© 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú BIRDING FIELD REPORT INKILLTAMBO ARQUEOLOGYCAL SITE CUSCO – PERU 2021 WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics www.JACAMARCLUB.com Page 1 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú > A Field Report < Of Birding Excursions and The importance of Empowering Women in the Birding Activities for Enviromental Education in Peru and Bolivia. WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics, Inkilltambo Arqueologycal Site CUSCO – PERU march 14, 2021 Ana Amable1, Richard Amable2 [email protected]¹ [email protected]² [email protected] The “Women Birders”, a program created to empower women in the good ecological practices of birding & birdwatching in Peru and Bolivia. Through this program the women in the community will be able to increase their leadership and knowledge in conservation and ecotourism. Also, this will make a difference in their communities as they can represent their communities and will lead the changes in local conservation behavior. Finally, it will benefit directly to the conservation of local birds. The Jacamar Club programs perform a series of activities as a preliminary steps to environmental education, ecotourism ideas and conservation of bird habitats in Peru and Bolivia. It is a long way of training, all the participants in our program have been learning about birds both virtually, through various talks, and in situ, twice a month, going out to birch around the Cusco region in Peru, recording all possible birds, taking photos of the birds, places and communities where we do our trainings. In the Cusco region we are 10 from 30 ladies, of three regions of Peru, ladies from different houses of study, institutes, universities that without distinction we learn together from the hand of Jacamar Club; If you want to support us you can find out more here on our website, in addition you will find videos, photos and the selected ones reports of each field trip in the three regions where the program takes place, in Cusco, Madre de Dios and Loreto. https://jacamarclub.com/women-birders-peru/ BIRDING LOCALITIES OF INTEREST CUSCO CITY Cuzco is a city in the Peruvian Andes that was the capital of the Inca Empire and is known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. The Plaza de Armas is the center of the old city, with galleries, carved wooden balconies and ruins of Inca walls. The Santo Domingo convent, in the Baroque style, was built on the Inca Sun Temple (Qoricancha) and has archaeological remains of Inca stonework. Cuzco has many bird watching places, emblematic places and that ensure the enjoyment of any amateur and professional birdwatchers, they are also very close to the city of Cusco. INKILLTAMBO ARQUEOLOGYCAL SITE The place is also known as the Inca Prison; This archaeological site is passing through the Temple of the Moon of Sacsayhuaman on a path surrounded by fauna and flora of the region. This monument is complemented by a series of rectangular enclosures, platforms and canals from pre-Hispanic times. Chroniclers of the colonial era maintain that the God Huiracocha built it with houses established near the huaca. Later, the Inca Pachacutec carried out restructuring tasks in order to intensify the religious ideology, to be administered by his panaca. Inkilltambo is a ceremonial site consisting of large stones with various cavities that are connected to each other through underground passages. In Inkilltambo sectors with differentiated uses can be seen: the first to be observed is agriculture, notable for the cultivation terraces; while in the upper part the ceremonial sites, storage and other structures whose purposes are not entirely clear merge. Recent restoration work on the site allows us to appreciate the complexity of the place, which despite being small and whose importance seems to be diluted by time and oblivion, is now re-emerging thanks to archaeological investigations. Page 2 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú Qoricancha, Principal Arqueologycal Site around Cusco city – Photo Ana Amable Map of the Inkilltambo Page 3 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú Map of the Inkilltambo Inkilltambo Trail – Photo Nay Ruth Leon Page 4 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú THE KEY TO THE BIRD LIST * = Species heard only Red – IUCN Red List Category IOC = International Ornithological Congress SACC = South American Classification Committee THE LIST OF BIRDS ANSERIFORMES Galliformes + Anseriformes are placed in linear sequence to follow Tinamiformes in accordance with a wealth of data that show that these two orders are sister taxa, and that they are basal within the neognath birds. The monophyly of the Galliformes has never been seriously questioned and has been confirmed by Eo et al. (2009. [relationships among families] ANATIDAE: DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS / PATOS, GANSOS Y CISNES 1.Yellow-billed (Speckled) Teal - Anas flavirostris - Pato Barcino Seen over ten, common here. Both species are small, compact and grayish brown. Widespread Yellow-billed Teal is a common, widespread duck of the Andes, 2800–4800 m, on lakes, rivers and