Iron Game History Volume 8 Number 2

Benedict Lust, Naturopathy, and the Theory of Therapeutic Universalism James C. Whorton

Ed Note: Dr. James C. Whorton is one of one considers that the notion of complemen- America's most distinguished medical tariness that has blossomed so profusely historians. As a faculty member in the over the last decade is one that has per- medical school at the University of vaded naturopathic thought from the Washington in Seattle, his research profession's beginnings. It was, in over the past two decades has pri- fact, an essential element of the guid- marily focussed on the often antag- ing philosophy formulated by onistic relations between the founder Benedict Lust, a philosophy worlds of alternative medicine, that he described as "Therapeutic physical culture, and traditional Universalism." medicine. In addition to his latest Naturopathy, as the practice book—Nature Cures: The History was originally known, developed in of Alternative Medicine in America the late 1890s under the direction of (New York: Oxford University Lust, a German youth saved from Press, 2002)—many IGH readers tuberculosis through treatments admin- would find Dr. Whorton's earlier book, istered by the renowned water-curist Crusaders for Fitness, of great interest. Sebastian Kneipp at his institution near Published in 1982, Crusaders for Fitness Munich. Determined to honor his rescuer details the history of the pioneers of fit- Benedict Lust in 1911. by serving as his emissary to the New ness and includes discussions of such World, Lust journeyed to New York City in major figures as Bernarr Macfadden, Sylvester Gra- 1896 to preach and practice the Kneipp system in Amer- ham, William Alcott and others. Much of the ica. Almost immediately, however, he began enlarging research for Nature Cures was done here at the Phys- on Kneipp's methods with the addition of dietetics, ical Culture Collection at the University of Texas, herbs, massage, electrotherapy, sun baths, and other ele- Austin; we were delighted to be able to assist Dr. ments of the German nature cure tradition. Soon, the Whorton. musculoskeletal manipulations of early osteopaths and chiropractors were adopted as well, and by 1901 Lust Among the most influential forces nurturing the had decided upon a name for his broad amalgam of ther- concept of complementary or integrative medicine in apies—naturopathy. That year he opened The American America in recent years has been the system of naturo- School of Naturopathy in New York, and the following pathic medicine. Yet of all the major unconventional year launched the Naturopathic Society of America; he approaches to health care now flourishing in the United would serve as the organization's only president until his States, naturopathic medicine stands apart as the only death in 1945.1 system not to have been accorded serious attention by The name naturopathy was intended to convey historians. This neglect seems all the more curious when the principle that the cure of any case of illness is ulti-

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mately accomplished by the healing power of nature that resides in every individual, a power that should be sup- ported and stimulated by the agencies of the natural world. Strictly speaking, of course, naturopathy means "natural dis- ease," not "natural healing," and from the beginning the term was criticized, even by naturopaths, as misleading. Nevertheless, the bedrock of naturo- pathic etiology was that indeed "natural disease" is the root of all illness, because bodily dysfunction can invari- ably be traced to violations of nature's rules of right living. This view was graphically presented in a "tree of dis- ease" drawn by naturopath Henry Lind- lahr in the 1910s. There one was shown the full range of human infirmities, from colds to cancer, growing out of a trunk impaired by what was labeled "Accu- Benedict Lust began the Yungborn Nature Cure in 1896 on 60 acres in the mulation of Morbid Matter in The Sys- Ramapo Mountains near Butler, New Jersey. In 1911, when this photo of the tem." The soil from which the trunk of main recreation building was taken, Yungborn reportedly had more than 100 physical impurity rises is that of "Viola- guests taking the nature cure. tion of Nature's Laws" of diet, exercise, and other com- tion of the body's "natural power"—but a virtual infini- ponents of hygiene, violations occurring because of ty of healing agents—all of nature's benevolent forces.3 humanity's ignorance, indifference, lack of self-control, Grand as it already