Birding Field Report Inkilltambo Arqueologycal Site Cusco – Peru 2021

BIRDING FIELD REPORT INKILLTAMBO ARQUEOLOGYCAL SITE CUSCO – PERU 2021

WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics www.JACAMARCLUB.com

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> A Field Report < Of Birding Excursions and The importance of Empowering Women in the Birding Activities for Enviromental Education in Peru and Bolivia.

WOMEN BIRDERS PROGRAM Sponsored by Jacamar Club and Vortex Optics, Inkilltambo Arqueologycal Site CUSCO – PERU march 14, 2021

Ana Amable1, Richard Amable2 [email protected]¹ [email protected]² [email protected]

The “Women Birders”, a program created to empower women in the good ecological practices of birding & birdwatching in Peru and Bolivia. Through this program the women in the community will be able to increase their leadership and knowledge in conservation and ecotourism. Also, this will make a difference in their communities as they can represent their communities and will lead the changes in local conservation behavior. Finally, it will benefit directly to the conservation of local birds. The Jacamar Club programs perform a series of activities as a preliminary steps to environmental education, ecotourism ideas and conservation of bird habitats in Peru and Bolivia. It is a long way of training, all the participants in our program have been learning about birds both virtually, through various talks, and in situ, twice a month, going out to birch around the Cusco region in Peru, recording all possible birds, taking photos of the birds, places and communities where we do our trainings. In the Cusco region we are 10 from 30 ladies, of three regions of Peru, ladies from different houses of study, institutes, universities that without distinction we learn together from the hand of Jacamar Club; If you want to support us you can find out more here on our website, in addition you will find videos, photos and the selected ones reports of each field trip in the three regions where the program takes place, in Cusco, Madre de Dios and Loreto. https://jacamarclub.com/women-birders-peru/

BIRDING LOCALITIES OF INTEREST CUSCO CITY Cuzco is a city in the Peruvian Andes that was the capital of the Inca Empire and is known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. The Plaza de Armas is the center of the old city, with galleries, carved wooden balconies and ruins of Inca walls. The Santo Domingo convent, in the Baroque style, was built on the Inca Sun Temple (Qoricancha) and has archaeological remains of Inca stonework. Cuzco has many bird watching places, emblematic places and that ensure the enjoyment of any amateur and professional birdwatchers, they are also very close to the city of Cusco.

INKILLTAMBO ARQUEOLOGYCAL SITE The place is also known as the Inca Prison; This archaeological site is passing through the Temple of the Moon of Sacsayhuaman on a path surrounded by fauna and flora of the region. This monument is complemented by a series of rectangular enclosures, platforms and canals from pre-Hispanic times. Chroniclers of the colonial era maintain that the God Huiracocha built it with houses established near the huaca. Later, the Inca Pachacutec carried out restructuring tasks in order to intensify the religious ideology, to be administered by his panaca. Inkilltambo is a ceremonial site consisting of large stones with various cavities that are connected to each other through underground passages. In Inkilltambo sectors with differentiated uses can be seen: the first to be observed is agriculture, notable for the cultivation terraces; while in the upper part the ceremonial sites, storage and other structures whose purposes are not entirely clear merge. Recent restoration work on the site allows us to appreciate the complexity of the place, which despite being small and whose importance seems to be diluted by time and oblivion, is now re-emerging thanks to archaeological investigations.

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Qoricancha, Principal Arqueologycal Site around Cusco city – Photo Ana Amable

Map of the Inkilltambo

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Map of the Inkilltambo

Inkilltambo Trail – Photo Nay Ruth Leon

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THE KEY TO THE BIRD LIST

* = Species heard only Red – IUCN Red List Category IOC = International Ornithological Congress SACC = South American Classification Committee THE LIST OF BIRDS

ANSERIFORMES Galliformes + Anseriformes are placed in linear sequence to follow Tinamiformes in accordance with a wealth of data that show that these two orders are sister taxa, and that they are basal within the neognath birds. The monophyly of the Galliformes has never been seriously questioned and has been confirmed by Eo et al. (2009. [relationships among families]

ANATIDAE: DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS / PATOS, GANSOS Y CISNES

1.Yellow-billed (Speckled) Teal - Anas flavirostris - Pato Barcino Seen over ten, common here. Both species are small, compact and grayish brown. Widespread Yellow-billed Teal is a common, widespread duck of the Andes, 2800–4800 m, on lakes, rivers and in marshes; also rare vagrant to coast. Bill yellow; smaller, grayer than Yellow-billed Pintail, with head darker (not paler) than body and with plain (not spotted) flanks. Andean Teal only north and west of the Marañón. Head not darker than body, and bill dark; note differences in head and wing pattern from female Blue-winged Teal.

