1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10981 There being no objection, the editorials records are well known here. He conducted BILLS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE CALL OF were ordered to be printed in ,,.~he REC­ in Russh in i947 under the auspices of the THE CALENDAR ORD, as fallows: Austrian Government, and in the absence of any statement by the immigration author­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, [From the New York Times of July 21, 1950) ities, it must be presumed that this is the in connection with the call of the cal­ THE CASE OF MR. KRIPS stumbling block to his admission. If this endar tomorrow may I ask the Senator Refusal of the authorities tQ. reveal why is so, the people who want to hear this mu­ from Arizona whether there has been they barred Josef Krips, conductor of the sician perform are entitled to have the ob~ printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a Vienna State Opera, from entering the United jection specified, so that they may judge its list of bills which will be called, which States is the latest but not the worst in a validity for themselves. There is no excuse for someone to be granted· perinission to appear on the calendar prior to the point long series of incidents that have made cer- at which the call of the calendar was . tain aspects of our immigration procedure come here on one side of the ocean and be look little short of ridiculous. deprived of it on the other. When, as in ended on the last call? Josef Krips was scheduled to make his this case, the person involved is a man of Mr. McFARLAND. Yes; . such a list American debut leading the Chicago Sym­ eminence, the affair makes America appear was ordered printed in the RECORD earlier phony Orchestra Tuesday night, and to re­ downright ridiculous. Surely some explana­ today. turn to Austria within a few days. He re­ tion is due in the case of Mr. Krips, and Mr. SALTONSTALL. I thank the ceived his visa from the American consul possibly an apology as well. Senator. in Vienna without trouble; but on arrival THE WRECK OF A ST. LOUIS-BOUND RECESS here Sunday was detained without explana­ FRISCO TRAIN-ARTICLE FROM THE tion by the immigration authorities for WASHINGTON TIMES-HERALD Mr. McFARLAND. I move that the further investigation. Rather than wait at Senate stand in recess until noon tomor­ Ellis Island for the investigation to be com­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, yester­ row. pleted, with the possibility that he would be day we heard a great deal from the junior The motion was agreed to; and Salzburg Festival in The boy reportedly told officers that he got . Austria, chose to leave. the idea of wrecking the train from a moving minutes on tomorrow, following the leg­ Mr. Krips obviously is no nazi. He evi­ picture he had seen. He said he stole a saw islative program and any special orders dently was one of the few conductors with and threw 1t in a :field after using it to saw heretofore entered. clean enough hands to be allowed to lead the lock on the switch Saturday afternoon. BRITISH OIL POLICY IN CHINA the Vienna Philharmonic immediately after The saw was recovered when the boy led the liberation; he has taken it on tour of investigators to the scene. Mr. MEYER. Mr. Speaker, I ask all western Europe; he has achieved wide He was taken to jail at Caruthersville unanimous consent to extend my re­ popularity in England; his phonograph pending the filing of formal charges. marks at this point in the RECORD. 10982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Mr. DOLLIVER. Mr. Speaker, an il­ vision of tariff rates on eggs, as well as the request of the gentleman from lustration of the contradictions found in on many other products. At Geneva 2 Kansas? our foreign policy is found in the for­ years ago, the 27-cents-a-pound duty on There was no objection. eign exchange field. For example, from dried eggs was reduced to 17 cents. The Mr. MEYER. Mr. Speaker, on July 17 Canada, I am informed United States 27-cent figure was established in 1931 I called attention of the House to the citizens are permitted to bring in only after an investigation of foreign egg pro­ report from Hong Kong that the British $12,500 annually. At the very same time duction costs. Asiatic Petroleum Co. was continuing this administration can be expected to What happened after this ·decrease in sales of petroleum products to Chinese try to get Canada to participate more import duty? In 1948, the United States Communists and in fact were expanding heavily in the present military effort in imported 235,061 pounds of dried e g~s sales to fill some of the gap left when two Korea by larger sharing in war con­ from China. The fallowing year- American companies, Socony and Caltex, tracts. 1949-that figure shot up to 1,903,038 quit doing business on the Chinese main­ Certainly this ought to be an oppor­ pounds. For the first 5 months of 19"50, land. tune time to secure exchange concessions the United States imported 1,744,285 I now arise to call attention to the news from our neighbor on the north. Doubt­ ·pounds of dried eggs from China. A report of July 18 to the effect that the less additional war contracts in Canada Department of Agriculture circular fa re­ British policy on oil sales to China had will ease the alleged dollar shortage casts an increase in these figures. been reversed. there, and make . possible much freer American dollars are pouring into that It is my hope that this will continue to transfer of Candian funds to the United ·Soviet satellite while our own Govern­ be the policy of the British and of the States. ment buys surplus -American eggs and companies which are under the influence I feel sure there are thousands· of ·stores them in a Kansas cave. Every ·of the British Government. In these American citizens who would like to pound of Chinese dried and frozen eggs critical days every precaution should be .withdraw capital from Canada, but can­ ·bought in this country decreases the taken to see that no materials and sup­ not now do so. purchases from American farmers on plies from the United States or any of the In addition, relaxation of exchange the open market. This increases the countries allied with the United States controls would encourage investment in . Government's purchases, boosts our in the effort to confine communism Canadian· enterprises. Who will send ·taxes, and increases the farmer's reliance should reach the forces arrayed capital there knowing they cannot-get it upon the Government for his livelihood. against us. ·back, except in small annual amounts? Mr. Speaker, we can do two things to TAXES, TAXES-WHERE TO GET THE Relaxation of exchange controls end this intolerable situation. We can­ MONEY .. throughout the world, and especially and we should-call upon the State De­ in English-speaking countries, would be . partment to take· immediate action to Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ · a real contribution to better economic -restore the tariff rate to its former level. mous consent to· extend my remarks a.t conditions and · greater international And, as a safeguard against future sit­ this 'point in the RECORD. ·stability. uations of this kind in our entire import The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Under unanimous consent granted by ·trade, we should· enact my bill, H. R. .the request of . the gentleman from the House, I include portions of a letter 6902, to restore the peril point and escape Pennsylvania? on this subject received from a constit­ clause to the Reciprocal Trade Agree­ There was no objection. uent: ments Act. This would protect the Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Truman DEAR MR. DOLLIVER: There is talk that' Can- American farmer, producer, and worker .did not spell out a tax program in his ada will obtain a bigger share of United from competition by the cheap labor speech, although he indicated that addi­ ·States war contracts and certainly Canada markets of the world. tional taxes should be raised in order to will make a contribution in line with the . pay for this Korean war in which he has Atlantic Pact . CURSE OF COMMUNISM . entered our country. In that event Canada will receive a large . Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. Speaker, I ask_ Now, his first suggestion should be that volume of dollar increase. This will enable unanimous consent to extend my re­ he eliminate his $50,000 a year tax-ex­ ,her to btiy American products needed . for marks at this point in the RECORD. . her own economy and she should ease foreign The SPEAKER. Is there objection to empt salary, which he receives in addi­ exchange regulations. tion to his regular yearly salary of · I am interested because I have been pe­ the request of the gentleman from $1JO,OOO and $40,000 ·expense money. nalized due to Canadian foreign exchange Florida? He should also suggest the elimination of regulations. * * * I am only allowed to There was no objection. . the $20,000 a year tax-exempt expense export $12,500 annually and I am seriously Mr. SMATHERS.· Mr .. Speaker, the money which the Vice President and the . h ampered due therefrom and would like the curse of communism threatens the lib­ Speaker of the House receive. These use of this capital in Iowa now. erty of all people throughout the world. items were included in the first bill the There are thousands of people in the The job of fighting its tyranny belongs President of the United States signed in United States similarly situated who want to to every person and every country which withdraw <'.apital from C~nada but are pre­ . the early days of the Eighty-first Con­ . vented due to Canadian Foreign Exchange desires to preserve democracy and gress. The $2,500 tax-free money all Board regulations. freedom. Members of the Congress receive in addi­ On June 24, when the Communists of tion to their yearly salaries should also DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE North Korea inexcusably attacked the be taxed. PROGRAM South Koreans, the United Nations Let the pinch come to those who are Mr. SCUDDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask promptly called on the Democratic coun- behind this war and let them show that unanimous consent to extend my re­ . tries of the world to join together and they are willing to lead the way. 