sounds, Therapeutic Universalism and self-indulgence. Where allopathic doctors blamed nevertheless extended far beyond the utilization of all disease on insults to the body from outside, particularly the natural modalities in the universe. Indeed, the final infection with microbes, early naturopaths saw all sick- goal of natural treatments, as Lust saw it, was not the ness originating within the body ("Germs" appear elimination of physical disease, but the restoration of among the tree's branches, but they are labeled as a dis- human beings' appreciation of their proper place in the ease, not a cause). Rather than being the innocent victim natural order of the cosmos. The "principal object" of of some alien pathologic entity, each person was respon- naturopathy, he asserted, was "to re-establish the union sible for attacking his own body with unnatural habits of of man's body, brain, heart and all bodily functions— life; illness was nature's punishment for the self-abuse. with nature." Advocating what a later generation would From that perspective, "natural disease" was an apt call holistic healing and ecological medicine, Lust interpretation of naturopathy.2 required matriculants at his American School of Natur- Still, the preferred translation was "natural heal- opathy to study not only herbalism and hydrotherapy, ing." Naturopathy, as Lust defined it, was an approach but also such subjects as Self-Culture, Mental Regener- to healing that utilized "the beneficent agency of ation, Pure Love, Soul-Marriage, Mental and Divine Nature's forces." Those forces could be administered in Healing, Spirit-Unfoldment, and God-Consciousness.4 every form from water and herbs to electricity and sun- As the course on God-Consciousness suggests, light, but in every case operated the same way, by assist- early naturopathy was energized nearly as much by reli- ing nature to remove the "Accumulation of Morbid Mat- gious currents as medical ones. Prerequisite for the ide- ter" in the body. As Lust defined it in 1903, naturopathy al of union of body, brain, and heart with nature was the was a system of "Pathological Monism and Therapeutic awareness that people are beings within a universe cre- Universalism"; it recognized only one disease—inhibi- ated and governed by a beneficent God, and that the laws 23 Iron Game History Volume 8 Number 2

of health are divine commandments whose honoring fied, "believes in his system not only as a science and an earns favor from the Creator and whose violation brings art, but as a religion that will, if followed, lead humani- deserved punishment. Lust looked all the way back to ty to the heaven of health and happiness." the Garden of Eden to frame his physical theology. In that context, it was possible for naturopaths to There, he sermonized, "man did not suffer from sick- propose in complete seriousness that the first and still the ness," but lived in perfect health on "what mother Earth greatest adherent of the art was none other than Christ; produced." Then came the Fall, an act of disobedience Jesus, one asserted, was "a most proficient Naturopath." which involved, after all, "a forbidden meal," an act of Imagining that sort of pedigree, it made sense for Lust to unnatural hygiene. Adam and Eve were expelled, and set forth the revolutionary import of his system by "man no more remained in direct connection with the observing that a great spiritual upheaval had occurred in earth....In the same measure as man grew more unnatu- Western civilization approximately every 500 years, ral and sinful, sickness and all misery arose."5 beginning with Christ and followed by Muhammad, the The unnatural and the sinful were linked in the Crusades, the Reformation—and now naturopathy.8 naturopathic worldview by practitioners' commitment to Naturopathy expected to achieve what earlier vitalism, the belief that life derives from and is sustained religious movements had vainly attempted to do by by some power or spirit that transcends the chemical and recruiting errant humanity to what Lust called the physical forces that govern the phenomena of the inor- "Regeneration Cure," a regimen of right living that ganic world. Natural methods worked because they act- restored physical strength and energy while also bring- ed upon the vital force resident within every human ing about a state of "spiritual...rejuvenation." Toward being, stimulating it to restore the body to wholeness. that end of regeneration of body and soul, naturopathy's But that force, naturopaths proclaimed, was not merely founder established in rural New Jersey