DOCSLIB.ORG

Ventilation System Effectiveness and Tested Indoor Air Quality Impacts Armin Rudd and Daniel Bergey Building Science Corporation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ventilation System Effectiveness and Tested Indoor Air Quality Impacts Armin Rudd and Daniel Bergey Building Science Corporation Ventilation System Effectiveness and Tested Indoor Air Quality Impacts Armin Rudd and Daniel Bergey Building Science Corporation February 2014 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Ventilation System Effectiveness and Tested Indoor Air Quality Impacts Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 NREL Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Prepared by: Armin Rudd and Daniel Bergey Building Science Corporation 30 Forest Street Somerville, MA 02143 NREL Technical Monitor: Cheryn Metzger Prepared under Subcontract No. KNDJ-0-40337-03 February 2014 iii [This page left blank] iv Contents List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................vi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... viii Definitions ................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................x Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. xi 1 Problem Statement ..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Relevance to Building America’s Goals .......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Cost Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Tradeoffs and Other Benefits ........................................................................................................... 8 2 Previous Research ..............................................................................................................9 3 Test and Analysis Method ................................................................................................ 10 3.1 Description of the Test Houses ...................................................................................................... 10 3.2 HVAC System Modifications and Pretesting ................................................................................ 13 3.3 Testing Approach ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.1 Baseline Test ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.2 Exhaust Test ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 Exhaust With Mixing Test ................................................................................................ 18 3.3.4 Central Fan Integrated Supply Test .................................................................................. 19 3.3.5 Energy Recovery Ventilator Test ...................................................................................... 19 3.4 Building Enclosure, Central Air Distribution System, and Ventilation Systems Characterization 19 3.5 Per-Fluorocarbon Tracer Gas Testing ............................................................................................ 19 3.6 Airborne Particulate Sampling ....................................................................................................... 22 3.7 Volatile Organic Compound Sampling .......................................................................................... 24 3.8 Formaldehyde Sampling ................................................................................................................ 25 4 Discussion of Results ....................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Building Air Leakage Characterization ......................................................................................... 26 4.1.1 Fan Pressurization Tests ................................................................................................... 26 4.2 HVAC Characterization ................................................................................................................. 26 4.3 Per-Fluorocarbon Tracer Gas testing ............................................................................................. 29 4.3.1 Zone Air Change Rates ..................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 Interzonal Airflows ........................................................................................................... 33 4.4 Airborne Particulate Sampling ....................................................................................................... 42 4.5 Formaldehyde Sampling ................................................................................................................ 53 4.6 Volatile Organic Compound Sampling .......................................................................................... 56 5 Summary of Results .......................................................................................................... 67 6 Author Recommendations ................................................................................................ 70 6.1 Relevant Issues With ASHRAE Standard 62.2 ............................................................................. 70 6.1.1 Source of Outside Air ....................................................................................................... 70 6.1.2 Ventilation Effectiveness .................................................................................................. 71 6.2 Recommendations for Ventilation Rates ....................................................................................... 