'Tbere marks at this point in the RECORD. resist that aggression. The people of is no better way to set an example to the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the United States responded to that call. people who are not responsible for this the request of the gentleman from Today our young men are fighting and Korean expedition, as Mr. Truman calls California? dying in the cause of freedom. Today it, but which seems to me to be a war of There was no objection. our resources are being mobilized for great magnitude. Let us lead the way Mr. SCUDDER. Mr. Speaker, the whatever sacrifice may lie ahead. in taxes, Mr. President and Mr. Speaker. United States Government today owns It is a deadly serious struggle that is FOREIGN EXCHANGE the dried equivalent of two dozen eggs taking place in Korea, and the time has for every man, woman, and child in the now come when all the nations who wish ~fr. DOLLIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask country. These eggs have been bought to preserve their independence should unanimous consent to extend my re­ under a Department of Agriculture pro­ begin to assume their proportionate marks at this point in the RECORD and gram designed to insure prosperity on share of the burden of resistance. I am include excerpts from a letter from a the farms of this country through main­ sure that no one wishes to ask a nation consti tuen t. tenance of high prices. to do that, which because of its lack of The SPEAKER. Is there objection While the Agriculture Department has resources or limited manpower, it is in­ to the request of the gentleman from carried on this program, another Gov­ capable of doing, but we must remember Iowa.? ernment department-the State Depart­ that the free peoples of the world are There was no objection. ment-has continued its downward re- faced with a common threat to their 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10983 liberty, and that they have a common Mr. COLE of New York asked and was of the bill Yugoslavia and with illustrations: Barrett, Wyo. Gore Pfeiffer, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Al­ Bates, Mass. Gwinn William L. bania. Greece is being threatened. To the Congress of the United States: Bennett, Fla. Hall, Phillips, Tenn, I transmit herewith a Report of the Bentsen Edwin ArthUIPickett The Russians keep the pressure on in National Advisory Council on Interna­ Boggs, La. Hare Plumley Berlin. The Germans in the eastern tional Monetary and Financial Problems Boykin Harris Powell part of that nation are organized into a Breen Hebert Quinn Red army of dangerous size. covering its operations from October 1, Brehm Hill Rains 1949, to March al, 1950, and describing in Brooks Hinshaw Ram,say Russia has, in effect, walked out of the accordance with section 4 (b) (5) of the Buckley, N. Y. Irving Regan United Nations. Russian propaganda is Bulwinkle Jackson, Calif. Richards violently attacking all western nations. · Bretton Woods Agreements Act, the par­ Burton Jenison Roosevelt ticipation of the United States in the In­ Byrne, N. Y. Jennings Sabath Despite the United Nations action in re­ ternational Monetary Fund and the In­ Carroll Jensen Sadowski spect to Korea, Russia is apparently fur­ Cavalcante Johnson Sanborn nishing military assistance to the north­ ternational Bank for Reconstruction and Chatham Karst Scott, Hardie Developme.nt for the above period. Chiperfield Keefe Sims ern Koreans. A Russian fifth column is Christopher Kelley, Pa. Smith, Ohio working actively in all of the free nations HARRY S. TRUMAN. Combs Kilday Smith, Va. of the world. THE WmTE HOUSE, July 25, 1950. Cooper Klein Stanley So, in the international arena, there is Corbett Larcade Sutton EXTENSION OF REMARKS Cox Lucas Tackett dynamite everywhere. We could have a Davies, N. Y. McCarthy Teague world-wide explosion at any time. And Mr. CAMP asked and was given per­ Dawson McGrath Trimble no one knows what may happen tomor­ mission to extend his remarks and in­ · Dingell McGuire Vursell row. clude a letter from an Associate Justice Douglas McMillen, Ill. Wagner Eaton Madden Welch I think the international picture is as of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Engel, Mich. Marcantonio Werdel grim as it was at any time in the late Mr. FLOOD asked and was given per­ Evins Marshall White, Idaho 1930's when Hitler and Mussolini and mission to extend his remarks in three Fogarty Morrison Wier Frazier Moulder Willis Japanese leaders were completing their instances and include extraneous matter. Fulton Murray, Tenn, Winstead plans for World War II. Mr. HAYS of Ohio asked and was Furcolo Murray, Wis. Zablocki And how about the military picture? given permission to extend his remarks The SPEAKER. On this roll call 315 It is not much more· encouraging, to be and include extraneous matter. Members have answered to their names, frank about it. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts asked a quorum. Russia has almost 300 submarines. and was given permission to extend his By unanimous consent, further pro­ That is about six times as many as Nazi remarks and include an editorial. ceedings under the call were dispensed Germany had on the outbreak of World Mr. FARRINGTON asked and was with. War II, and with her less than 50 sub­ given permission to extend his remarks marines Germany almost ran us off the in three instances and include extran­ EXTE'NSION OF ENLISTMENTS IN THE high seas before we could t:,et our anti­ eous matter. ARME'D FORCES submarine warfare well under way. Mrs. ST. GEORGE asked and was given Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, I move Russia has some 40,000 tanks. She permission to extend her remarks and that the House resolve itself into the .outnumbers us in tanks at least· by 7 to 1, insert four separate articles by Frank C. Committee of the Whole House on the and some of her tanks are far superior to Waldrop. State of the Union for the consideration ours. 10984 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 · Russia has some 175 ground divisions, base than a government .controlled by a pressures t:1at"will come.to continue proj­ as contrasted to our 10, with only one of­ dictator: In a:ny long-term effort, I am ects in our congressional districts. even our 10 at battle strength. certain that our system can outlast and though those· projects have no direct re­ Russia has a vast air force well trained surpass the dictated, regimented system lation to the defense effort. We have to to work with the Russian ground forces. of the Communists. Moreover, our com­ do away with business-as;..usual attitudes The tactical air support for our Army is petitive system has produced an indus-· here in the Congress, in the executive notoriously weak, uue mainly to our fail­ trial potential which is the envy of the branch, and in industry, We have to ure to carry forward our 70-group pro-­ world: Even though our standing mili­ give military items first priority: we· gram for the American Air Force. · tary strength is very inadequ3.te today,· have to produce fewer television sets and Russia is ·situated in_an enviable stra­ American potential is feared and re­ automobiles and · radios and such like tegic position.· ·Shf is right on the edge spected the world over. Once our Na­ and turn out more planes, guns; tanks, of western Europe and can concentrate tion turns to in an all..cout military effort; ships; and ·artillery; artd it must· be done vast . military power there much more near miracles of military production are in-a great hurry. we-must grimly re-· rapidly than it can be provided from the· achieved, and will again be achieved· in spond · to -the· dangerous· times"in which United States: She has satellite armies case of -another world-wide war. · That we are 11ving, and· do, without delay; rimming her whole horde-r. -she can use lesson is not lost on·the rulers of Russia; what we kno1.~ must-be done iri order satellites he.re and there in the world­ and we ourselves must- not , forget how to preserve the security of-our ·Nation. in Germany, in the Balkans, in the Near tremendous that advantage is. · · · Later on;· I am· sure we will · have ·to East, in Asia-and, if we let her; she can Our sea power -is vastly greater than increase· taxes. It is likely to be neces­ pin American forces .down here and that of Russia -and her· satellites. · Our sary to ·authorize the President to im­ there to such an extent as to prevent strategic air power is unmatched any­ pose various controls over our economy serious resistance in western Europe. · where in the world. We are still far to prevent runaway inflation, to prevent Moreover, >Russia has a police-state ahead in the atomic-~, rms effort and will hoarding, to prevent deferment of essen­ organization. She can do as she pleases. probably stay ahead for some years in tial military work, to prevent strikes in and when· she pleases,· with- her people the future. var industries, and so on. · · and her armament. She can attack Our transportation system, our indus­ But all of- this readjustment in our without warning. She can thereby gain trial system, our communications sys­ national habits and outlooks has, I am the great advantage of initrative . and tem, the intelligence and educational convinced, tbe -wholehearted support of surprise and concentration of force that level of our people, our magnificent ·sci­ the American people. There is net · an is denied the nations which refuse to entific institutions and research labora­ American but who ·knows that the-chips commit acts of aggression. -- tories, the. level of development of our are ·down -today in international life. Our potential allies in Europe are still natural resources-all-of these are a vast Brute force· respects only force; and~ it far from recovering from the last war; reservoir . of strength unmatched on is up to us to obtain adequate force -as Britain has orily recently been able to earth. - quickly as we can. relax her extremely ,strict economic con.., - And let us not forget that these things In my judgment, if we buiid up the trols. Her budgetary·situation has been are not unmeasured by Russia. . required force quickly, we can save peace very weak. Vast strides have been made S'.