Yellow-billed (Speckled) Teal - Photo Ana Amable Page 5

COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE: PIGEONS AND DOVES / PALOMAS Y TÓRTOLAS

Jarvis et al. (2014) and Prum et al. (2015) found that the Columbiformes were sister to Old World Pterocliformes + Mesitornithiformes. The monophyly of the Columbiformes has never been seriously questioned. Traditional classifications (e.g., Gibbs et al. 2001) treat the huge, extinct flightless pigeons of the Mascarene Islands as a separate family, Raphidae, but recognition of this family would certainly make both families paraphyletic because it would seem impossible that the three species of "Raphidae" are each other’s closest relatives, but instead represent three independent colonizations of separate islands with subsequent convergent evolution . Within the Columbidae, Goodwin (1983) recognized five subfamilies, only one of which, Columbinae, occurs in the Western Hemisphere. These subfamily designations do not correspond to deep splits in the family. In fact, genetic data (Johnson 2004) indicate that the New World ground-doves are a distinctive group that are the sister group to a large sample of Old World and New World genera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera to placed ground doves first. Pereira et al. (2007) confirmed the distinctiveness of the New World ground doves but did not find that they were the sister to all other columbids, but rather that the Columba group was; they also found strong support for the sister relationship between Columbina and Metriopelia. Gibb and Penny (2010) also found that the Columba group was sister to all other pigeons. Cracraft (2013) and Dickinson & Remsen (2013) placed the pigeons in three subfamilies: Columbinae, Peristerinae, and Raphinae (extralimital). SACC proposal passed to recognize two subfamilies and to modify sequence of genera. Dickinson & Raty (2015) determined that Claravinae or Claraviinae, not Peristerinae, is the correct subfamily name. Sweet et al. (2017) found that the relationships among the genera in the Claravinae are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

2. Spot-winged Pigeon – Patagioneas maculosa – Paloma Alimoteada Common and widespread on coast, west slope of Andes, and in intermontane valleys, up to 4000 m. Usually very rare on east slope of Andes, although locally fairly common in dry Huallaga Valley; very rare vagrant to Amazonia. Typically found in open, semiarid areas, in fields and scrub, and in towns. Social, often found in flocks. Note slender shape, long tail, and black spotting on wings and neck. Larger and longer tailed than ground-doves (but in Andes, cf. Black-winged Ground-Dove). Also cf. White-tipped Dove.

APODIFORMES For continuing support for monophyly of the Apodiformes, see Kitto & Wilson (1966), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Bleiweiss et al. (1994), Johansson et al. (2001), Livezey & Zusi (2001), Mayr (2003), Fain & Houde (2004), Ericson et al. (2006), and Hackett et al. (2008). The Apodiformes and Caprimulgiformes are likely sister taxa (Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Livezey & Zusi 2007), at least if Caprimulgiformes is narrowly defined to include only Caprimulgidae (Hackett et al. 2008).

Most classifications use three or more subfamily designations within the Apodidae, based on Brooke et al. (1972) and references therein, e.g.). Chantler (1995), for example, recognized two subfamilies: Cypseloidinae for Cypseloides and Streptoprocne, and Apodinae for everything else, but divided into three tribes (Chaeturini for Chaetura and six Old World genera, Apodini for Aeronautes, Tachornis, Panyptila, Apus, and two Old World genera, and Collocaliini for another two Old World genera). Price et al. (2004, 2005) corroborated many of those groupings. SACC proposal needed to add subfamilies.