72 References .............................................................................................................................. 76 Appendix A: Listing of All Top 20 Volatile Organic Compounds Found, and Their Functional Descriptions.................................................................................................... 78 Appendix B: Preliminary CONTAM Model ............................................................................. 82 v List of Figures Figure 1. Energy savings and costs: vented attic, 5% duct leakage ..................................................... 7 Figure 2. Energy savings and costs: vented attic, no duct leakage ...................................................... 7 Figure 3. Energy savings and costs: unvented attic, no duct leakage ................................................. 8 Figure 5. Location and directions to the test homes at University of Texas-Tyler ............................ 10 Figure 5. House 1 vented attic (left) and House 2 unvented attic (right) ............................................. 11 Figure 6. Exterior photos of the test homes at the UT-Tyler; House 1 has the darker roof ............. 11 Figure 7. Energy recovery ventilator (ERV) installed in House 1 to match that of House 2 ............. 12 Figure 9. Wye'd outside air duct, airflow stations, and inline fan for retrofitting a central fan integrated supply (CFIS)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • District Heating System, Which Is More Efficient Than
    Supported by ECOHEATCOOL Work package 3 Guidelines for assessing the efficiency of district heating and district cooling systems This report is published by Euroheat & Power whose aim is to inform about district heating and cooling as efficient and environmentally benign energy solutions that make use of resources that otherwise would be wasted, delivering reliable and comfortable heating and cooling in return. The present guidelines have been developed with a view to benchmarking individual systems and enabling comparison with alternative heating/cooling options. This report is the report of Ecoheatcool Work Package 3 The project is co-financed by EU Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project time schedule is January 2005-December 2006. The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Up-to-date information about Euroheat & Power can be found on the internet at www.euroheat.org More information on Ecoheatcool project is available at www.ecoheatcool.org © Ecoheatcool and Euroheat & Power 2005-2006 Euroheat & Power Avenue de Tervuren 300, 1150 Brussels Belgium Tel. +32 (0)2 740 21 10 Fax. +32 (0)2 740 21 19 Produced in the European Union ECOHEATCOOL The ECOHEATCOOL project structure Target area of EU28 + EFTA3 for heating and cooling Information resources: Output: IEA EB & ES Database Heating and cooling Housing statistics
    [Show full text]
  • Small Air to Water Heat Pump Chiller | Resdiential Hydronic Heat Pump
    The World’s Most Efficient Chiller Heat Pump Ultra-Efficient Multiple IDUs - Up to 8 Indoor Units Per CX34 CX34 Air-To-Water Heat Pump 2 Tons Cooling / 3 Tons heating IPLV Cooling 26,615 BTU COP 6.75 EER 23.02 Heating 33,813 BTU COP 3.92 Save More w/ DC Inverter Fan Motors All of the thin-line (5.1" thin) wall, floor and ceiling fan coil units use high efficiency and nearly silent DC Inverter fan motors, designed for 115v 50/60Hz power. 220v 50/60Hz standard FCUs are available for export customers. Geothermal Performance There is no Energy Star program for air to water heat pumps. However, the Chiltrix air-cooled chiller exceeds the Energy Star EER requirements for geothermal water-to-water systems. Server Room Cooling Ultra High Efficiency Heat Pump Chiller Chiltrix offers an optional Free Cooling add-on which allows up The CX34 obtains its ultra high efficiency using existing technologies in to EER 141+ & COP 41+ cooling performance during winter at a new way. For example, we use a DC Inverter compressor and a DC low ambient temperatures. Chiltrix chillers are also available Inverter water pump (both are variable speed) controlled together with in a N+1 redundant configuration. a DC inverter fan motor to achieve the best possible balance of water flow rate, compressor speed, and energy use. Solar Ready Perfect for solar PV operation with super low power draw and A special control algorithm looks at the temperature delta between the a 2 amp soft start that’s easy on inverters and batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Idronics 13: Hydronic Cooling
    "@KDEkCaleffi-NQSG North America, LDQHB@ (MB Inc. 6 ,HKV@TJDD1C9850 South 54th Street ,HKV@TJDD 6HRBNMRHMFranklin, WI 53132 3 % T: 414.421.1000 F: 414.421.2878 Dear Hydronic and Plumbing Professional, Dear Hydronic Professional, Cooling a living space using chilled water is not new. Visit a high-rise hotel nd roomWelcome in summer, to the and2 edition notice ofhow idronics it is cooled. – Caleffi’s Chances semi-annual are that design cool journal air enters for fromhydronic a vent professionals.located in the wall or ceiling. Behind the vent is a heat exchanger withThe chilled 1st edition water of flowing idronics into was it. released The water in January absorbs 2007 the and heat distributed from room to airover and80,000 carries people it back in North to a chillerAmerica. that It extractsfocused onthe the heat topic and hydraulic rejects separation.it outside From thethe building. feedback After received, being it’sre-cooled, evident wethe attained water returns our goal back of explaining to the room— the benefits completingand proper the application cooling cycle. of this modern design technique for hydronic systems. A Technical Journal WithIf you advances haven’t inyet technology, received a copyhydronic of idronics cooling #1, is you no canlonger do solimited by sending to high- in the from risesattached and other reader large response commercial card, or buildings. by registering Improvements online at www.caleffi.us in chilled-water. The publication will be mailed to you free of charge. You can also download the Caleffi Hydronic Solutions generators,complete journaldistribution as a PDFequipment file from and our pipingWeb site.