a nature camp of vital; it was in fact divine spirit, every living thing's own sorts that he called the Yungborn, or fountain of youth. parcel of "the Omnipotent Power, which created the uni- There clients spent their days hiking, sunbathing, mud- verse." It was Therapeutic Universalism indeed!6 bathing, frolicking nude in mountain streams, and sub- If the vital force were the same as omnipotent sisting on vegetable foods and herb teas. As one satis- power, it followed that the misery generated by unnatu- fied patron summarized the regeneration experience, ral living could as readily be spiritual as physical. In one naturopath's telling, "transgression of natural law" was Mister Lust can make you well, responsible not just for all bodily infirmity, but if you will let him lay "all...poverty, misery, worry, vice and crime" as well. The plans for what you eat and wear, and his commands obey. And by the same token, the perfection attainable through He's got an Eden out of town, living in accord with nature was spiritual and not just where you will get no meat, physical. With adoption of the naturopathic lifestyle, And walk 'mid trees as Adam Edward Purinton promised, "there must grow within did, in birthday suit complete;.... every human [not only] Massive Muscle, Surging Blood, Roast beef, cigars, and lager- Tingling Nerve, Zestful Digestion, Superb Sex, Beauti- beer you'll never want again, ful Body, [and] Pulsating Power," but also "Sublime When you've been healed at Thought,...Glorious Freedom, Perpetual Peace, Limit- [Yungborn], by fruit, fresh air and rain. less Unfoldment, and Conscious Godhood. May These Its very cheap as well as good— Things Be!"7 this wondrous Nature Cure, And if you take it home with Nature cure, in short, was, as Lust put it, "a great you, its blessings will endure; sociological movement," a movement that "falls in line For all the ills of all mankind, with Christ's petition, Thy kingdom come!'" In the the cheapest and the best kingdom to be created by nature cure, one would find Is Mister Lust's great Nature "the new man, the new woman, the new citizen of the Cure--just put it to the test!9 coming era, the era of peace and good will to all mankind." The naturopath, another practitioner testi- Yungborn exemplifies the curious mix of wis- 24 October 2003 Iron Game History

dom and folly that ran through early naturopathy. There can be no doubt that people improved in health during a stay at Yungborn (aside from the risk of melanoma from all that sunbathing, a danger not understood at the time). Early to bed, early to rise, eat no meat, and exercise is a prescription for physical well-being in any location. Nor is there any doubt as to Lust's good intentions; all that he wrote and all that was written about him attest to his sin- cerity in wanting people to achieve the highest vitality and in believing that his nature cure was the surest path to that end. Yet sincerity and common sense were coun- tered in naturopathy by an unquestioning faith that every agency of the natural world—be it water, pure air, or ultraviolet rays—was necessarily productive of benefit because it was "natural." "Nature is perfect in every way and everywhere," Lust proclaimed as early as 1900; "the new art of natural healing expects everything from nature and is convinced that the simple natural remedies employed can only assist nature to overcome the dis- ease." Such unwavering trust in Mother Nature's kind- ness resonates throughout naturopathic literature, from a "Naturopath's Creed" that professed belief in nature's "eternal goodness" and "her perpetual efforts toward ever higher construction," to the quatrains of a naturo- pathic poet: I am getting back to nature, I have strayed from mother earth, In the summer, many of Yungborn's guests stayed in 'air Have followed many barren cabins" which were specially constructed to maximize circulation. Note the special roof construction to allow paths, since my time of birth, "healing" fresh air to constantly circulate though the I am living close to nature, with building. the sun, the air, the bath, And experience has taught me method or questionable the motivation of its proponent. this, to take 'The Natur-path.' 10 A quick thumbing-through of any volume of The Natur- opath and Herald of Health, the field's chief journal, Naturopaths' reverential absorption in the corroborates the opinion of D. D. Palmer, the founder of benevolent mysteries of nature loosened their minds to chiropractic, that the naturopathy of his day was "a pick jump to intuitive suppositions that had no