TROCHILIDAE: HUMMINGBIRDS / COLIBRÍES The monophyly of the Trochilidae has never been questioned. The use of the subfamily level of classification marks the major, deep division of the lineage that is supported by many data sets (e.g., Zusi & Bentz 1982, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Bleiweiss et al. 1994, 1997, Altshuler et al. 2004). However, recent genetic data (Altshuler et al. 2004) indicate that Topaza and Florisuga are basal to the two traditional subfamilies. Page 6

Altshuler et al. (2004) found strong support for at least four major groups within the traditional Trochilinae, with formal recognition awaiting additional taxon-sampling; those groups are congruent with the groups found by Bleiweiss et al. (1997). McGuire et al. (2007, 2009, 2014) updated the phylogeny presented in Altshuler et al. (2004). SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence of genera. Cracraft (2013) recognized six subfamilies: Florisuginae, Phaethornithinae, Polytminae, Lesbiinae, Patagoninae, and Trochilinae. Proposal needed to add subfamilies.

3.- Sparkling Violetear - Colibri coruscans - Oreja-Violeta de Vientre Azul Most widely distributed violetear. More common in drier intermontane valleys and on west slope, but may occur almost anywhere. Elevational range very broad, 400–4500 m, but apparently wanders widely; probably only breeds at higher elevations, above ca. 2500 m. Found in open areas, including agricultural fields, with scattered shrubs, at forest edge, and in eucalyptus groves. Cf. smaller Green Violetear.

4.- Black-tailed Trainbearer - Lesbia victoriae - Colibrí de Cola Larga Negra Uncommon in dry montane scrub in intermontane valleys of south-central Andes, 2700–3900 m. Often seen at tree tobacco, Nicotiana, an exotic plant found along road edges. Large size, long forked black-and-white tail, and white underparts render it unmistakable. Male has narrow green and purple gorget. Crown bordered with whitish line, speckled with green, in albolimbata (Huancavelica), or with deep glittering blue (more widespread nobilis).

5. Giant Hummingbird – Patagona gigas – Colibrí Gigante Widespread and fairly common on west slope of Andes and in intermontane valleys, 2000–4300 m. Occupies open, relatively arid habitats: montane scrub, hedgerows, and open woods (including Polylepis). The largest hummingbird, and easily recognized by large size. Wingbeats noticeably slow; may be mistaken for Andean Swift (due to pale rump and wingbeat). Dull, with no gorget or brilliant colors but contrasting pale rump. Underparts variable, dull rufous or light rufous scaled with grayish brown.

6. Shining Sunbeam - Aglaeactis cupripennis - Rayo-de-Sol Brillante One seen in the trail. Species range based on: Schulenberg, T. S., D. F. Stotz, and L. Rico. 2006. Distribution maps of the birds of Peru, version 1.0. Environment, Culture & Conservation (ECCo). The Field Museum. http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/uw_test/birdsofperu on 08/01/2015.

Fairly common and widespread on the Andes, 2500–4600 m, locally down to 2200 m. The most widespread sunbeam in Peru, and the only species found on west slope of Andes. Also widespread in intermontane valleys, including on both slopes of Marañón Valley, and less commonly on humid east-facing slopes of eastern Andes. Plain, with no white in the plumage. Populations on both slopes of western Andes south to La Libertad and on the east side of Marañón Valley are relatively pale and rufous; elsewhere are darker above with dusky chin and belly, and more contrasting light rufous pectoral tufts (caumatonota).

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Shining Sunbeam - Photo taken by Nay Ruth Leon

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Black-tailed Trainbearer - Photo Ana Amable

Giant Hummingbird - Photo Ana Amable Page 9

PICIFORMES PICIDAE: WOODPECKERS / CARPINTEROS

7. Andean Flicker - Colaptes rupícola - Carpintero Andino One seen at Tambomachay. Plumage similarities and somewhat complementary distributions suggested that Colaptes pitius and C. rupicola are sister species (Short 1982), and this was confirmed by Moore et al. (2011). Fairly common in puna and paramo grasslands, 2700–4500 m; often found where there are no trees, although may enter Eucalyptus stands or edges of humid woods. Particularly common near rocky outcrops, although when feeding will occur well out in open. Forages on ground, often by walking (not hopping). Nests in cavities in rocks, in old buildings, or in holes excavated in earthen banks. Northern cinereicapillus (more richly colored on underparts and sides of face, breast barred, male lacks red on nape) and southern puna (paler, breast spotted, male has red nape) meet in a n arrow hybrid zone in central Peru (north of Lake Junín).