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gold Standard in Fan Heaters
    WALL FAN HEATER ARWF SERIES THE GOLD STANDARD IN FAN HEATERS The PULSAIR™ is extremely popular for many reasons. First, it can be recessed or surface mounted with a surface adapter (optional). In addition, it can be mounted vertically or horizontally, directing the air flow upward or downward and to the right or to the left, respectively. Last, the slim-line PULSAIR™ can be recessed into W W W W Y Y Y A A A A T T a wall thickness of 2 in. to 3 in. While it’s a winning heating solu- T R R R R N N N R R R R A A A LIFETIME A A A A R R R N N N N R R R on element T T T T A A A tion for the hallway and bathroom, it can also be installed in other Y Y Y Y W W W W W W parts of the house, such as the office or in commercial buildings. W Y Y Y Y A A A A T T T T R R R R N N N R N Its nichrome element provides instant heat. Available from 500 W R A R A R A A A A R A R A R R N N N N 2YEAR R 3YEAR R 5YEAR R 5YEAR R T A T A T A T to 2000 W, and from 120 V to 277 V, the PULSAIR™ is recognized Y Y Y Y A W W W W W W W W and recommended by those in the know.
    [Show full text]
  • Single Pole Humidity Sensor and Fan Controller Cat
    Single Pole Humidity Sensor and Fan Controller Cat. Nos. IPHS5 - INDOOR USE ONLY 120VAC, 60Hz - Single Pole Only Incandescent: 600W - MLV/Fluorescent: 400VA - LED/CFL: 150W - Fan: 1/6Hp WARNINGS CAUTIONS • TO AVOID FIRE, SHOCK OR DEATH: TURN OFF POWER AT CIRCUIT BREAKER • Clean outer surface gently with damp cloth only. DO NOT use soaps or cleaning OR FUSE AND TEST THAT THE POWER IS OFF BEFORE WIRING! liquids. • TO AVOID PERSONAL INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE, DO NOT install to • No user serviceable components. DO NOT attempt to service or repair. control a receptacle, or a load in excess of the specified rating. • Use this device WITH COPPER CLAD WIRE ONLY. • To be installed and/or used in accordance with electrical codes and regulations. • If you are not sure about any part of these instructions, consult an electrician. DI-000-IPHS5-02B INSTALLATION ENGLISH Features Location You Will Need: The humidity sensor and fan controller senses the humidity of your bathroom • Slotted/Phillips screwdriver • For bathroom applications the device should be placed and turns your bath fan or fan/light on when the humidity gets too high, • Pencil reducing condensation in your bathroom and increasing ventilation when used at a level to detect steam. Placing the detector directly in other household spaces. above a heater or near drafts is not recommended. • Electrical tape • Compatible with Incandescent, LED, CFL and Fluorescent loads when • NOTE: DO NOT use to control a fan/light combination • Cutters used with combination fan and light fixtures. where the fan/light is the only means of illumination.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat Pumps & Chillers
    AIR TO WATER Heat Pumps & Chillers R407C Ozone Friendly Refrigerant The Affordable Air to Water Heating & Cooling Reduce carbon footprint, save energy GREEN Self contained units, plug & play Solution Unmatched Zoning Capabilities AN Models Available in 4 different sizes (3, 5, 10, & 20 ton) • Cooling only or heat pump models available • Produces water/glycol cooled from 4°C (39°F) down to -6°C (21°F) • High efficiency scroll compressors with low power consumption. • Antifreeze electric heater for the storage tank. (Standard on AN 3007A) • Water side differential pressure switch standard on all models. • High efficiency stainless steel heat exchangers. • Axial flow fan units for extremely quiet operation. • Metallic protective cabinet with rustproof polyester paint. • Equipped with water pump and storage tank. Many applications such as Radiant in-floor heating, low temperature baseboard heating, towel warmers, domestic hot water systems, and even solar technologies are all supported by the Aermec Air-to-Water Heat Pumps & Chillers. There are no special tools to connect, no complicated wiring, and no refrigeration piping required. This advanced unit simply uses water or glycol to heat and cool all year round. The Aermec Advantage No Refrigerant Handling: No need to charge our air cooled Zoned Cooling: With Aermec air-cooled chillers and hydronic chiller system with refrigerant. Aermec closed ductless fan coils, you condition only the spaces you refrigerant system does away with the need for certified designate; not the whole building as opposed to a traditional installation technicians to handle refrigerants. Because there are ducted central AC system. This fact allows for diversity and no refrigerant lines outside the outdoor water chiller cabinet, load shifting when doing load and sizing calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • Delta Fan Heater