> to sum it up; this· is our situation i::1 the world. there and in western Europe since 1946, today. But :.f we_falter, if we refuse to do the but those nations have:been almost pros­ We are seriously short at this.· critical job quickly, if we cling to business-as­ trated by the past war and have needed moment in standing military strength; usual attitudes in the Congress and in far more time _than they have had to We have to build up, just as fast as we industry, our weakness and indecision ·get back on their feet. We were well on can, our ground troops in the Army, en­ will surely invite further aggressions and our way to getting them there, but still large our Marine Corps, increase and ultimately foment the very world-wide had far to go. improve our tactical air arm in the Air crisis we are so anxious to a void. By contrast, ·the Russian economy is Force and enlarged the Marine Corps air So I call upon the House to rise as one state controlled. Dollars and money are a•:m, activate aircraft carriers, build to insist upon a stern, a strong, a vigor­ responsive .to the dictates of the rulers · many more tanks for the Army, activate ous national program-to demand the of the state. Budgetary considerations destroyers and enlarge the antisubma­ elimination from the Federal budget of have little meaning, as compared with rine patrol squadrons of the Navy, build the frills and nonessentials-to replace our own problems. In Russia it has been more artillery for the Army and marines, optimism with realism-to reject peace­ guns in place of the necessities of life expedite production of the newest anti­ time, business-as-usual attitudes in the during and since the war. Civilian dis­ tank weapons, increase the number of Governmen~ and in industry and get the content is ruthlessly suppressed. The transport vessels in the Navy-all of this necessary armed strength created just as discontented are brutally eliminated, and over and above our efforts in Korea. quickly as possible. the secret police and propaganda con­ And, of great importance, we must do As for the military side of the problem trols place the entire nation in a strait­ all of this as rapidly as we can, because, before us, my great concern is not that jacket so that the entire national effort as we have seen in Korea, weakness in­ our military expansion is going to be too can be channeled in this or that direc­ vites aggression, and there is little doubt large, but I am apprehensive that it may tion according to the desires of the that we have let ourselves get far too be too small. rulers. weak in the light of existing world con­ I feel, for example, that it is very un­ All of these things face us today in ditions. realistic to limit the size of the American the world. It is one of the most dan­ To do this, the President has asked Army to below its authorized strength of gerous-in my opinion, the most dan­ the Congress to make available some 837 ,000 in view of the stupendous ground gerous-situation ever to confront the $10,000,000,000 more during this. fiscal armies available to potential enemies in American people. It is a situation that year. Part 0£ these funds must defray today's world. demands the utmost concentration of the cost of the Korean effort; the re­ I am unsatisfied with present plans for effort, the greatest forbearance, the mainder must go into the rebuilding and increasing the size of the Navy and Air greatest willingness to sacrifice we hav~ strengthening of our Armed Forces to Force, for I believe there is too much ever had. meet the threats so evident in other parts conservatism in the program. The Navy Above all, it requires that for the in- · of the world. In addition, the President needs more aircraft carriers in commis­ definite future our people and this Con­ said more funds must be provided for sion-and needs them swiftly-and naval gress must keep as our first thought the the military support of other nations in air requires prompt expansion. maintenance of an adequate defense. the world. The marines must be substantially en­ If we fail to do so, our very national So that means wen ·over $10,000,000,- larged, and their budgetary ceiling of 16 existence may be critically jeopardized. 000 to be added to the 1951 Federal budg­ squadrons must lfe lifted. And what are our strengths in this et of about $43,000,000,000. The Congress should return at once to dangerous-world today? Now, that puts us in this kind of a its goal of 70 air groups in the·Air Force Governmentally we are far stronger situation. so that provision can be made for reason­ than our potential enemies, for any sys­ We have to ruthlessly eliminate un­ able air support for the Army. tem of government responsive to the necessary projects from the Federal The Army tank program must be en­ will of the people has a broader, firmer budget. We have to stand up to the larged many times and greatly expedited. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL-.RECORD-HOUSE 10985 " Our antisubmarine warfare program, ·in initiative and· demand the fulfillinent of provision suspends old NavY law which both ships and planes, must be greatly a well-rounded, ample military program· gave pay and a quarter to persons whose enlarged in view of the size of the sub­ that will truly provide this mighty Na­ enlistments expired while they were at marine fleet available to Soviet Russia tion· the defense it must have. sea or abroad. Its purpose was not to today. It is high time that the American · take care of any situation of the type I think many of us have been a bit too people be done with this emphasis on the now confronting the United States. Its complacent. This is no time to .run so-called calculated risks we have heard purpose was to provide the additional around trying to shift the blame for this so much about in the past 2 years. pay on the ground that the men could or that deficiency ·to this or that person Let us have mueh less risk, and much not be discharged since they happened to in the executive branch. Let us be real­ more calculation, in our defense pro­ be away from the country at the.time of istic about it. gram. the enlistment expirations. They were Our great need right now is to get the Let us have less talk about dollars, kept at their stations until their return ox out of the ditch---not spend a lot of and more talk about strength, . in our to the country and during that period · time and effort trying to find out who defense program. The defense of this · received pay and a quarter. Other ex­ pushed him into the ditch. Let's not country must not be measured in dol­ isting law will give the men kept in in­ spend our time looking backwards while lars. Its measurement must be what a voluntarily under this bill the normal Americans are being killed in Korea and potential enemy has, what he can do enlistment bonuses· if they reenlist in­ our defenses urgently need strengthen­ with it, what it looks like he wants to stead of submitting to involuntary reten­ ing. It is time to get action. Let us get do with it, and when he wants to do it. tion. on the road· and get up speed. ·This is I need not remind the Members of this Now, I wish to leave with the House no time to take a detour to hunt for body that Russia and her satellites have this final thought. scapegoats.· been working night and day for the past We have heard about too little too late. The simple truth of the matter is­ 5 years on their armaments-and I re- · We have heard that it is later than you and it is high time the Congress gave full gret to say that, in some areas, we have think. We have heard time and again

4 consideration to it-yes; the grim and not kept pace. • that weakness invites aggression. We unpleasant truth is that a global war is · Now, I will tell the Committee briefly have been told over and over again that a real, a distinct, possibility at any time. · what is in·this emergency measure. Russia respects only force. So much No one can tell what tomorrow may This bill involuntarily extends enlist­ have we heard these things in recent bring. ments in the Armed Forces. It poten­ years that I am afraid we just accept · It is equally a real possibility, members· tially involves about 300,000 men, for them now without much thought and of the committee, that we are to be that many enlistments will expire in the tend not to do much about them. · treated to the new strategy of using the next 12 months. Forty-four thousand Well, let us get down to the job. armies of satellite countries here and of them are General MacArthur's com­ Let us think long and hard and grimly there in the world instead of the great mand-so that he might lose some 4,000 about this statement "too little too late'' military power of Soviet Russia herself. men a month durmg this critical period. in today's world. Let us think about its Either of these ·contingencies requires Th~ :figures break down this way. meaning to our boys on Korea-maybe a mighty, an immediate national effort In the next 12 months, in each service, later in Germany-maybe" later in For- · to augment our national defense and to these will be the following number of mosa-maybe later somewhere else on channel major parts of our industrial enlistment terminations: Ih the Army, this troubled globe. might into essentially military activities. 