Andean Flicker - Photo by Ana Amable

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FALCONIFORMES FALCONIDAE: FALCONS AND CARACARAS / HALCONES Y CARACARAS Harriers are long-winged, long-tailed hawks of open country. Typically show a narrow white band on the upper tail coverts. Harrier flight is distinctive, a mixture of frequent flapping interspersed with short glides and sudden tilting motions; wings often are held noticeably above the plane of the body. Harriers forage by flying low over the ground, often passing back and forth over an area, then dropping down suddenly on prey. Cinereous is the only expected harrier in Peru. Merlin and American Kestrel are the two smallest species of falcon found in Peru.

8. American Kestrel – Falco sparverius – Cernícalo Americano Smallest and most frequently seen falcon in Peru. Common and widespread on coast and in Andes, up to 4700 m; but scarce or absent on humid east slope, and not in Amazonia. Found in a wide variety of dry open habitats, including fields, scrub, and grasslands. Perches conspicuously on wires, fences, and trees; nests in cavities. Frequently hovers. In all plumages note rufous tail and ornate facial pattern, with gray crown and narrow black lines on face. Male has blue- gray wings, rufous back (variably barred with black; barring often sparse), and rufous tail with broad black subterminal band; underparts are pale buff, variably spotted. Wings, back, and tail of female are rufous brown, barred with black. Juveniles are similar to respective adult plumajes. Falco sparverius was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938) placed in the monotypic genus Cerchneis.

PASSERIFORMES Virtually all morphological and genetic data support the monophyly of the order Passeriformes. Within the Passeriformes, genetic data (e.g., Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Edwards et al. 1991, Mindell et al. 1997, García-Moreno & Mindell 2000, Lovette & Bermingham 2000, Irestedt et al. 2001, Prychitko & Moore 2003, Hackett et al. 2008) support the traditional division of the order based on morphology (see Ames 1971, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) into suboscines (here Dendrocolaptidae through Sapayoidae) and oscines (the rest of the families), with the exception that the Acanthisittidae of New Zealand are basal to both groups (REF, Hackett et al. 2008).

Within the suboscines, suborder Tyranni, two major divisions are traditionally recognized and are supported by genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1985, 1990, Chesser 2004): (1) the New World families ("Tyrannides" of Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) and (2) the Old World families (broadbills, pittas, and asities). Recent genetic data (Fjeldså et al. 2003, Chesser 2004, Hackett et al. 2008) confirm that the Neotropical species Sapayoa aenigma is the only New World member of the otherwise strictly Old World group (see below). Within the New World "Tyrannides," two major divisions are traditionally recognized and supported by genetic data (e.g., Chesser 2004, Hackett et al. 2008): (1) the woodcreepers, ovenbirds, antbirds, gnateaters, and tapaculos, and (2) the tyrant-flycatchers, manakins, and cotingas. For relationships among members within these two groups, see appropriate family sections below. The sequence of families follows Moyle et al. (2009)

FURNARIIDAE: OVENBIRDS / HORNEROS Although the monophyly of the former Dendrocolaptidae seems reasonably well established (Feduccia 1973, Raikow 1994, Clench 1995, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Marantz et al. 2003), whether it is embedded within the Furnariidae (as proposed by Feduccia 1973) or sister to all Furnariidae (Clench 1995, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) has been controversial. Genetic data (Irestedt et al. 2002, 2006, Chesser 2004, Fjeldså et al. 2005. Moyle et al. 2009) data strongly support the former, with the genera Geositta and Sclerurus basal to all other ovenbirds plus woodcreepers. Some authors had previously treated the Dendrocolaptidae as a subfamily of the Furnariidae (e.g., REFS . If family or subfamily ranks are retained within this group, then a third group, Geositta plus Sclerurus, must also be accorded taxonomic rank. SACC proposal passed to merge Dendrocolaptidae and Furnariidae into single family subfamily rankings.