basis in objec- up of anything and everything that their authors find tive science, such as the power of the "healing magnet- lying around loose." For a period, for example, the jour- ism" of mud. Children had so much fun making mud nal had a "Phrenological Section." The pseudo-science pies, Lust explained, because "the child...feels within of reading character by the shape of the skull had been itself the need of the magnetic surge that sweeps from popular for a period during the nineteenth century, but Nature through man, meets the electric wave that quiv- had been discredited and largely abandoned by the ers from Ether through man, and forms the complete cir- beginning of the twentieth. Its claim to take in "man's cuit comprised in humanity—from Animal to God."11 whole organization and mode of life, and how to control Groundless conjecturing was an unfortunate and guide it" struck a responsive chord with Lust the enough weakness. Worse was the willingness to accept holistic philosopher, however, so phrenology was taken into the naturopathic fold any therapeutic modality pre- in by naturopathy. There was an Astroscopy Department sented as "natural," no matter how outlandish the for a while too, providing guidance on diagnosis through 25 Iron Game History Volume 8 Number 2

incurable."12 The advertisements accepted by naturopathic publications demonstrate the same open- mindedness toward all things purporting to be natural. The good, such as whole wheat bread sticks and strength-building exercise programs, ran side by side with the ludicrous. To select but two from among the latter group, there was the Toxo- Absorbent Pack, a container of certain potent minerals that "applied externally searches out the poisons from every organ of the body, draws them to the sur- face," and neutralizes them, thereby curing pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, appendici- tis, and typhoid fever; and the Golden Sunlight Radiator, which relieves "pains of every descrip- tion almost instantly"; it also made pimples "fade away like flakes of snow under the hot sun." An assortment of bizarre literary productions also found their way into the advertising pages of naturopathic journals, among them the booklet that offered vital information about "the inhabitants of the different Planets of this solar system."13 Two giants of the American naturopathic movement—Benedict Lust (left) and Dr. While embracing virtually Jesse Mercer Gehman—posed for a hotel photographer at Atlantic City in approxi- mately 1935. Gehman, who worked for a time as an editor for Macfadden, later anything that identified itself as founded his own naturopathic health resort hear Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1943 natural, early naturopathy reflex- Gehman published Smoke Over America, a detailed examination of the dangers to ively dismissed any theory, ther- humans posed by tobacco smoke. apy, or activity associated with astrology. To illustrate with one case, the mysterious ill- allopathic medicine. The germ theory, for example, was ness of the son of Tsar Nicholas was correctly deter- in Lust's opinion "the most gigantic hoax of modern mined to be hemophilia—but only because the boy had times." The naturopathic position on bacteria was that been born when the sun was in Leo and the moon in Vir- they were effect rather than cause, agents that estab- go. In the realm of therapy and prevention, there was a lished themselves in the body only after it had already comparable richness of embarrassments, ranging from begun to deteriorate "because of our unnatural mode of sand eating to cure indigestion and constipation, to rec- living. The healthy body does not allow undue multipli- tal manipulation, "an absolute cure for chronic cation of germs. But in the unhealthy body there is so headaches and many other diseases supposed to be much corruption and waste that the germs start to multi- 26 October 2003 Iron Game History