    PAGE 1/2 DELTA FAN HEATER DELTA is a robust, reliable fan heater that is designed for use in TECHNICAL DATA areas that require a little more of materials and performance, for Voltage range: instance construction sites and ships. • 1x110V to 3x690V + PE DELTA is also used for more permanent installations such as in- Frequenzy, can be used at: dustrial buildings and warehouses, workshops, factories or ga- • 50 Hz and 60 Hz rages, as it can go from transportable to permanent fixture with Degree of protection for electrical components: a simple wall-bracket. • TP1: 3-9kW = IP44 • TP2: 15-21kW = IP34 It comes with an integrated 0-40°C room thermostat that en- Temperature control: sures optimal operation and minimizes energy consumption, as • TP1: Combi termostat with adjustable room thermostat 0-40°C well as a thermal cut-out to protect against overheating. The + thermal cut-out fan heater works without standby and does not use unneces- • TP2: Adjustable room thermostat 0-40°C + thermal cut-out sary power. Level regulation: • Manually operated 5-level change-over switch that regulates DELTA is built with internal casing in the heating chamber, which air speed and heating effect. Moreover, all types can be sup- ensures that the entire flow of air passes over the heating ele- plied with a 24-hour timer. A DELTA fan heater with timer ments. This eliminates problems with varying airflow and cold function switches on when the set time has elapsed. spots. Off The DELTA fan heater comes in two sizes: • TP1 = 3-9 kW - small cabinet Fan on • TP2 = 15-21 kW - large cabinet Half fan and half heat effect TP1: 372 mm TP1: 300 mm TP2: 462 mm TP2: 360 mm Full fan and half heat effect Full fan and full heat effect TP1: 435 mm TP2: 540 mm TP1: 322 mm ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION TP2: 392 mm Permanent installation must always be performed by an authori- zed electrician in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Airflow Measuring System Using Piezometer Ring – IM-105
    IM-105 Piezometer Ring June 2021 Installation, Operation & Maintenance Manual REVIEW AMCA BULLETIN 410 PRIOR TO INSTALLATION This manual has been prepared to guide the users of an airflow measuring system using a piezometer ring in the proper installation, operation and maintenance procedures to ensure maximum equipment life with trouble-free operation. For safe installation, startup and operational life of this equipment, it is important that all involved with the equipment be well versed in proper fan safety practices and read this manual. It is the user’s responsibility to make sure that all requirements of good safety practices and any applicable safety codes are strictly adhered to. Because of the wide variety of equipment covered in this manual, the instructions given here are general in nature. Additional product and engineering information is available at www.tcf.com. SAFETY NOTICE Refer to the safety section(s) in this manual prior to installing or servicing the fan. The most current version of this installation and maintenance manual can be found on our website at www.tcf.com/resources/im-manuals. Table of Contents Safety & Hazard Warnings ...........................................................................................................................................................................2 Shipping & Receiving ....................................................................................................................................................................................2 Handling ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design and Fan Selection for Single Stage Refrigeration/Heat Pump Systems T
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning School of Mechanical Engineering Conference 1986 Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design and Fan Selection for Single Stage Refrigeration/Heat Pump Systems T. H. Kuehn Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc Kuehn, T. H., "Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design and Fan Selection for Single Stage Refrigeration/Heat Pump Systems" (1986). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 24. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/24 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/ Herrick/Events/orderlit.html OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN AND FAN SELECTION FOR SINGLE STAGE REFRIGERATION/HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS THOMAS H. KUEHN Thermal Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A. 1. INTRODUCTION Thermodynamic second law analysis can be employed to determine where losses occur in a given system. Inputs to this analysis include thermodynamic state information, mass flows, work transfers and heat exchange. Applications to vapor compression refrigeration and heat pump systems are outlined in references /1/ and /2/. However additional details of the processes are required to identify the nature of the losses. From this detailed information one can then begin to develop simple models useful in component or system thermodynamic optimization. A thermodynamic second law analysis is performed on an air cooled single stage mechanical vapor compression refrigeration system operating steadily under full load.