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. Moyle et al. (2009) and Derryberry et al. (2011) found that (a) the woodcreepers consisted of two divergent branches, with Dendrocincla, Deconychura, and Sittasomus sister to all other genera; (b) within the latter, Glyphorynchus was sister to the remaining genera; (c) the remaining genera consisted of two major groups, with one consisting of Xiphorhynchus + Dendroplex +(Campylorhamphus +[Drymornis + Lepidocolaptes]), and the other (Nasica + Dendrexetastes) + (Dendrocolaptes + [Hylexetastes + Xiphocolaptes]). Ohlson et al. (2013) proposed subfamily rank for the two lineages, with Sittasominae for lineage “a” above (with Dendrocolaptinae treated at the family rank); in this classification, this group would be treated as a tribe, Sittasomini.

9.Cream-winged Cinclodes - Cinclodes albiventris - Churrete de Ala Crema One seen at Tambomachay. Jaramillo (2003) proposed Cream-winged Cinclodes for C. albiventris and Buff- winged Cinclodes for C. fuscus, and Jaramillo proposed Chestnut-winged Cinclodes for C. albidiventris; these are used here tentatively until formal SACC action.

Cream-winged Cinclodes – Photo by Nay Ruth

10.Creamy-crested Spinetail - Cranioleuca albicapilla - Cola-Espina de Cresta Cremosa One seen at Tambomachay. Locally fairly common in central and southern Andes, 2500–3800 m. Inhabits semihumid shrubland with scattered trees and remnant woodlands (including Polylepis) on upper slopes of intermontane valleys. Also locally in cloud forest and alder (Alnus) thickets, especially along streams. Birds in Junín (nominate albicapilla) have paler crowns, duller underparts, and more rufous in wings than birds farther south (albigula)

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Creamy-crested Spinetail – Photo by Nay Ruth Leon

TYRANNIDAE: TYRANT FLYCATCHERS / TIRANOS Warter (1965) proposed that Neopelma belonged in the Tyrannidae based on morphology, but see Lanyon (1985) and Prum (1990), who supported its placement in Pipridae and proposed a sister relationship to Tyranneutes. Recent genetic data (Barber & Rice 2007) confirmed the placement of both genera in the Pipridae and their sister relationship; this was confirmed by Tello et al. (2009) and Ohlson et al. (2013), who found that these two were sister to all other piprid genera (thus consistent with the linear sequence above).

11.White-browed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca leucophrys - Pitajo de Ceja Blanco One of the most common and widespread chat-tyrants of open country. Found in open shrub zones, open woodlands, and cultivated areas with hedgerows or shrubs, often in relatively dry situations at 2400–4200 m; does not occur on more humid east-facing slope of Andes. Also found, locally, in lomas in south. Very gray, with a bold white superciliary. Wings plain, with white edgings to secondaries, and sometimes very narrow cinnamon wing bars; wing bars broader and more rufous in juveniles (not illustrated).

TROGLODYTIDAE: WRENS / CUCARACHEROS Traditional classifications (e.g., Mayr & Amadon 1951, Wetmore 1960, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed the Troglodytidae near the Sittidae, Certhiidae, Mimidae, and Cinclidae to reflect proposed relationships to those families (e.g., Beecher 1953). Genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Sheldon & Gill 1996, Barker et al. 2004, Voelker & Spellman 2004, Treplin et al. 2008) indicate a close relationship to the Polioptilidae.

12.House Wren – Troglodytes aedon – Cucarachero Común Widespread and common virtually throughout Peru, up to 4600 m, although often very local in Amazonia and on humid slopes of Andes. Found in open habitats with scattered low bushes and shrubs, such as forest edge and young second growth, montane scrub, and agricultural areas; frequently a conspicuous presence in gardens and other areas near human habitation. Usually solitary.