145,000; in the Navy, 62,000; in the Air Let us ponder on the real meaning, in · The Korean war is going on right now. Force, 88,000. this atomic age, of the saying that ''it is American boys are fighting it this very That makes a total of 295,000 enlist­ later than you think." In modern war · moment on the battlefield of a foreign ment terminations in the next 12 there is no second prize for the runner­ country. Armament, equipment, men· months. up. Let us not let time run through our · are needed urgently, and the strength The situation is, therefore, that these fingers. Again, I say let us get down to directed there must be immediately re­ men must be held temporarily beyond the job a.nd get this program into action placed here: We must not have any side the term of their enlistments until and get it completed just as promptly as efforts as we try to meet this crisis. We trained replacements can be provided. possible. have to build a mighty force at once. The committee · approved a 1-year ex­ And, once again I say to the House, as And let me offer this thought to the tension, as contrasted to a 21-month ex­ I have said so many, many times in the Committee on Appropriations. tension proposed by the executive past, "weakness invites aggression." If we do too much in the way of arm­ branch. It was our view, and the mili­ Upon our speed of preparation, ·upon ing, we will just lose dollars. tary testimony supported the commit­ our determination in the Congress to But if we -do too little, we may lose tee's position, that a 12-month extension give the Nation the strength it must have, American lives, we may lose vital en­ would be sufficient, for in that period of depends the peace of the world. gagements with an enemy, we may bring time the trained replacements could be· Let us get America's muscles hardened on global war through our indecision and made available and these men released. to the point where the international . weakness. Now, by way of background, there is bullies will respect what America stands So, when the $10,000,000,000 program ample precedent for this type of legisla­ for. is before the Appropriations Committee, tion. The Congress did it before on In that way, we can preserve peace. I am hopeful that the committee will August 18, 1941, except that at that In that way, we can preserve America. consider it a minimum, not a maximum. time-4. % months before Pearl Harbor­ Mr. COUDERT. Mr. Chairman, wilL I hope that the Committee on Appropri­ the Congress extended the enlistments the gentleman yield? ations will look into these concerns I for 18 months instead .of for 12 months, Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ · have mentioned~oncerns as to the pro­ as proposed in this bill. The same thing man from New York. posed size of the Army, the number of was done in World war I. So the bill is Mr. COUDERT. I want to say to the aircraft carriers to be in commission, not a precedent. Twice previously, in gentleman from Georgia that I am sure the number of aircraft for the Marine response to a critical world situation, the· the House has heard with great interest Corps and Air Force, the antisubmarine Congress has found it necessary to ex­ his very interesting and instructive ex­ effort, the tank program of the Army, tend enlistments for a temporary period. position of the difficult and dangerous the organization and equipment of the I think the Committee should also situation that faces us. I am sure what tactical air arm of our Army, and so on. know that General MacArthur has he has said about our position strategi- · And if the members of the Joint Chiefs urgently requested this legislation. He is cally in the world and the strong posi- . of Staff, individually or collectively, indi­ very anxious for its immediate enact­ tion of Russia and the difficulties that . cate dissatisfaction with any element of ment so he can get on with the Korean we face, was heard with interest. I am the program but go along with it-as effort without the heavy attrition and sure we ·an agree that the time is cer­ they have in the past-simply on the administrative burdens produced by en­ tainly here to strengthen the military ground that considerations of economy listment terminations in his theater. forces of the United States. But I think must still prevail, then I hope and trust The other provisions of the bill are the Members of the House and the peo­ that the Committee on Appropriations administrative in nature. I will mention ple of the United States .will be inter­ will themselves exercise their proper one of them-section 3 of the bill. That ested in an answer that he might malrn 10986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE . JULY 25 with respect to an omission in the gen­ Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield tinguished gentleman from Missouri [Mr. tleman's statement. Can the gentleman 5 minutes to the gentleman from Min­ SHORT], the gentleman from Texas [Mr. advise the House whether at this time nesota [Mr. O'HARA]. KILDAY], the gentleman from North the administration has as yet been able Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. Mr. Carolina [Mr. DURHAM], the gentleman to evolve a consistent foreign policy and Chairman, I have asked for this time in from Illinois [Mr. ARENDS], and others. has it as .yet been able to evolve a stra­ order to ask a couple of questions of the I asked that the budget at that time be tegic plan? gentleman from Georgia, the distin­ increased. We appeared before the Mr. VINSON. Let me answer the guished chairman of the Committee on Committee on Appropriations and asked question. Armed Services. My first question is for $2,674,000,000 more than was in the · Mr. COUDERT. This is just as im­ with reference to what, as I get it, has budget. portant. The mere development of the particularly disturbed the minds of the Mr. CRAWFORD. That does not an­ great Armed Forces that we are going people of this country and my own as swer my question. to develop and must develop is only half well. They are asking what is the trou­ Mr. VINSON. Of course it answers the the game. The other half of the game ble in Korea that we are being beaten as gentleman's question. is intelligent use of the military power we are and being continually driven back. Mr. CRAWFORD. That does not an­ available. Is it a question of lack of tanks and swer my question. Mr. VINSON. I will say to the distin­ heavy artillery, or what? Mr. VINSON. The Armed Services guished gentleman that the next time I Mr. VINSON. I may say to the gen­ Committee has no authority over the have permission to address the House I tleman that the main trouble is 5,000 money. We have authority only over will try to answer his question. miles of distance from our base of sup­ the legislative authorizations. Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. Chairman, will ply. Of course, when the Korean trou­ Mr. CRAWFORD. That is correct. the gentleman yield? ble broke out there was no equipment in Mr. VINSON. ·That is all we have. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ Korea of the kind necessary to fight a Mr. CRAWFORD. And this House has man from California. modern war. The Government is doing passed your bill. I do not recall in 16 Mr. SHEPPARD. Relative to the in­ everything humanly possible, as rapidly years the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. tent that is contained in the bill as it as distances will permit, to put forces VINSON] bringing a bill to the House for relates to men who are going to receive there to meet the forces of the Reds. the defense of this country that the their discharge in the Regular Service Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. One other House has failed to sustain. within possibly the next months, and question: Is it not true that at the start Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. I do not who wish to make a profession of a mili­ of the war over there our forces had to recall it in the past 10 years that I have tary career, what will be involved in their depend only on what could be fl.own in; been here. getting their emoluments under the dis­ consequently none of the heavy tanks Mr. CRAWFORD. I do not recall it charge procedure that has heretofore or heavy artillery was in Korea or prob­ for at least 16 years. prevailed if this bill is enacted? ably is in Korea today? Is not that true? Mr. VINSON. May I say I am very Mr. VINSON. If anyone whose term Mr. VINSON. I think the gentleman grateful for the confidence that the of enlistment expires, and who is frozen is as well aware of all that information House has shown in the Committee on in the service, reenlists, he. gets the re­ as I am. I think the gentleman gets his Armed Services during that period of enlistment bonus provided by law. information from the same source I get time and to the former Committee on Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the a great deal of it, from the newspapers. Naval Affairs. The point is that there gentleman yield? Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. I am sure are certain things that the Committee Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ the gentleman flatters me out of all on Armed Services has been fighting for. man from Pennsylvania. measure if he thinks I can get as much Only 90 days ago we pointed out certain Mr. RICH. I am very much interested information as he can. things. But we could not get the money. in the gentleman's statement, as I al­ Mr. VINSON .. Let me say this: We We did not get the money. ways have been because he knows his are doing everything humanly possible Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield subject. As far as preparation for any to get equipment and men into Korea, myself 20 minutes. eventuality is concerned, I think the gen­ but you have to bear in mind one thing: Mr. Chairman, I had not intended to tleman is most sincere. I am interested This Nation must not be sucked in at speak a word on this particular measure in knowing what our policy is, and what this and that point of the globe. We because I am wholeheartedly in favor of we are going to raise this big army for. have to be cautious in what we do. it, as I am the next bill we wm consider Mr. VINSON. I am trying to lay Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. One fur­ to lift the ceilings on the personnel of down ·here in the House of Representa­ ther question, if I may: Who made the our armed services, and I think practi­ tives a policy of preparedness. I am try­ decision that Korea was defensible at cally every Member of this body on both 'ing to get the gentleman from Penn­ the time of the outbreak of this war? sides of the aisle is. It is a very simple sylvania to stop measuring the defense Mr. VINSON. I regret that I cannot measure, similar to the one we passed, of this country by dollars and, instead, advise the gentleman as. to that. both at the outbreak of World War I and measure the defense of this country by Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will at the outbreak of World War II. the potential strength of our enemy. the gentleman yield? Realizing that there will be approxi­ Mr. RICH. Are we expected to go Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. I yield to mately 300,000 members of our armed at this alone? Are we going to get the the gentleman from Michigan. services-the Army, the Navy, the Ma­ aid and assistance of foreign countries Mr. CRAWFORD. The gentleman rine Corps, and the Air Force-whose under the United Nations? from Georgia, whom we all love and for enlistments will expire during the next Mr. VINSON. I hope the nations that whom we have great respect, has left on calendar year, our committee, and I am are members of the United Nations will my mind the impression that he thinks sure the Congress, are thoroughly con­ meet the call the United Nations has put this Congress has been stingy with dol- vinced, that it is imperative and ines­ upon them as speedily as possible. lars. · capable that we extend the enlistments Mr. RICH. Suppose they do not? Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. Yes; that for the next 12 months. In ordinary Mr. VINSON. If they do not, then we is true. peacetimes over 50 percent of those have to assume the responsibility as one Mr. CRAWFORD. May I ask the gen­ whose enlistments expire would reenlist. member. tleman from Georgia if during the past They are trained personnel. They are Mr. RICH. Are we going to go it 5 years he has brought to this House a experienced personnel. It is not easy, alone? · single bill for the defense of the United indeed it is next to impossible to sup- · . Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, States that this Congress and this House plant them overnight with raw, green will the gentleman yield? have not supported? recruits. Many of them are now fight­ Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ Mr. VINSON. May I say to the gentle­ ing in distant parts of the world, or are man from Massachusetts. man from Michigan I appeared, speaking stationed for security reasons at differ­ Mr. McCORMACK. Over and above for the Committee on Armed Services, ent posts all over the globe, and it is ex­ all, we have the duty and responsibility before the Committee on Appropriations ceedingly difficult for us to bring back of looking out primarily'for our own na­ on March 30, 1949 . . I was the spokes­ these men, as their enlistments expire tional interest. man for the Committee on Armed Serv­ from day to day and week to week and Mr. vn-sON. Of course; that is right. ices and ·accompanying me were the dis- month to month when a war is raging. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10987' So the whole purpose of the bill S. 3937, addresses during the past 6 months, half sheet of paper when we were called a bill to authorize the President to ex­ that if we were attacked at any place at down to the White House 4 weeks ago on tend the enlistments in the Armed 4 o'clock in the morning we would be Tuesday, I think it was 4 weeks ago to­ Forces of the United States, is to hold ready to answer at 5 o'clock; after being day, that the Chief Executive, the Com­ the men who are now in the various repeatedly told by members of the ad­ mander in Chief, had orde;red naval and branches of the armed services long ministration that South Korea was capa­ air support for the ground forces in Ko­ enough until replacements can be ob­ ble of defending herself; after all of rea after we had withdrawn our own tained by enlistment, by call of Reserves these miscalculations and misrepresen­ forces over a year ago. We cannot now and the National Guard, or by the draft, tations, not only to the American people debate the legality or constitutionality and properly trained to take their place. but to your Committee on Armed Serv­ of the action of the President. "The die Now that is all the bill provides for. ices, we have now completely reversed is cast." The poor southern Korer..ns, It is bad policy for the Government to our foreign policy in Asia, and we have most of them farmers-it is an agricul­ break a contract with any of its citizens. decided to go into the one spot with its tural section-with bamboo poles and It is tough for a 30-year-old man, fight­ tough terrain, with its foul weather, the spears trying to stop 60-ton Russian ing in the rice paddies of Korea, his most difficult place on earth to pit our tanks. wife and a couple of kids in Japan or strength against the force of the ground Oh, yes; I feel that there will be no back home in the States, to be held on armies of Soviet Russia, namely, Korea. peace in our time; there will be intermit­ at the expiration of his 3- or 4-year Russia's strength always has been in her tent wars the rest of our days. The mo- • service, particularly when there are some ground forces. ment we squelch the war in Korea it will unmarried individuals between the ages Recently the President of the United break out in Formosa, it will pop up in of 26 and 30 back home who perhaps are States has repeatedly told the American Iran; it is just like the measles, you do not contributing their full share in this people, at the commencement exercises not know whether they are going to crisis, to the defense of the Nation. at the University of Missouri in Colum­ break out around your ankles or your But, ladies and gentlemen,. liberty is bia last month and at the dedication of neck. the first casualty of war. Truth is usu­ the Thomas J etferson Memorial in St. You can rest pretty well assured that ally next. When you engage in an armed Louis th,e following day, that we are we will not be able to confine this con­ conflict, freed om is gone. All of us are closer to peace than any time since the flict to Korea. We cannot contain it in going to be required to do things we do shooting stopped in 1945. that narrow theater. Much as I hope not want to do. We are going to have At Korea, a little sort of :finger, an and pray we can hold the area, there is our activities curbed. There will be al­ appendix of the Asiatic continent about a very small foothold left for us to"stand locations, priorities, rationing, and cer­ . the size of Illinois, 600 miles long, 135 on and perhaps within the next few days tain controls, no doubt, if the flames miles wide, we go in to defend only the we will be driven into the sea. Of course touched otf in Korea engulf the world. south half of it, and defend it with what? only time will tell. I am no military Painful as that is, it is inescapable. You Who withdrew Lieutenant General strategist or tactician, but our best ex­ cannot fight a painless war. It is just Hodge and his 40,000 American troops perts themselves do not know. impossible. from Korea south of the thirty-eighth I want to be realistic. I am tired of I want to say one or two things in a parallel a year ago last month, in June being kidded. I am tired of men in high general way, aside from this bill, par­ 1949? places in our Governmen.t, from the ticularly since our distinguished and able The gentleman from Florida [Mr. Commander in Chief·and the Secretaries chairman took considerable time to talk SIKEsl, the gentleman from California and the Chiefs of Staff, all the way down about the over-all picture. [Mr. JoHNsoNJ, and others here with me the line, assuring us we will be ready. In order to win a modern, mechanized in 1946 were in Korea. We went up and Oh, yes, Mr. Chairman, I will say to my war, the victor must possess at least three down that arbitrary thirty-eighth par­ beloved friend from Georgia, I fear there materials. . He has to have iron and allel that has no military significance; is too little, too late. But who is respon­ steel, rubber, and oil. Soviet Russia has there is not a mountain range, there is no sible for that? secured a lot of iron and steel and in­ river, there is nothing geographical about· We have appropriated $50,000,000,000 dustry in Manchuria, a territory twice it; it is just a line that was blindly, arbi­ for national defense in the past 4 years­ as large as the State of Texas, which is trarily, and stubbornly drawn so that fifty thousand million dollars. Where the industrial heart of all Asia. And she the Japs north of the thirty-eighth has the money gone? What have we got would not have that steel if the Chinese, parallel would surrender to the Rus­ to show for it? Why were the weapons after being promised at the Cairo Con­ sians, and the Japs south of the thirty. placed in moth balls and cocoons and put f ererice that Manchuria would be re­ eighth parallel would surrender to the away? Oh, those tanks, those B-29's, my turned to them at the end of the war, Americans. General Hodge, with his beloved chairman, in moth balls are had not been sold down the river, and 40,000 troops, repatriated over 5,000,000 not helping the poor, young inexperi­ Manchuria turned over to Soviet Russia. Japanese soldiers, not only from Korea. enced doughboys in Korea who are up Who is responsible for that action? but from Manchuria and China. against some of the toughest men, bat­ Russia has got to have not only iron and Whan we returned from our trip in tle-scarred, most experienced troops in · steel in Manchuria and the rich metals October 1946 we unanimously agreed all the world, because these same North and minerals of China that has· gone that the moment we pulled out of Korea Koreans fought to help defend Stalin­ completely under. Everyone knows the Russians or the Communists would grad, they fought the Japanese not only China is the head, the heart, the bowels, move in. That is what we told the Con­ in Korea but in Manchuria, they fought and legs of Asia; and because of the gress; that is what the gentleman from in the Chinese civil war. recent weak, indecisive, vacillating, con­ Florida [Mr. SIKES] and I told the Amer­ It is not going to be very pleasant for tradictory foreign policy, all China .has ican people in a broadcast over a Wash­ a lot of American fathers and mothers been lost to Red communism. Who is ington radio, with Ernest K. Lindley act­ to know that we · have given to the dif­ responsible for that? What Members ing as moderator. ferent nations under the ECA and other of the House and Senate have stood and Oh, yes, Mr. Chairman, we are in for programs in Europe and in the Near pled week after week, month after it; for the third time in our generation East over $35,000,000,000; yet today our month, for a strong far eastern foreign we are engaged in a bloody and devastat­ kids are fighting with inadequate weap­ policy? The Republicans, as the record ing war. Of course, in 1916 an admin­ ons, with an insufficient supply of ma­ will show. Now that China has gone istration was elected to power because teriel, with ineffective guns in· their under, after being told that we should it kept us out of war; in 