    [Show full text]
  • Comfort, Indoor Air Quality, and Energy Consumption in Low Energy Homes
    Comfort, Indoor Air Quality, and Energy Consumption in Low Energy Homes P. Engelmann, K. Roth, and V. Tiefenbeck Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems January 2013 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email:mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Comfort, Indoor Air Quality, and Energy Consumption in Low Energy Homes Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation
    DOE/GO-102001-1278 FS228 June 2001 Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation You can save energy and money when Principles of Cooling you ventilate your home instead of using your air conditioner, except on the hottest Cooling the Human Body days. Moving air can remove heat from Your body can cool down through three your home. Moving air also creates a wind processes: convection, radiation, and per- chill effect that cools your body. spiration. Ventilation enhances all these processes. Ventilation cooling is usually combined with energy conservation measures like Convection occurs when heat is carried shading provided by trees and window away from your body via moving air. If the treatments, roof reflectivity (light-colored surrounding air is cooler than your skin, roof), and attic insulation. Mechanical air the air will absorb your heat and rise. As circulation can be used with natural venti- the warmed air rises around you, cooler air lation to increase comfort, or with air con- moves in to take its place and absorb more ditioning for energy savings. of your warmth. The faster this convecting air moves, the cooler you feel. Ventilation provides other benefits besides cooling. Indoor air pollutants tend to accu- Radiation occurs when heat radiates mulate in homes with poor ventilation, and across the space between you and the when homes are closed up for air condi- objects in your home. If objects are tioning or heating. warmer than you are, heat will travel toward you. Removing heat through ventila- tion reduces the tem- perature of the ceiling, walls, and furnishings.
    [Show full text]
  • Operating and Maintenance Manual Slope Or Flat Top Console Unit
    Operating and Maintenance Manual CHPW Slope or Flat Top Console Unit Water Source Heat Pump (WSHP) Unit Contents Welcome Welcome........................................................ 2 Congratulations on your selection of the ICE AIR Water Source Heat Consumer Safety Information/Guidelines ... 3 Pump (WSHP). The WSHP is a combination cooling and heating Components and Parts View ........................ 4 unit that provides an efficient room by room source for comfort Nomenclature ............................................... 5 conditioning of your living environment. Controls ......................................................... 6 ICE AIR WSHP Console units are built to a high standard of quality LCD Programmable Operation..................7-9 and reliability, employing commercial grade components and heavy Maintenance ..........................................10-11 duty, galvanized sheet metal casings. With proper maintenance and Troubleshooting .......................................... 12 usage, ICE AIR WSHPs should provide many years of efficient, quiet Warranty/Contact Information ................... 16 and trouble-free comfort. To enhance the use of your ICE AIR equipment, you will want to read and carefully follow all of the instructions contained in this Operating and Maintenance Manual. We recommend that you pay special attention to the Safety and Warning Information section at the beginning of this Manual, and to the various safety advisories throughout this Manual. Please retain this Manual for your future reference. We suggest that you keep it with other important documents and product manuals. If your unit has optional features, they will be explained in a separate instruction sheet specific to that option. On behalf of ICE AIR, and our network of distributors and dealers, we are happy to welcome you to our base of satisfied customers! We recommend that you record the following information about your ICE AIR product(s).
    [Show full text]