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Small, brown, with expressive tail that frequently is carried cocked; otherwise rather plain, but note barred wings and tail. Color, especially of underparts, somewhat variable. Birds on the coast from La Libertad south to northern Ica, and in central highlands from Amazonas south to Bolivia, tend to be the deepest buff below; but there is considerable individual variation as well.

House Wren – Photo by Ana Amable

TURDIDAE: THRUSHES / ZORZALES [relationships of family] < incorp. Mayr & Greenway 1956, Breviora, Voelker & Spellman 2004> The limits of the Turdidae, as traditionally defined (e.g., REFS) are almost certainly incorrect. Genetic data (Cibois & Cracraft 2004, Treplin et al. 2008, Sangster et al. 2010) indicate that the mostly Old World saxicoline genera are more closely related to members of the traditional Muscicapidae than to the Turdidae; this would require a merger of the two families or a transfer of the saxicoline genera (e.g., Oenanthe) to the Muscicapidae. Within the remaining Turdidae, genetic data (Klicka et al. 2005, Sangster et al. 2010) indicate that Myadestes is more closely related to a group that includes the Old World genera Stizorhina and Neocossyphus than it is to other New World thrushes; Olson (1989) and Pasquet et al. (1999) proposed recognition of a separate subfamily for this group, Myadestinae.

13.Chiguanco Thrush – Turdus chiguanco – Zorzal Chiguanco One of the most common and widespread thrushes of Andes above 1600 m on west slope and from 2400–4300 m on east slope; also locally down to near sea level in west and down to 1300 m on eastern Andes. Inhabits forest edge, agricultural areas with hedgerows or scattered trees, and towns and gardens; locally overlaps with Great Thrush but prefers more arid environments. Dull graybrown; similar to Great in appearance and behavior, but smaller and paler than widespread gigantodes (much paler tan ockendeni subspecies of southeast); does not have pale orbital ring of male Great.

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FRINGILLIDAE: FINCHES / JILGUEROS Y EUPHONIAS This long-recognized family of finches forms a monophyletic group that is sister to the remaining nine-primaried oscines. This phylogenetic placement was well supported in all analyses presented by Barker et al. (2013). No changes are needed to this family.

14.Hooded Siskin – Spinus magellanicus – Jilgero Encapuchado The most widespread and common siskin, sea level up to 4200 m. Common on coast (although local in north), west slope of Andes, and in intermontane valleys; uncommon on humid east-facing slope of Andes; rarely below 2000 m on east slope of northern Andes but in south descends to 400 m. medium-sized to small siskin with yellow obvious in base of tail and a short but broad yellow primary patch. Size variable; birds in the northwest are small, the largest populations may be those in Cuzco and Puno. Hooded Siskin should be learned well as a basis for comparison to other species.

Unfortunately, plumages confusingly variable; patterns of variation (geographic, seasonal, or individual) not well known, and perhaps are complicated by nomadic or seasonal movements of some populations. Male varies in overall color tone. In particular, color of back ranges from bright yellow-green to dull olive; rump usually yellow or yellowish green, but on some individuals rump shows little or no contrast to back. Back usually mottled with dusky, but mottling can be faint. Male always has yellow belly, and white edges to tertials. Females apparently occur in 2 morphs, gray and Yellow.

Hooded Siskin – Photo Ana Amable

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PASSERELLIDAE: NEW WORLD SPARROWS AND ALLIES / GORRIONES DEL NUEVO MUNDO Y AFINES

Genetic data (Bledsoe 1988, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Lougheed et al. 2000, Burns et al. 2002, 2003, Klicka et al. 2007, Sedano & Burns 2010 -- check Groth-Barrowclough etc.) indicate that the family Emberizidae as traditionally constituted is polyphyletic, with most genera occurring in South America belonging to the tanager lineage; some morphological data (Clark 1986) also support this. The only genera in South America traditionally placed in the Emberizidae for which genetic data indicate that they are true Emberizidae (now Passerellidae) are: Zonotrichia, Ammodramus, Aimophila (DaCosta et al. 2009), Arremon, and Atlapetes; the majority have been found to be members of the Thraupidae; see Note 1 under that family. Barker et al. (2013) and Klicka et al.

