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Disertation Paper “ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” UNIVERSITY OF IAŞI THE CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT DISERTATION PAPER Graduate IOANA-SABINA PRISACARIU A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN EUROPEAN STUDIES Supervisor: PROF. DR. ALEXANDRU-FLORIN PLATON FEBRUARY 2007 “ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” UNIVERSITY OF IAŞI THE CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT THE SYMBOLS ROLE IN THE CREATION OF A EUROPEAN IDENTITY Graduate IOANA-SABINA PRISACARIU A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN EUROPEAN STUDIES Supervisor: PROF. DR. ALEXANDRU-FLORIN PLATON FEBRUARY 2007 ABSTRACT The present paper focuses on the symbolic aspects of the process of formation, sustainment, and change of identity in the European Union. We first establish the role of the symbolisms and symbols in forming links among European citizens and in shaping a European identity. We present a number of initiatives, which have been taken, aimed at forming a collective identity related to the concerns expressed in the recent years over the democratic deficit of the European Union. We consider Andonnino Reports especially significant in this sense through the recommendation of adopting Community symbols. After presenting other activities organized with this aim, in education, culture, and youth fields, we argue that the symbols established by the Constitutional Treaty are the most readily identifiable symbols of integration process. We consider important to have a theoretical presentation of the social and anthropological functions of the symbols. The role of the national symbols of any state is to provide an identity, having at the same time a unifying and a federating power. We show the political implication of the symbols at the level of European citizens. The citizens can be influenced by means of symbols and their symbolisms, to leave aside their differences and act in the common public good. We can conclude that the first important steps to emerging European Union as a new post-national political system (where the national interest coincides with the European interest) have been made. We emphasize how the European symbols such as the flag, the anthem, the motto, the currency, and the Europe Day help to make the European Union more legitimate in the eyes of its citizens by creating emotive images and rites. At the end of the paper, we describe the 9 May Day as a performance of a ritual festivity. We have in mind especially the capacity of this moment to act as a sequence of events within a fixed space and time and to involve simultaneously all stimuli. Our aim is to show how particular aspects of the process of construction of a European identity work in practice, in relation to the symbolic context of ideologies, images, and worldviews. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................... 1 ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................... 2 I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 3 II. THE NECESSITY OF STRENGTHENING A EUROPEAN IDENTITY..................................................................................................... 9 1. Identity as a Processual and Dynamic Phenomenon ....................................... 10 2. The Efforts to Foster a European Identity ....................................................... 13 a. Approaching Cultural Differences in the European Union............................... 18 b. European identity in relation to national identities........................................... 25 c. European Integration and Public Opinion......................................................... 31 3. European Citizenship Role in the Creation of a European Identity.............. 35 III. THE SYMBOLS FUNCTION IN EXPRESSING CULTURAL ASPECTS AND COMMUNICATION..................................................... 41 1. Defining the symbol concept .............................................................................. 41 2. A Theoretical Distinction between Signs and Symbols ................................... 44 3. The Symbols Functions....................................................................................... 47 IV. EU SYMBOLS ESTABLISHED BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY...................................................................................................... 53 1. The European Union Flag.................................................................................. 57 2. 9 May, Europe Day ............................................................................................. 64 3. European Union Anthem ................................................................................... 70 4. The European Motto: “United in diversity” .................................................... 75 5. European Union Currency as Symbol of Identity ........................................... 78 6. Rituals, Identity and Social Change.................................................................. 86 V. CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 95 REFERENCES............................................................................................ 99 APPENDIX................................................................................................ 107 Appendix A Documents related to the adoption of the European symbols .. 107 A.1 A people's Europe ....................................................................................... 107 A.2 Strengthening of the Community's image and identity............................... 108 A.3 Drapeau, emblème et hymne de la Communauté ....................................... 109 A.4 The Europe Prize.........................................................................................110 A.5 Note à l'attention des Chefs de Bureau (Bruxelles, 16 avril 1986)............. 111 A.6 Memorandum from the Secretariat General of the Council of Europe on the European Flag (Strasbourg, 16 July 1951) ............................................................. 112 Appendix B Documents attesting the creation of the European flag ............ 118 B.1 Le drapeau de l’Europe et l’hymne européen – La genèse de deux symboles 118 B.2 The European Flag...................................................................................... 131 B.3 The European Flag – Memorandum presented to the Council of Europe by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, President of the Pan-European Movement, Secretary General of the European Parliamentary Union (Gstaad, 27 July 1950) ................ 133 B.4 Memorandum from the Secretariat General of the Council of Europe on the European Flag (Strasbourg, 16 July 1951) ............................................................. 135 B.5 Letter from Filippo Caracciolo to Representatives to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 7 December 1951) .................... 139 B.6 Lettre d’Arsène Heitz à Filippo Caracciolo (Strasbourg, 5 janvier 1952).. 140 B.7 Letter from Filippo Caracciolo to Representatives to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (15 February 1952)........................................ 142 B.8 Resolution 41(1) on the choice of an emblem for the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (25 September 1953)...................................................... 143 B.9 Recommendation 56(1) of the Consultative Assembly on the choice of an emblem for the Council of Europe (25 September 1953)....................................... 144 B.10 Recommendation 88 (1955)1 of the Consultative Assembly on the emblem of the Council of Europe (25 October 1955) .......................................................... 144 B.11 Resolution (55) 32 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (8 December 1955)..................................................................................... 145 Appendix C May, the day of the Robert Schuman Declaration established as Europe Day 146 C.1 Declaration of 9 May 1950 ......................................................................... 146 C.2 The 25th anniversary of the ‘Schuman Plan’.............................................. 148 Appendix D Official documents regarding the adoption of the European anthem 151 D.1 L'hymne européen....................................................................................... 151 D.2 Report of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe on a European anthem (10 June 1971) ........................................................................... 157 D.3 Resolution 492 (1971)1 of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe on a European anthem (8 July 1971).......................................................... 162 D.4 Decision (71) 187 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe: organization of Europe Day (12 January 1972)...................................................... 163 D.5 Mémorandum à l'attention du Secrétaire Général du Conseil de l’Europe (2 mars 1972) .............................................................................................................. 165 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. I. The European Flag.......................................................................................... 167 Fig. II. Emblems - Institutions and bodies.................................................................. 168 Fig. III. European Day poster gallery......................................................................
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