ply and flourish." It followed for naturopaths that doctors start to guess; attempts to control germ proliferation with vaccines—an The patients are about to get activity enjoying great favor among MDs—were mis- some nauseating mess. guided in theory, as well as a violation in practice of the Dosem's in the parlor, Analyz- sanctity of nature. Smallpox vaccination in particular ing frogs; Cuttem's in the kitchen, Vivi- offended naturopaths' intuitive sense of inner purity as secting dogs; the sine qua non of health, involving as it did the intro- Prickem's found another Serum duction of purulent foreign material to the body. Surely for disease. it was "beyond the compass of all sane comprehension But there's no disagreement how corrupted matter—rotted blood—fostered in pur- When they figure up their fees.15 posely infected animals...can possibly prevent disease, or restore an afflicted person to a normal state!" Vacci- There was a final way in which early naturopa- nation was "such horrible profanation, such disgusting thy strove for therapeutic universalism. Alternative pollution, such absolute insanity [that one has] to ask in medicine in the early 1900s was disordered by amaze, Can these things be possible in the twentieth cen- internecine conflict. Chiropractors and osteopaths, for tury?" To Lust, as late as 1927 compulsory vaccination example, despised one another as much as they did was "that most heinous of all crimes."14 allopaths, and each of those systems was also riven by But it was not just its effects on humans that factions within. But naturopathy, governed by a philo- made vaccination so heinous in naturopaths' eyes. sophical inclination to presume healing power in every Equally reprehensible were the sufferings imposed on realm of nature, was more disposed toward cooperation the animals used to produce and test vaccines. To be than competition. As early as 1907, Lust professed him- sure, most alternative schools of practice in the early self "liberal enough to believe that in all of the various twentieth century aligned themselves with the anti-vivi- systems of healing, even medical science [!], the vaguest section movement. But none equaled the fervor of natur- and most contradictory of all, we can find some central opathy's attacks on animal experimentation. More than principle of truth operating if we are only fair-minded any system, naturopathy respected the kinship of enough to seek it." Fellow practitioners professed simi- humankind with the animal kingdom: Lust, it will be lar beliefs, and together "cherished a fond dream—the recalled, praised "the complete circuit comprised in union of all drugless factions into one great profession." humanity—from Animal to God." Naturopaths' ecolog- Lust in fact described his profession's national society, ical understanding of health—people are whole only the American Naturopathic Association, as "a union for when they are integrated into nature's great web of life— the mutual advancement of all healers who rely on made them more susceptible to outrage when so-called nature, an organization under whose wings all schools 16 healers disrupted that unity and misused other members that use no drugs can find shelter." of the natural community: "Think," one enjoined read- That ecumenical orientation meant, by Lust's ers, "of the unparalleled atrocities of these medical per- interpretation, that, "The Naturopathic physician is the verts who are inflicting untold sufferings on their inno- physician of the future. Bye and bye, we may be able to cent, helpless victims, to satisfy their devilish mania for evolve a humane system of healing that will be as near experimenting! And worse is sure to come, for it is a fact perfect as it is possible for man to make it." It was even that animal vivisection is but a stepping-stone to human imagined that the drug-dosing allopaths might be vivisection." The whole sorry mess of orthodox medi- brought into the fold bye and bye. In 1918, a naturopath cine was summed up in a naturopathic song about "Allo- indulged a fantasy in which he proposed "that the Amer- pathic Drug Doctors": ican Medical Association and the American Naturopath- ic Association each appoint a committee whose sole duty Sing a song of doctors, A will be to ascertain the points of greater wisdom and satchel full of dope, excellence in the other association. The A. M. A. could Four-and-twenty patients, A say to the A. N. A.—'We are doubtless making serious hundred miles of hope. mistakes, which your superior knowledge would enable When the satchel opens, the us to correct. Please inform and reform us.' Then the A.

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N. A. would reply to the A. M. A.—'Not so, brothers. approached the end of his career, he implored colleagues We, verily, are the bunglers—will you not graciously to "keep on with the scientific research, but don't forget condescend to show us the better way?' Each would the philosophy." Bastyr's injunction has been heeded, thus become a regular Alphonse of courtesy to the oth- for although the religious content of Lust's philosophy er's Gaston of humility." At that point, the doctor came has been largely removed from naturopathic discussion, to his senses, realizing how unlikely a vision he had con- much of the rest of his Therapeutic Universalism jured. "I have to stop here," he sighed; "such a specta- remains, if in more sophisticated form. In 1989, the cle takes my breath entirely away, and I must needs American Association of Naturopathic Physicians for- recover from the shock."17 mally recognized that naturopathic medicine is ultimate- As it turned out, even cooperation with other ly defined "not by the therapies it uses but by the philo- alternative systems proved a fantasy, as they refused to sophical principles that guide the practitioner." Contem- acknowledge any merit in naturopathy. By the 1920s, porary naturopathic literature still abounds with profes- Lust had abandoned the campaign for unification, now sions of faith in vitalism, respect for the healing power urging colleagues to let "the one-track systems go their of the vital force, and the superiority of natural thera- own separate, independent ways." The man who had peutic agents to artificial ones.20 once dreamed of uniting all alternative healers into a sin- gle profession announced that "the time has come when Notes: 1. Friedhelm Kirchfeld and Wade Boyle, Nature Doctors. Pioneers in we must attend to our own knitting," and turned to bitter Naturopathic Medicine (Portland, OR: Medicine Biologica, 1994), denunciation of the "uncongenial elements" that consti- 185-219. tuted the other systems; chiropractors, for example, he 2. Henry Lindlahr, Nature Cure, 12th ed. (Chicago: Nature Cure Pub- characterized as "a treacherous, slimy crew."18 lishing, 1919), 12. 3. Benedict Lust, "Health Incarnate," Naturopath and Herald of There were uncongenial elements aplenty even Health (1903) 4:164-7, p. 165. within naturopathy, however, and after Lust's death in 4. "Naturopathic Legislation Series," Naturopath and Herald of 1945 the system broke down into several disputatious Health (1914) 19:143-50, 183-7, 217-58, p. 145; Benedict Lust, factions; at one point in the 1950s, there were no fewer "Naturopathy vs. Nature Cure," Naturopath and Herald of Health than six different national organizations claiming to rep- (1902) 3:262-3; advertisement for American School of Naturopathy, Herald of Health and Naturopath (1921) 26:576. resent the profession. Not until the organization of the 5. Benedict Lust, "The Organization and Establishment of the 'Amer- American Association of Naturopathic Physicians in ican' Yungborn," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1913) 18:no 1980 would naturopathic practitioners be reunified. page. Since then, naturopathic practice has been distinguished 6. G. R. Clements, "The True Science of Naturopathy," Nature's Path (1925) 1:31-4, p. 34. by the determination of the profession's leaders to dis- 7. Per Nelson, "Naturopathy versus Medicine," Herald of Health and tance themselves from the therapeutic naïvete of early Naturopath (1920) 25:78-82, p. 80; Edward Purinton, "Naturopathic practitioners. The profession's leading educational insti- Creed-crystals," The Naturopath and Herald of Health (1902) 3:519. tution, Bastyr University, near Seattle, boasts that 8. Benedict Lust, "A Happy New Year!" The Naturopath and Herald instruction at the school "has concentrated more on the of Health (1907) 8:1-4, p. 3; Edward Purinton, "Efficiency in Drug- less Healing. In: Benedict Lust, ed., Universal Naturopathic Ency- scientifically verifiable aspects of natural medicine and clopedia Directory and Buyers' Guide Year Book of Drugless Thera- less on the relatively anecdotal nature cure aspects." So py For 1918-19 (Butler, NJ: Lust, 1918), 65-165, p. 88; James Clau- successful has naturopathy's scientific reform been that son, "The Dawn of a New Era," Naturopath and Herald of Health of the ten centers for research into alternative medicine (1910) 15:513-7, p. 516; A. Eppolito, "Christ as a Naturopath. Nature's Path (1944) 48:163, 172, 177, p. 163; Benedict Lust, "A established by the National Institutes of Health Office of Happy New Year! (1907) Naturopath and Herald of Health (1907) Alternative Medicine in 1994-95, Bastyr University was 8:1-4, p. 2. 19 the only non-allopathic institution to be selected. 9. Advertisement for Yungborn. Herald of Health and Naturopath Modern naturopaths' scientific self-image is (1916) 21:no page; T. C. M., "The nature cure at Butler," Naturopath nicely expressed in one practitioner's declaration that, and Herald of Health (1904) 5:151. Also see "A New York Physi- cian, How a Doctor was Disillusioned," Naturopath and Herald of "We must define ourselves as a practice of medicine. Health (1902) 3:251-4. Let's not go back to the nuts and berries days of natur- 10. Benedict Lust, "Art versus Nature in the Process of opathy." Yet in one respect, the nuts and berries days Healing. "Kneipp Water-Cure Monthly (1900) 1:120; William continue on. As Seattle naturopath John Bastyr Havard, "The Naturopath's Creed," Herald of Health and Naturopath 28 October 2003 Iron Game History

