Cities and Immigration: Integration and Social Cohesion the South of Madrid in an International Context
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CITIES AND IMMIGRATION: INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL COHESION THE SOUTH OF MADRID IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT An initiative of the Fundación Instituto de Cultura del Sur with the support of the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo. FOREWORD The OECD Workshop on ―Regional Development and Social Cohesion – Cities and Immigration‖ was held in Leganés on 2-3 July 2010 and co-organised with the Foundation ―Instituto de Cultura del Sur‖ (FICS). The workshop focused on immigration trends in OECD urban areas and on the functional linkages between migration flows and regional development. These proceedings contain the 5 papers presented at the workshop. The papers assess various aspects of immigration and urban development, such as: migration trends in OECD urban areas, welfare and social cohesion, social acceptance and civic participation, and media narrative of the phenomenon. The executive summary briefly presents the main messages of the papers and the conclusions of the discussion. The workshop agenda is provided in the annex. The proceedings also contain materials from a second workshop, organized by FICS, which was held in Alcorcón, on 17-19 November 2010. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Raffaele Trapasso, Administrator at the Regional Development Policy Division, organised the workshop and supervised the preparation of the proceedings in collaboration with Gabriela Jacomella, Research fellow at Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Erin Byrne provided editorial assistance. The OECD expresses its appreciation to all participants for contributing to the success of the workshop. The Secretariat would like to thank in particular the authors of the papers included in the proceedings, and FICS for financing the organization of the seminar and the publication of the proceedings. Special thanks to José Manuel Bravo, Vice President of FICS, and Elena Salas, Director of FICS, who assisted the OECD through this process and to H.E. Cristina Narbona, Ambassador of Spain to the OECD. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I OECD WORKSHOP SOCIAL COHESION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ―CITIES AND IMMIGRATION‖............................................................................................................................................ 6 ANNOTATED AGENDA OF THE WORKSHOP ........................................................................................ 6 INTERVENTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Rafael Gómez Montoya. Mayor of Leganés .......................................................................................... 12 Alexander Penelas. Former mayor of Miami-Dade County ................................................................... 14 Carlos Westendorps, Secretary General, Club de Madrid ...................................................................... 16 Mario Pezzini, director of the OECD Development Centre ................................................................... 19 Cristina Narbona, Spain‘s Ambassador to the OECD ............................................................................ 21 EXPERTS‘ CONTRIBUTIONS ................................................................................................................... 23 TRENDS IN URBANISATION AND URBAN POLICY IN OECD COUNTRIES ................................... 24 CITIES AND THE ETHIC OF CARE AMONG STRANGERS ................................................................. 45 CITIES AND IMMIGRATION: RECENT TRENDS, CHANGING CONDITIONS, INNOVATIVE RESPONSES ................................................................................................................................................. 60 SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES TO BUILD CONSENSUS IN PUBLIC POLICY: CREATING COALITIONS FOR IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES ................................. 73 IMMIGRATION AND THE MEDIA: FROM EXCLUSIONARY POLITICS TO INTEGRATION ......... 81 SECTION II CITIES AND IMMIGRATION: INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL COHESION GOOD PRACTICES IN THE SOUTH OF MADRID .......................................................................................................................... 96 SECOND SEMINAR ON SOCIAL COHESION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: GOOD PRACTICES OF INTEGRATION IN THE SOUTH OF MADRID .......................................................... 118 ANNOTATED AGENDA OF THE WORKSHOP .................................................................................... 118 INTERVENTIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 121 José Manuel Gómez Bravo, Vice President, Foundation Instituto de Cultura del Sur (ICS) .................. 121 José Maria Ridao Mestres, journalist, writer and diplomatic. ................................................................. 122 José Luis Pardo, Professor of Contemporary Philosophy, UCM, National Essay Prize, 2005 ................ 124 Guy Bajoit, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology Unit Sociology FOPES ............................................. 125 3 Tomás de la Quadra-Salcedo, Former Minister for Administration Territorial (1982-1985), Former Minister of Justice (1991-1993) and Former President of the Council of State, Chair Professor of Administrative Law at University Carlos III de Madrid .......................................................................... 126 Carlos Westendorps, Secretary General of the Club of Madrid and Former Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995-1996) ............................................................................................................................................. 129 Claudio Aranzadi, Former Minister of Industry (1988-1993), Former Ambassador of Spain to the OECD.131 Gaspar Zarrías, Secretary of State for Regional Policy of the Spanish Government............................... 133 Juan Hunt, Director of the Office of the International Labour Organization in Spain ............................ 134 Jean-Pierre Garson, OECD ...................................................................................................................... 137 Cristina Narbona Ruiz, Spanish Ambassador before OECD ................................................................... 142 Miguel Ángel Aguilar, journalist, President of European Journalist`s Association ............................... 143 Jordi Sevilla, Former Ministry of Public Administration Policies at Spanish Government .................... 144 Enrique Cascallana Gallastegui, Mayor of Alcorcón, President of Fundación Instituto de Cultura del Sur.144 4 SECTION ONE 5 OECD WORKSHOP SOCIAL COHESION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT “CITIES AND IMMIGRATION” LEGANÉS, 2-3 JULY 2010 ANNOTATED AGENDA The OECD, in co-operation with the Foundation “Instituto de Cultura del Sur” has organised a series of seminar to discuss about social cohesion and regional development, with a specific focus on urban areas. The first of these seminars will focus on integrating immigrants in cities. Rationale Over the past decade, close to three million immigrants entered OECD countries every year, and these figure do not include temporary and illegal immigrants. The large influx was justified by intense economic growth. Between 1997 and 2007 immigrants‘ share in net job creation in OECD countries was above 35% (OECD, 2009). Skilled and unskilled foreign workers were promptly absorbed by the labour market. The large supply of labour also contributed to limit wage increases and to fuel the expansion phase. This situation has changed in 2008, with the outbreak of the financial crisis. Nowadays, the call for a plural and opened society is muffled in the present climate of global recession, national retrenchment and cultural clash. Although it is too early to have a clear view of the impact of the recession on net migration flows, past experience has shown that immigrants are among those hardest hit in the labour market during a downturn (OECD, 2009). In this context, those countries that have recently witnessed the most rapid increase in migration flows (e.g. Ireland, Spain, the United Kingdom or, to a lesser extent, the United States) will experience the stronger deterioration in their labour market conditions. This will also impact labour migration policies, under the pressure of public opinion to reduce controlled migration flows. Immigration is not only a national issue but a regional one, as it has a strong territorial dimension and poses specific challenges to local governments. The distribution of foreign workers across regions is asymmetric, and (large) cities are the places where the majority of them concentrate. In the recent decade immigrant arrivals accounted for 40% of the United States population growth and for 50-75% of the growth of its largest metropolitan areas. A similar situation can be seen in Europe. In London 27% of residents are foreign-born, while in Paris and Madrid the percentage of foreign-born residents is 17 and 13, 6 respectively (Peri, 2007; OECD 2007). Nevertheless, regional and local governments have no specific legal competency to deal with immigration. Regional communities face the challenge of integrating diversity and enhancing social cohesion among individuals, without having the right set of powers. During the economic expansion, local policies were focussing on attracting foreign workers and promote their access to the labour market. While no specific help was provided