(2014) found that even a more narrowly defined Emberizidae was not a monophyletic group and that recognition of a new family, Passerellidae, was required for all New World members of Emberizidae. This was adopted by Chesser et al. (2017). SACC proposal passed to recognize Rhodinocichlidae. Klicka et al. (2014) also found that the phylogenetic relationships among genera and species in this family are not reflected in traditional linear sequences. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence.

15.Rufous-collared Sparrow – Zonotrichia capensis – Gorrión Cuellirufo Common and widespread on coast and Andes, from sea level up to 4500 m; also locally found down to 350 m on east slope in Mayo and central Huallaga valleys. Found in gardens, agricultural fields, and other open habitats. In Andes, much more common on west slope and in intermontane valleys than on east-facing slopes. Largely granivorous; forages on ground, usually near shrubby cover. May form large flocks when not breeding, often flocking with other species. Juvenile streakier overall but has rufous collar and same shape as adult.

Rofous-collared Sparrow -Photo Ana Amable

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THRAUPIDAE: TANAGERS / TANGARAS

The genera Mitrospingus, Lamprospiza, and Orthogonys have been traditionally treated in the Thraupidae (e.g., Hellmayr 1936, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Storer 1970a, Sibley & Monroe 1990). Ridgway (1898) considered his new genus Mitrospingus to be most closely related to Eucometis. Hellmayr (1936) considered Lamprospiza to be closely related to Conothraupis and Neothraupis. However, genetic data (Yuri & Mindell 2002, Burns et al. 2003) failed to support inclusion of Mitrospingus or Lamprospiza in the Thraupidae. Klicka et al. (2007) found that it did not fit within any of the traditionally recognized families. Barker et al. (2013) found Mitrospingus is a member of a lineage that is not particularly close to other nine-primaried families and proposed creating a new family, Mitrospingidae, for it, Orthogonys, and Lamprospiza. This treatment was followed by Dickinson & Christidis (2014) and Chesser et al. (2017). SACC proposal passed to recognize Mitrospingidae.

The tanagers and allies are currently classified in the family Thraupidae. Barker et al. (2013) inferred a sister relationship between Thraupidae and Cardinalidae in the concatenated data set. In the species tree analysis, Thraupidae was sister to a clade containing Cardinalidae and Mitrospingidae. No changes in species composition are needed for this group; the committee dealt with these in a recent supplement.

16.Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Rauenia bonariensis - Tangara Azul y Amarilla Fairly common and widespread in Andes, at 2000–4200 m in dry montane scrub, forest edge, and agricultural areas; locally descends to coast in central Peru, and to 800 m on east slope of Andes. Common in intermontane valleys but typically replaced on humid east-facing slopes by Blue-capped Tanager. Forages at all heights. Adults distinctive; note contrasting yellow rump. Drab juveniles and immatures more confusing but usually have at least a little blue-gray on head and wings; also note bill shape and behavior.

17.Cinereous Conebill - Conirostrum cinereum - Pico-de-Cono Cinéreo Common and widespread, from coast up to 4200 m in western Andes and intermontane valleys; locally to as low as 2150 m on east slope of Andes. Found as singles, pairs, or small groups in gardens, open woodland, hedgerows, and shrubs in agricultural areas, montane scrub, and forest edge. In eastern cordillera of Andes, more prevalent in intermontane valleys than on more humid, east-facing slopes. Small and largely gray, with pale superciliary, prominent white speculum, and white or buffy tips to greater wing coverts.

18.Black-throated Flower-piercer - Diglossa brunneiventris - Pincha-Flor de Garganta Negra Almost ubiquitous at forest edge and treeline, at 2400–4300 m along east slope of Andes, and in many intermontane valleys; locally fairly common as well on west slope of Andes, from central Cajamarca south to Chile, although uncommon and local south of Lima. Found at forest edge, in hedgerows in agricultural areas, and in Polylepis woods. Adult distinctive. Juvenile much drabber, streaked below with a whitish or grayish malar stripe. Intermediate plumages are frequent, similar to juvenile but with underparts spotted with brick red.