(1919) 24:268; Byron Stillman, "Back to Nature," Naturopath and and Alternative Medicine (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2001), Herald of Health (1905) 6:151. 173; Randall Bradley, "Philosophy of Naturopathic Medicine," in: 11. Benedict Lust, "Editorial Drift," Naturopath and Herald of Joseph Pizzorno and Michael Murray, eds., Textbook of Natural Med- Health (1902) 3:296-9, p. 298. icine, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1999), vol. 12. D. D. Palmer, The Chiropractor's Adjuster: Text-Book of the Sci- 1, 41-9. ence, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic for Students and Practi- tioners (Portland, OR: Portland Printing House, 1910), 286; "Phreno- logical Section," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1912) 17:615-8, p. 617; "Astroscopy Department," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1917) 22:188-9; NHH (1904) 5:no page; William Moat, "Rectal Manipulation," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1916) 21:502-4, p. 502. 13. Advertisement for the Toxo-Absorbent Pack. Naturopath and Herald of Health (November, 1906), 7:28; Ad for the Golden Sun- light Radiator. Naturopath and Herald of Health (April, 1907), 8:18; Ad for X-Ray. Naturopath and Herald of Health (August, 1905), 6:no page. 14. Benedict Lust, "Who will give the first million to promote natur- opathy?" Herald of Health and Naturopath (1920) 25:61-2; R. L. Alsaker, "Do Germs Cause Disease?" Physical Culture (February, 1920) 43:46, 87, 89-90, p. 89; L. H. Anderson, "Natural Healing," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1902), 3:149-53, p. 153; A. A. Erz, The Medical Question. The Truth About Official Medicine and Why We Must Have Medical Freedom. (Butler, NJ: Erz, 1914), 255; Bene- dict Lust, "What I Stand For," Naturopath (1927) 32:217-20, p. 218. 15. A. A. Erz, "Official Medicine—As It Is—and What It Is Not," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1914) 19:573-604, p. 602; "Regu- lar Allopathic Drug Doctors," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1921) 26:138. 16. Benedict Lust, "Naturopath to be Vastly Improved," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1907) 8:37-38; Benedict Lust, "Facing the Sit- uation," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1920) 25:269; Benedict Lust, "Naturopathic News," Herald of Health and Natuwpath (1922) 27:32. For an example of other naturopaths' openness to different schools of healing, see Edward Purinton, "Proclamation of Natur- opathy," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1906) 7:303. 17. Benedict Lust, "Naturopathy in Southern California," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1907) 8:40-1, p. 41; Benedict Lust, "Natur- opath to be Vastly Improved," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1907) 8:37-38; p. 37; Edward Purinton, "Efficiency in Drugless Healing," In: Benedict Lust, ed., Universal Naturopathic Encyclope- dia Directory and Buyers' Guide Year Book of Drugless Therapy For 1918-19 (Butler, NJ: Lust, 1918), 65-165, p. 165. 18. Benedict Lust, "Editorials," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1920) 25:269; Benedict Lust, "Editorials," Herald of Health and Naturopath (1920) 25:283; Benedict Lust, "Dr. Lust Speaking," Naturopath and Herald of Health (1935) 40:2-3, 9, p. 3. 19. Friedhelm Kirchfeld and Wade Boyle, Nature Doctors. Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine (Portland, OR: Medicina Biologica, 1994), 203; Joseph Pizzorno, "State of the College," Journal of Naturopath- ic Medicine (Winter, 1985) 3:111-4; Baynan McDowell, The Nation- al Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine, Alternative and Complementary Therapies (1994-5) 1:17-25. 20. Jared Zeff and Pamela Snider, Report to the American Associa- tion of Naturopathic Physicians From the Select Committee on the Definition of Naturopathic Medicine, September, 1988 (Bastyr Uni- versity Library), 17; John Bastyr, Journal of Naturopathic Medicine (1991) 2:40; Joseph Pizzorno and Pamela Snider, "Naturopathic Medicine," in: Marc Micozzi, ed., Fundamentals of Complementary 29