in marshes; also rare vagrant to coast. Bill yellow; smaller, grayer than Yellow-billed Pintail, with head darker (not paler) than body and with plain (not spotted) flanks. Andean Teal only north and west of the Marañón. Head not darker than body, and bill dark; note differences in head and wing pattern from female Blue-winged Teal. Yellow-billed (Speckled) Teal - Photo Ana Amable Page 5 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE: PIGEONS AND DOVES / PALOMAS Y TÓRTOLAS Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015) found that the Columbiformes were sister to Old World Pterocliformes + Mesitornithiformes. The monophyly of the Columbiformes has never been seriously questioned. Traditional classifications (e.g., Gibbs et al. 2001) treat the huge, extinct flightless pigeons of the Mascarene Islands as a separate family, Raphidae, but recognition of this family would certainly make both families paraphyletic because it would seem impossible that the three species of "Raphidae" are each other’s closest relatives, but instead represent three independent colonizations of separate islands with subsequent convergent evolution <find citation, if one exists>. Within the Columbidae, Goodwin (1983) recognized five subfamilies, only one of which, Columbinae, occurs in the Western Hemisphere. These subfamily designations do not correspond to deep splits in the family. In fact, genetic data (Johnson 2004) indicate that the New World ground-doves are a distinctive group that are the sister group to a large sample of Old World and New World genera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera to placed ground doves first. Pereira et al. (2007) confirmed the distinctiveness of the New World ground doves but did not find that they were the sister to all other columbids, but rather that the Columba group was; they also found strong support for the sister relationship between Columbina and Metriopelia. Gibb and Penny (2010) also found that the Columba group was sister to all other pigeons. Cracraft (2013) and Dickinson & Remsen (2013) placed the pigeons in three subfamilies: Columbinae, Peristerinae, and Raphinae (extralimital). SACC proposal passed to recognize two subfamilies and to modify sequence of genera. Dickinson & Raty (2015) determined that Claravinae or Claraviinae, not Peristerinae, is the correct subfamily name. Sweet et al. (2017) found that the relationships among the genera in the Claravinae are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence. 2. Spot-winged Pigeon – Patagioneas maculosa – Paloma Alimoteada Common and widespread on coast, west slope of Andes, and in intermontane valleys, up to 4000 m. Usually very rare on east slope of Andes, although locally fairly common in dry Huallaga Valley; very rare vagrant to Amazonia. Typically found in open, semiarid areas, in fields and scrub, and in towns. Social, often found in flocks. Note slender shape, long tail, and black spotting on wings and neck. Larger and longer tailed than ground-doves (but in Andes, cf. Black-winged Ground-Dove). Also cf. White-tipped Dove. APODIFORMES For continuing support for monophyly of the Apodiformes, see Kitto & Wilson (1966), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Bleiweiss et al. (1994), Johansson et al. (2001), Livezey & Zusi (2001), Mayr (2003), Fain & Houde (2004), Ericson et al. (2006), and Hackett et al. (2008). The Apodiformes and Caprimulgiformes are likely sister taxa (Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Livezey & Zusi 2007), at least if Caprimulgiformes is narrowly defined to include only Caprimulgidae (Hackett et al. 2008). Most classifications use three or more subfamily designations within the Apodidae, based on Brooke et al. (1972) and references therein, e.g.). Chantler (1995), for example, recognized two subfamilies: Cypseloidinae for Cypseloides and Streptoprocne, and Apodinae for everything else, but divided into three tribes (Chaeturini for Chaetura and six Old World genera, Apodini for Aeronautes, Tachornis, Panyptila, Apus, and two Old World genera, and Collocaliini for another two Old World genera). <check S&M 1990, incorp Lack 1956, Orr 1963> Price et al. (2004, 2005) corroborated many of those groupings. SACC proposal needed to add subfamilies. TROCHILIDAE: HUMMINGBIRDS / COLIBRÍES The monophyly of the Trochilidae has never been questioned. The use of the subfamily level of classification marks the major, deep division of the lineage that is supported by many data sets (e.g., Zusi & Bentz 1982, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Bleiweiss et al. 1994, 1997, Altshuler et al. 2004). However, recent genetic data (Altshuler et al. 2004) indicate that Topaza and Florisuga are basal to the two traditional subfamilies. Page 6 © 2021 Jacamar Club - Perú Altshuler et al. (2004) found strong support for at least four major groups within the traditional Trochilinae, with formal recognition awaiting additional taxon-sampling; those groups are congruent with the groups found by Bleiweiss et al. (1997). McGuire et al. (2007, 2009, 2014) updated the phylogeny presented in Altshuler et al. (2004). SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera.