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Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phoma, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, Claviceps, Wallemia Aj

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Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phoma, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, Claviceps, Wallemia Aj Mikroskopické vláknité houby jako producenti mykotoxinů Izoláty z mykologické laboratoře a sbírky mikroorganismů Ústavu biochemie a mikrobiologie Dana Savická, Ústav biochemie a mikrobiologie, VŠCHT Praha Houby (Fungi) : eukaryotní, heterotrofní organismy. Samostatná vývojová větev v rámci Opisthokonta Okruhy přednášky: - Makromycety x mikromycety x plísně - Systematické členění, monofyletické a polyfyletické taxony - Taxonomické zdroje, depozitáře jmen, schválené databáze - Řazení hub do celkového systému živých organismů - Nejvýznamnější mikroskopické houby z hlediska potravinářského průmyslu a produkce mykotoxinů Zygomycety, kvasinky, Eurotium, Neosartorya, Byssochlamys, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phoma, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, Claviceps, Wallemia aj. SYSTEMATIKA Makromycety x mikromycety x plísně Cíl: vyjádřit přehledně a komplexně současný stav znalostí o jednotlivých skupinách organismů včetně možných vývojových Makromycety – houby jejichž plodnice souvislostí. jsou viditelné pouhým okem Taxon monofyletický: zahrnuje výlučného předka tohoto Mikromycety – jejich struktury je nutno taxonu a všechny jeho potomky pozorovat mikroskopem Plísně – kryje se především s termínem Taxon polyfyletický: je jen seskupením podobných organismů mikromycety. Není to taxonomická bez vývojových souvislostí kategorie, hojně používáno aplikovanými obory Nejvýznamnější depozitáře jmen: Mycobank (www.mycobank.org) Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) Monofyletický taxon Polyfyletický taxon Whittaker Řazení hub do celkového 1969 systému živých organismů Houby jsou vyčleněny do Houby jako vlastní říše součást říše rostlin Současné pojetí: Houby jako samostatná vývojová větev v rámci Opisthokonta Např. Pythium oligandrum nebo Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora infestans (plíseň hlenky bramborová) Vývojová větev Fungi Zjednodušené schéma pro základní orientaci: Vývojová větev (říše) Fungi Oddělení: Chytridiomycota Microsporidiomycota Např. Nosema apis Zygomycota (hmyzomorka včelí) Glomeromycota Např.: Ascomycota Rakovina brambor – Synchytrium endobioticum (Chytridiomycota) Basidiomycota Vývojová větev (říše): Fungi Deštníkovitě obrácená kolumela po prasnutí (Opisthokonta) sporangia - u rodu Rhizopus Oddělení: Zygomycota Oddělení: Zygomycety, houby spájivé Chytridiomycota sporangium Microsporidiomycota Glomeromycota sporangiospory Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Rhizopus stolonifer sporangiofor Mucor sp. Mucor wosnessenskii Mucor wosnessenskii Rhizopus stolonifer Častý substrát: sladké a přezrálé plody U zygomycetů izolovaných z potravin a krmiv nebyla prokázána žádná významná produkce mykotoxinů (s vyjímkou Rhizopus microsporus, který je schopen produkce mykotoxinu rhizoninu) Rhizopus stolonifer Mucor mucedo Izolace DS-DBM Taphrina deformans Oddělení: Chytridiomycota Oddělení ASCOMYCOTA Microsporidiomycota Glomeromycota • Pododdělení: Taphrinomycotina (syn. ARCHIASCOMYCOTINA) Zygomycota Třída: Schizosaccharomycetes Ascomycota Třída: Taphrinomycetes Basidiomycota • Pododdělení Saccharomycotina Třída: Saccharomycetes • Pododdělení Pezizomycotina (syn. ASCOMYCOTINA) KVASINKY Třída: Laboulbeniomycetes Třída: Eurotiomycetes Třída: Pezizomycetes Třída: Leotiomycetes Třída: Lecanoromycetes Třída: Sordariomycetes Yarrowia lipolytica Saccharomycodes ludwigii Třída: Dothideomycetes Kvasinkové kontaminace potravin - výběr z izolací DS-DBM Debaryomyces hansenii Hyphopichia burtonii Zygosaccharomyces sýr baillii Plátkový sýr askus Žitná mouka, Penicillium, Eurotium a Hyphopichia burtonii Majonéza v plastu Majonéza ve skle Velká produkce plynu Čaj (sladká limonáda) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida parapsilosis limonáda zákal Tonik – Dekkera bruxellensis Bezinková šťáva Saccharomycodes ludwigii Třída Eurotiomycetes, řád Eurotiales Oddělení ASCOMYCOTA -Pro potravináře velmi důležitá třída a řád • Pododdělení: Taphrinomycotina (syn. ARCHIASCOMYCOTINA) Třída: Schizosaccharomycetes -Saprotrofové v půdě, na rostlinných Třída: Taphrinomycetes zbytcích a jiných organických materiálech • Pododdělení Saccharomycotina Třída: Saccharomycetes -Tvorba charakteristických kulovitých • Pododdělení Pezizomycotina (syn. ASCOMYCOTINA) plodnic (kleistothecií) Třída: Laboulbeniomycetes Třída: Eurotiomycetes -Velmi významné anamorfy (Aspergillus, Třída: Pezizomycetes Penicillium…) Třída: Leotiomycetes Třída: Lecanoromycetes -Řada zástupců je xerofilních nebo Třída: Sordariomycetes xerotolerantních Třída: Dothideomycetes -Produkce závažných mykotoxinů Rod Eurotium Turimed s mandlemi Vlašský ořech čaj rýže Žlutozelené kolonie (zelené části – anamorfa Aspergillus, žluté části – plodnice), některé kmeny výrazně xerofilní; Kleistothecia mají jednovrstvou peridii, askospory hladké nebo mají většinou 2 obvodové hřebínky Klobása zatavená v obalu Anamorfa Aspergillus Produkce mykotoxinů: physcion, Plodnice (kleistothecium) fazole echinulin (nízká toxicita) kleistothecium Kokosové tyčinky Roláda Asky s askosporami Pita chléb Zralé askospory se 2 Piškotová roláda obvodovými hřebínky kleistothecium Jablečný mošt v lahvích z Nealkoholický nápoj s bylinnými malé moštárny extrakty (plechovka) produkce mykotoxinů: fumitremorgin A, B a C verruculogen Kusy mycelia Anamorfa Aspergillus Rod Neosartorya Kleistothecia s vícevrstvou Zelené mycelium – anamorfa peridií, termotolerantní až Aspergillus termofilní rod, anamorfa Aspergillus (sekce Fumigati) Bílá „krupička“ – plodnice rodu Neosartorya kleistothecia Rod Byssochlamys Paecilomyces varioti Termotolerantní houby, askospory snáší Škrobárna – materiál k analýze teploty nad 80 °C, rostou dobře i při 37 – Produkce mykotoxinů: 40°C, výskyt v půdě, Byssochlamys nivea, B.fulva časté napadání ovoce – patulin Paecilomyces variotii – patulin, viriditoxin Další významné teleomorfy z řádu Eurotiales kontaminující potraviny Monascus Monascus ruber Produkce mykotoxinů: Talaromyces citrinin Emericella Xeromyces Xeromyces bisporus (syn. Monascus bisporus) – extrémní xerofil, schopný růst Stopkatá askomata při a 0,61 w Monascus (an. Basipetospora) (kleistothecia) Talaromyces flavus Hülle cells Plodnice Emericella nidulans (kleistothecium) Plodnice bez peridie Produkce mykotoxinů: (gymnothecium) sterigmatocystin, nidulotoxin Významné anamorfy řádu Eurotiales Hlavní mykotoxiny Rod Aspergillus 1.Aflatoxiny B a G 2.Aflatoxin M1 = hydroxyaflatoxin B1 3.Patulin 4.Ochratoxin A 5.Deoxynivalenol (DON) 6.Zearalenon Aspergily sekce Nigri 7.Fumonisiny Aspergillus carbonarius Aspergillus foetidus 8.T-2 toxin Aspergily sekce Circumdati Aspergillus lacticoffeatus Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus niger 9.Citrinin Aspergillus westerdijkiae Aspergillus sclerotioniger Aspergillus steynii Aspergillus tubingensis Producenti ochratoxinu A Producenti ochratoxinu A Aspergillus ochraceus 4084 Aspergily sekce Flavi Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus Aspergillus nomius Aspergillus arachidicola Aspergillus minisclerotigenes Producenti aflatoxinů Aspergillus niger 4257 a 4258 Aspergillus flavus 4056 Aspergillus clavatus Produkce dalších významných mykotoxinů (rod Aspergillus): Hlavní mykotoxiny Aspergillus giganteus Kyselina cyklopiazonová Aspergillus terreus Kyselina kojová 1.Aflatoxiny B a G Kyselina nitropropionová Aspergillus longivesica Kyselina aspergilová 2.Aflatoxin M1 = hydroxyaflatoxin B1 aj. Citreoviridin Sterigmatocystin Aspergillus sekce Nigri 3.Patulin Xanthomegnin Producenti patulinu Gliotoxin 4.Ochratoxin A Fumonisiny Aspergillus clavatus 4268 5.Deoxynivalenol (DON) Viomellein Vioxanthin aj. 6.Zearalenon 7.Fumonisiny 8.T-2 toxin Aspergillus terreus 4058 9.Citrinin Aspergillus sekce Flavi Cibule - Aspergillus sekce Nigri Naklíčené mungo – Aspergillus sekce Flavi rozinky Zelená nepražená káva Raw tyčika Zelená nepražená káva Černý čaj Diagnostické médium AFPA Raw tyčinka Rod Aspergillus – česky kropidlák; saprotrofní houba s výskytem na řadě substrátů -Hojnější v tropech a subtropech -Konidiofor je rozšířený v měchýřek, konidie s alergenním potenciálem -Produkce nejzávažnějších mykotoxinů – aflatoxinů a řady dalších – ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, fumitremorgeny A a B, gliotoxin aj. -Využití k výrobě organických kyselin a východoasijských specialit Izolace DS-DBM Významné anamorfy řádu Eurotiales P.citrinum 4060 Hlavní mykotoxiny 1.Aflatoxiny B a G Rod Penicillium 2.Aflatoxin M1 = hydroxyaflatoxin B1 Penicillium verrucosum 3.Patulin Penicillium nordicum Penicillium citrinum 4.Ochratoxin A Penicillium expansum Producenti ochratoxinu A 5.Deoxynivalenol (DON) Penicillium radicicola Penicillium verrucosum 6.Zearalenon 7.Fumonisiny Producenti citrininu Další významné mykotoxiny Penicillium expansum 8.T-2 toxin produkované zástupci rodu Penicillium carneum Penicillium: Penicillium glandicola 9.Citrinin Kyselina penicilová Penicillium coprobium Kyselina cyklopiazonová Kyselina mykofenolová Penicillium vulpinum Kyselina sekalová Penicillium clavigerum Roquefortin C Penicillium concentricum Nefrotoxické glykopeptidy Xanthomegnin Penicillium griseofulvum Viomellein PR-toxin Producenti patulinu Griseofulvin Luteoskyrin Rubratoxin aj. Penicillium expansum 4061 Citrusové plody Jablko - hniloba pečivo sýry olivy jogurt -Rod Penicillium – česky štětičkovec -Všudepřítomná konidiální houba -Štětcovitý konidiofor, lehké, snadno se šířící spory -Mikromycet s významným alergenním potenciálem -Kontaminant řady substrátů včetně potravin a krmiv -Významná produkce mykotoxinů – patulin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, luteoskyrin, citreoviridin, rubratoxin, kys. cyklopiazonová aj. -Řada druhů je využívána v potravinářství
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