthalia garuda (Moore, (Murraya koenigii), Lemon and Guava are also quite 1857); a synonym for Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777. common in the area. Subsequent papers (Ashton 1973; Larsen 2002) did not mention this species as it was never recorded from Delhi area. In the first part of this paper (Part-A), I present METHODS the records of Euthalia aconthea from the Delhi area for the period 2003–2013. The second part of this paper After recording its initial presence in Noida in 2003, I (Part-B) examines the main abiotic factors (rainfall, kept a record of its sightings around my home in Sector temperature, insolation, soil moisture and topography) 33, Noida for the period 2003–2013. Two trees are of to understand the reasons as to why this butterfly is not special interest to these observations: first a Mango common in Delhi despite an abundance of mango. The tree just across the road and the other a Guava tree that origin and native range of mango has also been analyzed we have planted in front of our house. Both the trees to get an insight into the current distribution pattern of are visible from our dining area and kitchen windows. Euthalia aconthea. Mango is the larval food plant. Rotting guava on the Guava tree (half-eaten by the fruit bats in the night) are PART-A a favourite with the adult butterflies. Both the trees Euthalia aconthea – Delhi area records remained under continuous observation by us for any I first spotted this butterfly on 10 September 2003 bird, bat or butterfly activity. Every day between 09:00– at 09:00hr in Sector 33, Noida and made a rough 09:30 hr, I came out of my house and scanned these sketch of the butterfly in my pocket diary. As Euthalia trees for the presence of any butterfly. Again, while Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2016 | 8(12): 9418–9433 9419 Common Baron in the Delhi area Bais © Rajiv K. Singh Bais © Rajiv K. Singh Bais Image 1. Euthalia aconthea, Sector 24, Noida Image 2. Euthalia aconthea, Sector 33, Noida taking lunch between 13:15–13:45 hr I kept a continuous Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year watch on the birds and butterflies visiting these trees. At 13:45hr I once again came out and scanned the area 2003 for butterflies. 3/1 2/1 3/1 2004 RESULTS 2005 Sight records for the period 2003–2013 are plotted 2006 in Fig. 1. It is evident from Fig. 1 that though not present 1/1 4/2 every year, Euthalia aconthea is generally spotted in 2007 March and October in very low numbers. With this 1/1 report presence of Euthalia aconthea from the Delhi 2008 area is confirmed and this butterfly may be added to 1/1 4/2 the list of Delhi butterflies. Uttar Pradesh is the largest 2009 mango producing state of India. The main production 3/1 centres are located in two clusters: first around the 2010 Lucknow - Faizabad axis, and the second around a line joining Saharanpur, Muzzafarnagar, Meerut and 2011 Bulandshahar. Delhi lies in the immediate vicinity to the 1/1 1/1 1/1 west of this second cluster and therefore these records 2012 of Euthalia aconthea from Delhi may be the western 1/1 most limit of the range of this butterfly at this latitude. 2013 Beyond Delhi, to the west, lies the desert of Rajasthan 1/2 1/1 where this butterfly does not exist.
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