19.Peruvian Sierra Finch - Phrygilus punensis - Fringilo Peruano Common and widespread in Andes, except in far southwest where replaced by Black-hooded SierraFinch; 2800–4700 m, locally down to 2400 m. Found in open habitats with scattered shrubs, including montane scrub, Polylepis woods, agricultural fields and associated hedgerows, and villages. Forages on the ground in small groups, often in association with other species.

20.Band-tailed Seedeater - Catamenia analis - Semillero de Cola Bandeada Common in the Andes, up to 4000 m; also descending to coastal plain in central Peru. Found in montane scrub and agricultural fields and associated hedgerows; in eastern cordillera of Andes, found in drier intermontane valleys but not below 3000 m on more humid east-facing slope. Usually in pairs or small groups, often joining mixed-species finch flocks. All plumages have white band on inner web of most rectrices, forming a broad white tail band visible from below or in flight. Cf. Larger Band-tailed Sierra-Finch

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21.Golden-billed Saltator - Saltator aurantiirostris - Saltador de Pico Dorado Burns et al.‚Äôs (2014) comprehensive phylogeny of the tanagers and relatives was based on two mitochondrial and four nuclear loci, and taxon-sampling was nearly complete.

Golden-billed Saltator – Photo by Ana Amable

Peruvian Sierra Finch – Photo by Nay Ruth Leon Page 18

Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Photo by Nay Ruth Leon

Black-throated Flower-piercer - Photo by Nay Ruth Leon Page 19

THANKS TO THE PROUD SUPPORTER AND SPONSORS FOR THE BIRDERS WOMEN PROGRAM – 2020 -2021

1.- Thanks to Shamus Terry and Vortex Optics for sponsoring with birding gear for the education and training purpose, to help leaders in birding and birdwatching in Perú.

2.- Thanks to volunteers (Cusco) for this program and for the enthusiasm and companionship in the world of birds.

− Bach. Blga. Biologia Ruth Caviedes − Bach. Blga. Melinda Valenzuela − Estudiante de Turismo Valery Leon − Tec. Turismo Nay Ruth Leon

FIELD GEAR USED

• Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 8X42mm (1) • Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 10X42mm (1) • Binocular: Vortex Diamondback HD 8X32mm (3) • Spotting Scope Razor 22-48X65mm HD (1) • Tripod Vortex Pro-GT (1) • Green Laser Pointer (1) • Bauker speaker (1) • Digital Camera: CANON 90D Calidad cine 4k for video • Digital Camera: CANON 6D mark II (calidad FULL HD) for photography • Lent CANON 24-105mm (1) • Lent SIGMA COMTEMPORANY 150-600mm • Nikon Coolpix Digital Camera P900 • Bird of Peru, Aves de Peru (Field Book)

MORE INFORMATIONS AND THE NICE VIDEO CAN BE FOUND AT

1. The fun Page https://www.facebook.com/JacamarClub/ 2. Also at our website https://jacamarclub.com/ 3. Ebird Bio @jacamarclub 4. Instagram Bio @Jacamarclub

REFERENCES AND TITERATURES

PLENGE, M. A. Versión [enero 2021] List of the birds of Peru / Lista de las aves del Perú. Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú:

SCHULEMBERG, T. S.; D .F.STOTZ; D. F. LANE; J. P. O’NEILL & T. A. PARKER III. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press. 304 pp.

SAAC (The South American Classification Committee).Classification of the Bird Species of South America

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PICTURES OF THE DAY

Women birders at principal trail to the Inkilltambo Arqueologycal Site - Photo Ana Amable

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Pasion for photography - Photo Ana Amable

Using the Ebird App - Photo Ana Amable Page 22

Women birders | Polylepis forest | Birding in action | Photo Ana Amable

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Nay Ruth Leon likes photography wild life – Photo Ana Amable

Ruth Caviedes love birding in natural sites using her Diamonback binocular 8x32MM HD – Photo Ana Amable Page 24

Bioseguridad Covid 19 - Photo Ana Amable

Vortex Optics Spotting Scope Razor 22x48-65mm (Angular) – Photo Ana Amable Page 25

MORE PICTURES OF THE BIRDING SITES

Inkilltambo Arqueologycal Site - Photo Ana Amable

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