1940 another hands. Had we not given away so much keep hands off until the dust settled; administration for the third time was re­ of our civilian military production to after being told by the Secretary of De­ turned to power because it promised other nations, perhaps our own troops in fense that it was not our responsibility again, and again, and again, that Amer­ Korea would not now be so short of sup­ to defend Korea, or any other spot in ican boys would not have to fight and plies and ammunition. the Orient; and after being told by the die on foreign soil; and now, today for Mr. Chairman, the ridiculous and silly Secretary of State we will have nothing the third time we are engaged in war~ charge has been made by the left-wing to do with the defense of Formosa; after and Congress has not declared it. new Dealers in the Democratic Party the Secretary of Defense told us repeat­ We were not requested or asked for that the Republicans are to bfame for edly, before our committee and in public counsel or advice; bu~ we were to~d on a the Korean crisis because we did not vote 10988 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 for economic aid for Korea. Nothing party has been in power all these years? Mr. Chairman, earlier in this address could be more stupid or unfair, because a What party holds the purse strings of I said that to win a modern, mechanized school child knows that it would be su­ these United States? No; we do not war, the victor must possess at least three preme folly to vote economic aid for Ko­ want to try to assess the blame or put materials: iron or steel, rubber, and oil. rea without backing it up by military the responsibility upon any particular I tried to point out that Russia has the assistance. Had we sent fertilizer, farm person or group of persons, because that iron and steel in Manchuria. She does machinery, hydroelectric equipment; and is water under the bridge and over the not yet have a sufficient quantity of rub­ other industrial machines to develop dam. But we cannot afford, as a na­ ber and oil to conduct a global war. South Korea, we would simply have built tion, to blind our eyes to grievous mis­ However, most of the world knows, up a greater and richer prize for Russia takes that have been made in the past. certainly we do, that Russia has her eyes to take over. The only reason that the We must look back to our mistakes, ad­ cast on Indonesia and Malaya, Sumatra, Communists have not moved into south.;. mit them in order to avoid them in the Java, and Singapore to get the rubber ern Korea, which ·we abandoned more future. I think if we had a general, a after the fall of Indochina. She also has than a year ago, was in the hope that we thorough housecleaning, in both our her eyes cast upon Iran, Iraq, and Saudi­ would send much of our wealth and ma­ State and our Defense Departments, we Arabia, in fact the whole Near East with terials over there for her to seize. could become much stronger. Now that its rich oil deposits in order that she Too little, too late? Oh, yes, CARL, is not a pleasant thing to say; do not might complete her program to have . but I want to ask my friend from Geor­ think I enjoy saying it. If I did not say steel, rubber, and oil to fight a global gia, and he is a peach because all of the a word about it perhaps I w·ould be more conflict. peaches do not grow on trees in Geor­ popular. I am not seeking popularity Sir, we cannot permit the Russian gia, who is responsible for this too little, but I am concerned about my country. bear to reach out her paws and gather too late? Who is responsible. for the ·But there is so much more I might say in all the little, weak countries on her miscalculations, for the gross misrepre­ and that I will say, too, in the days that perimeter to secure the materials with sentations? Certainly no one can blame are ahead. Of course, we want to tighten which to conquer the world. the Congress of the United States, and our belts, pull ourselves together, stop . Mr. Chairman, there is another most of all our Committee on the Armed our petty bickering, and join hands and quality which is necessary for any coun­ Services. Heaven knows, we have bent heads and hearts for the welfare of the try to win in any armed conflict. That over backward to go along with the mili­ Nation. is a spiritual quality and a moral force tary. We have tried to comply with Oh, just listen to the jeers from the which dictators often overlook or under­ practically every request they made. No majority side. You are seeing displayed estimate. minority party ever tried or voted with here today the very spirit that we are . The love of liberty, the devotion to a the majority as have we. Certainly the fighting to destroy abroad. EYen in time great and righteous cause, the in­ Republicans cannot be blamed for our of war you cannot throttle freedom of domitable spirit of men which believes present debacle. The gentleman from speech; and certainly, in time of war, in the dignity of the human soul and the South Carolina [Mr. RIVERS], sitting in realizing that the blood of men and love of a just and lasting peace. These fr.ont of me, knows.we have gone further women of all faiths, parties, and creeds ethical principles cannot be conquered than that. We have tried year after year are mingled and shed in the defense of by the might of materialism. In the be­ to get them to build up the Air Force to this Nation, it ill behooves some of you ginning of a conflict, brute force may 70 groups. We had to cram that down little peewees of narrow minds and triumph for a while, but the undying their throats. We were told, "Oh, we shriveled souls to display the arrogant faith, the resolute will, the indomitable cannot afford it, we do not need it." attitude of intolerance, unwilling to lis­ courage born of Christian idealism will Who did that? ten to anybody who might possibly differ ultimately triumph. ·These virtues This administration canceled the big, in the least with you. Well, you are which belong to the United States and modern aircraft carrier for the construc­ going to have to listen whether you like western civilization will eventually tion of which this Congress twice specif­ it or not. And when you are here for triumph over the ruthless instincts and ically appropriated funds. It was ar­ a while, you certainly will know better. barbarous tactics of a Godless atheistic ;rogantly, it was defiantly canceled. Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Chairman, will communism. We will give Russia and Why? By whom? the gentleman yield? the whole world to understand that I have received letters from · two or Mr. .SHORT. I yield to the gentleman much as we might differ among ourselves three of my Navy friends during the from Illinois. in a country of free men on domestic is­ past week in which they stated: "What Mr. ARENDS. I think, in passing, sues, we shall ever rise as a united Na­ a shame it is we do not have two or three that the gentleman should not miss this tion and a united people to fight and more carriers out here in this opera­ opportunity to call the attention of the die to preserve our Republic against all tional area between Korea and Formosa." House to this very fact, that had it not ruthless aggressors. God knows, if anything has proven been for the B-36 investigation this last Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, to clear the worth of the House Armed Services year by the Committee on Armed Serv­ up what was perhaps a misinterpreta­ Committee's B-36 hearings of last fall, ices, let me ask the membership of this tion of my earlier remarks, I yield myself the events of the past month have cer­ House, where would our Marine Corps 2 minutes. tainly done so. We know that there will and where would our Navy be? How Mr. · Chairman, I take this time in the always and must be a Navy and a Marine much would be left? Ask yourselves that hope that no misunderstanding can de­ Corps; we have got to have them just question. velop from any remark that I make. I as we have got to have an Air Force for . Mr. SHORT. There is just one other do not intend to convey the thought that strategic bombing and just as we have to thought I want to leave before I stop, the Committee on Appropriations has have Army ground forces to go in and and that is to follow the sound advice failed to give every dollar the budget has take over, then hold what we take. All that will be given to you soon by the dis­ recommended. The Appropriations are indispensable. tinguished and- able gentleman from Committee has done that. The Appro­ Now I ·want to drive home this point. North Carolina [Mr. DURHAM]. He has priations Committee and certain mem­ Do you know that under this proposed been studying the Stock Piling Act for bers of it, particularly the gentleman expansion program, bringing the forces many years. I participated in many of from California [Mr. SHEPPARD], the gen­ up to the previously planned 1952 level those sessions. He knows more about tleman from Florida [Mr. SIKES], and in the. year 1951, it will still be less than that problem than any other Member of the distinguished former chairman of what we had in 1949? We have had only Congress. Let me tell you, if you knew the Appropriations Subcommittee on one battleship, of course, the Missouri, the facts as they actually exist on our Naval Affairs [Mr. PLUMLEY], all partici­ in commission those 3 years, but we stockpiling program, you would shudder pated in the fight on the floor of the have fewer cruisers not only today, but in your boots today. "'\Ne need manga­ House 2 years ago for more money for we will have fewer cruisers next year nese .more than any other material. It naval aviation, which the House, after than we had in 1949, we will have fewer is the one indispensable item. You can­ debate, rejected by a vote of approxi­ heavy aircraft carriers, we will have not manufacture steel without it·, and µiately 65 for to 125 against. fewer destroyers, fewer submarines, unless we somehow or other build up The House of Representatives is not fewer escort vessels, and all other types our manganese stockpile I fear what the subject to any criticism, for we have not of ships. Who is responsible? What outcome of this global conflict might be. failed to provide far more, re-peatedly, 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10989 , than the budget has recommended. As uled for a call to active duty. In my esti.:. close air-support program possessed by · a result of going on behalf of the Armed mation it would be tragic for this unit any armed forces in the world. Marine Services Committee to the Appropria­ of the Marines or any other fighting Ma­ close air support not only includes iso· i tions Committee in 1949, the budget was rine outfit to be sent into 'Lhe front in lation of the battle field, but such sup· increased $800,000,000 specifically for the Korea or elsewhere without the bene­ port is predicated upon the actual as- . Air Force. fit of trained Marine air group tactical sistance of ground units by attacking I do not want anybody to think I am support. I strongly urge that any plan specific targets opposing marine ground criticizing the Appropriations Commit­ be abandoned for the splitting up of effort. As a result, the marine system tee, because the gentleman from Texas Marine ground units from Marine air of close air support is designed to bring · [Mr. MAHON] and his committee, par­ groups. down on an enemy an air strike when­ ticularly Mr. SIKES, Mr. PLUMLEY, and This rumored plan to break up the ever required by the front-line ground Mr. SHEPPARD in the forefront, were try­ long-established and highly eff~ctive commander. This is in contrast to the ing to write into the appropriation bill Marine air-ground coordination has theory of saturation of area targets and the items the Joint Chiefs of Staff had in been in the minds of some of our Army the control of supporting aircraft by the their minds, which were oftentimes cur­ and Air Force leaders for a number of top echelon of ground commanders away tailed by the budget. years, but despite this pr~ssure the in­ from the fighting front. Mr. Chairman, there are no further re­ tegrity of the entire Marine program has Unlike other United States air-support quests for time on this side. If there are been maintained except for slashes in doctrine, marines have carried air­ no requests for time on the other side, I nt;mbers all along the line. However, ground integration to such a point that ask that the bill be read for amendment. the present Secretary of Defense, Mr. in every front-line battalion and in Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield Louis Johnson, seems to have been vic­ other specially designated units there is such time as he may desire to the gen­ timized by this unsound thinking, for he a marine air-contrnl officer. This offi­ tleman from Michigan [Mr. FORD]. is quoted as having said: cer is trained in both air and ground Mr. FORD. Mr. Chairman, in a syndi­ We cannot afford to have three separate techniques. He is a marine aviator, but cated article published July 21, 1950, in air forces-Navy, Marine, and Air Force. basically, as are all marines, a marine first, last, and always. Marine air, rath­ the Grand Rapids Press, and other news­ It is obvious that the rumors men­ papers throughout the United States, the tioned in Mr. Lawrence's column are in er than being separated from the ground prominent columnist, Mr. David Law­ liae with Mr. Johnson's basic thinking. effort, as has been the case of the tech­ rence, had the following to say: nical support of Army units resulting It is important to understand a few from Out in Korea the American boys are fight­ basic and fundamental facts' in discuss­ the creation of a separate air .force ing bravely and many are dying, but inside is based upon the air-ground team con­ ing this problem. In the first place, ma­ cept. Washington there is a .bitter feeling of criti­ rine aviation is not ·separate; it is a legal cism concerning certain decisions of the top Some people may well ask this ques­ command-General Collins of the Army and and administrative fact that marine tion: How does this powerful close air General Vandenberg of the Air Force-wh_o aviation is administratively and techni­ support conception fit into the otherwjse are charged with having combined to squelch cally a part of naval aviation under the completely unique Marine Corps idea? the oppo::tunity of the United States Marine applicable statutes. Marine aviation or­ aviation units to fight in the Far East. Thf') answer is simple and understand­ ganizations are like the rest of the ma­ able. The Marine Corps usefulness as a From oth Jr sources similar informa­ rines-part of the Naval Establishment. military outfit lies largely in its adher­ tion has also been received. In addition, All procurement of the materiel and ence to the team idea. The Marine an interesting letter was recently for­ training of any pilots for marine avia­ Corps feels it is their mandate to be warded to me by a constituent and for tion is included in the naval air pro­ ready with a team-not a very big one the information of the Members of the gram. perhaps-but still a complete team to House the pertinent portions are as During World War II · Admiral King, answer the call at any time. follows: in an effort to determine any possible Since in operations across the water I am a naval reservist and expect to be savings in the Naval Establishment, con­ such as we are now fighting in Korea, called back to active duty at any time. My vened a board within· the Navy Depart­ the Marine Corps cannot always have first gripe is aimed at the high brass at that ment to determine what would be the the tanks and artillery they need right huge office building, the Pentagon. We've effect from the economy standpoint of at the moment of landing, the Marine enjoyed the benefits of unification since abolishing marine aviation in toto. Aft­ Corps must rely more extensively on this 1948, and I think it stinks. What kind of er exhaustive inquiries this board con­ extremely flexible weapon, namely, close unification is it that calls the Marine Re­ cluded and actually placed upon record support planes. Without them the ma­ serve ground forces to active duty and leaves certain important conclusions. It was Marine Reserve air units at home? What's rines are only a partial team and cannot the matter with Naval Air Reserve units? the board's decision that, because of the be expected to be completely effective in This war is supposed to be an air war, let's very close integration of marine air all the complex operations assigned use all our air forces. • • • If it isn't training and operations into the naval them. However, with their own close going to be an air war, this country has air program, there would be, in fact, no support planes the marines have the been sold a bill of goods. Our Marine Corps, savings resulting from the elimination of necessary balance and the striking pow­ the best fighting group we have had in any the marine air program. The assign­ er and the readiness to move into action war, has been rendered virtually useless as ment of strictly naval ·air units for the a result of unification. A marine by virtue whic:1 gives modern significance to the of _his training is imbued with that elusive performance of functions previously cld marine saying "first to fight." esprit de corps, morale, or plain guts to handled by marine air groups was not To give this teamwork real effect, the fight and win. In World War II no other recommended. It was found there Marine Corps puts specially trained air branch of the service could show the same would be no economies and the effective­ personnel directly with the front line qualities to any marked degree. I'm sure ness of this vital military weapon would troops to observe closely the progress of any military critic will say our last war in be abolished by such a plan. the battle and to call for and direct these the Pacific was a Marine victory-with a Anyone who is at all familiar with slight assist by the Army and Navy. Let's · vital close support air attacks. The give the marines in this fight the support marine air group operations kpows that Marine Corps is the only military organ­ of their own air units. Also, let's get the marine air units are trained to operate ization in the world that does this with Marine Corps back up to somewhere near off either Navy carriers or advanced such thoroughgoing detail, and needless tl,leir wartime strength and keep it up there land bases. Marine air units exist for to say it has paid tremendous dividends through the ·years ahead. It would be as one primary reason, and one reason in the past. Consequently, it would be good insurance as a 70-group air force. I'm alone: The support, very close support, most unwise to change this method at like ai.l sailors: I have a dislike for marines 6f the ground troops. In this connec­ this crucial hour when the marines are along with a hearty respect for their ability. tion it should be recalled that it was ma- · again going to be called upon to do their In the city of Grand Rapids, Mich., a rine preoccupation with the amphibious job in a new Pacific war. · Marine Reserve unit has been faithfully specialty that resulted in the marine em­ Marines had to develop a close air training for the past few years. It is ployment of our present-day close air · support doctrine simply because the na· D Company of the Eighth Infantry, Bat- · support doctrine which, as it is used in ture of amphibious operations was such talion. This unit either has or is sched- the Marine Corps, is the most effective that there had to be an effective type of XCVI-692 10990 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 immediate, front-line . controlled, air nientary-not conflicting-types of air Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, will the support in order to cover the ground at­ power. To now withhold marine avia­ gentleman yield? tacks in an amphibious operation prior tion units from active participation with Mr. CRAWFORD. . I yield to the gen­ to the landing of heavier items of ar­ marine ground units in Korea· would be tleman to give us any comfort on that tillery and other supporting weapons. disastrous, to say the least. that he may. It should not be forgotten that .marines In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, let me Mr. VINSON. I will state to the dis­ . pioneered dive bombing and logistical emphasize again the absolute need and tinguished gentleman that I do not know support of ground troops by air. In pass­ necessity for maintaining the close co­ that I can answer his question, but I am ing, it might be worth noting that in operation and integrity of marine trying to find information to answer it. 1933, when Major Udet of the German ground and marine air units. I trust But I can say this: Out of every dollar Luftwaffe was watching a marine avia­ that the decisions in the Korean opera­ appropriated for national defense, 60 tion squadron put on a demonstration tion ~e unfounded, for history shows cents goes to what is called housekeeping at the Cleveland air races that he was that in Pacific warfare a full marine in the Defense Department. Now, the so impressed by marine dive bombing team-ground and air-is essential in gentleman is. absolutely correct and the that he stated he was going to recom­ the jobs a.Ssigned to the Corps. country does want to know what is the mend the German Air Force adopt a Mr. SHORT. I have no further re­ character of our defense; what kind of similar technique. quests for time, Mr. Chairman. tank program we have; how much ar­ The record of marine aviation in The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will read tillery we have; how many men we have; World War II was outstanding in the the bill for amendment. how many airplanes we have. The annals of close air-support history. Car­ The Clerk read as follows: Committee on Armed Services started rier- or land-based marine close air-sup­ Be it enacted, etc., That until July 9, 1951, yesterday on a hearing to find out what Port aviation was able to deliver bat­ the President shall be authorized to extend the situation is. Just as soon as we get talion-controlled air strikes with but a all enlistments in any component of the Army the information, I propose to bring it to few minutes notice and it was very nor­ of the United States, the United States Navy, the floor of the 'House and tell the coun­ mal to deliver strafing, bombing, and and the United Stll.tes Marine Corps, includ­ try how much defense we have. rocket attacks against enemy positions ing the Naval Reserve and the· Marine Corps Reserve, and in any component of the Air Mr. CRAWFORD. I thank the chair­ as close as 100 yards to our own front Force of the United States for a period of not man for that information. I did not lines. It is reported that on at least one to exceed 12 months: Provided, That all per­ have it before and I do not know how occasion on Iwo Jima·a close air support sons whose terms of enlistments are extended .many other Members of the House had attack was launched within 50 yards of in accordance with the provisions of this Act it, either. The people did not have it our own troops. shall continue during such extensions to be and that is exactly what I think should Another point that should be consid­ subject in all respects to the laws and regu­ be done-we should proceed just along ered is the fact that there is no real dup­ lations for the government of their respective that line. lication or competition between the Air service. SEC. 2. Personnel of the uniformed services Just one other thought. So many bil­ Force generally and marine and naval entitled to benefits under section 515 of the lions of dollars have been thrown at the close air-support programs. For ex­ Career Compensation Act of 1949 (63 Stat. feet of the administrators of national de­ ample, the Air Force is today preoccu­ 831) shall not su1Ier any reduction in total fense during the past 15 years that it is pied with long-range strategic bombing compensation by reason of any extended only human that those administrators and jet intercepter planes. It is no service performed under the terms of this act. have become ruthless in the expenditure secret that everything else is secondary of those funds. The situation now is that as far as operations within the Air Force Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I we are starting out with a $260,000,- are concerned. Accordingly, and quite move to strike out the last word. 000,000 debt. We started out on the last properly, the Air Force has today de­ Mr. Chairman, I take this time for the war with about a $49,000,000,000 debt and veloped, due to its preoccupation and purpose of raising two or three ques­ by the time we wind up after a 2-, 3-, 4-, emphasis on long-range bombing, the tions. They may not be answered; it 5- or 10-year war, we may have six or finest long-range bomber in the world, may be impossible to answer them. In eight trillion dollars in the national debt, namely, the B-36. On the other hand, it doing this, I realize that war is the most must be remembered that while making unless we do get better sense in the op­ expensive game that m'.ID ever played eration of the administration of these this great advance in strategic air, no or ever will play, not only in materials basic improvement has been made by funds. but in so-called finance as well as in I hope that the Committee on ·Armed the Air Force in close air support doc­ human blood and suffering. Wars have trine or materiel. This is best evidenced Services will do the necessary things to to be financed either by compulsion or by put the throttle on those who are to by the immediate calling up of P-51 con­ voluntary service and voluntary contri­ ventional. type aircraft for the Air administer these funds so that they will butions in the way of purchase of Treas­ have a little respect for the use of mate­ Force's operations in Korea. ury issues and in the payment of taxes Fortunately the marine and naval rial and the burdens that are placed on which after all is somewhat voluntary the citizens insofar as dollars are con­ aviation experts have not been preoc­ because in this country you do not have cupied with long-range strategic bomb­ cerned. Dollars just represent material. to work and earn income which can be And if we win any wars or keep a little ing, but in contrast have emphasized taxed-you can just lie down and quit ·and focused their attention on naval air peace in the world we will still need a and the welfare agencies will feed your few pieces of material for those who are operations involving close air support of wife and children. So. paying taxes is ground troops in amphibious and related at peace to use after the wars have more or less a voluntary proposition. finished. operations. As a result of this activity The great chairman of the committee which is so important to expeditionary that has brought this bill to the floor has Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. troops of the :fleet marine forces there discussed the question of dollars-and I Chairman, will the gentleman yield? has been continued perfection of our . am not up here to put dollars against Mr. CRAWFORD. I yield. close air-support doctrines and tech­ human bodies now or at any other time, Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Has niques. For example, we are now re­ but the people in my district are very the gentleman any idea how much we ported to have the finest kind of sup­ much concerned about the mental atti­ have in stockpiles? I understand that port aircraft in the new Martin Mauler. tude of those in the defense arms of Gov­ Members are having great difficulty in The point should carefully be noted that ernment who .disburse the dollars which finding how much we have in our stock­ this aircraft was conceived and pro­ are provided by the taxpayers and the piles. duced not by the Air Force, to which bond buyers and therefore they have not.. Mr. CRAWFORD. I have been read­ close air support is of secondary · im­ had answered to them in a satisfactory ing stockpile hearings all day. I started portance, but rather by naval aviation manner, to say the least, what the ad­ early this morning. I have a bunch of and marines whose specialty is close air­ ministrators of the defense program them here. I think our stockpile situa­ support activity. The different inter­ have done with between sixty and ninety tion will prove to be even more distress­ ests of the Air Force and marine-naval billion dollars which has been provided ing and more disappointing than the . aviation has given our Nation comple- for defense during the past few years. situation with reference to equipment. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10991 The CHAIRMAN. The time of the the war, 40 cents of it goes for salaries; of placing blame, but in the hope of be-. gentleman from Michigan has expired. food, clothing, and transportation. coming strong, analyze our difficulties. Mr. CRAWFORD. I ask unanimous 'Iwenty-six cents.goes for operation and Let us analyze the past, yes, so that cor­ consent, Mr. Chairman, to proceed for maintenance of equipment. Eighteen rections may be made if corrections are one additional minute. cents for weapons, planes, ships, and so needed and unhesitatingly maim them The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? forth. Five cents goes for research and if necessary. This Congress has a grave There was no objection. development. Four and· one-half cents responsibility. Unfortunately Congress Mr. CRAWFORD. Here is one illus­ goes ·of administration and secret work. voted away and delegated much of its tration: You cannot run an army or Four cents goes for the reserves and the authority in the second Unification Act, a navy without good rope. In the National Guard. One cent goes for in­ an act directed to the concentration of Philippine Islands we have several thou­ dustrial mobilization. Less than one power in the Department of Defense. I sand bales of manila hemp. That should cent goes to retired pay, and one-half of am glad that I was in the little group have been put into the United States 6 1 cent goes for construction and public of about a dozen who voted against it. to 9 mcnths ago. Have the forces down works. That is water over the dam. The power here in charge of the administration Now, what situation have we had con­ is gone to a great extent, but let us con­ moved those bales of fiber? Have they fronting us during the past 5 years? serve and exercise that power which is • tried to move them? No. Let this com­ Where is this $45,000,000,000? I am left. There is a definite obligation on mittee get the answer whythat stuff was going to read the last two paragraphs this Congress to see that the spirit of the not moved over here for defense. Take from this editorial: Unification Act is carried out, and the any stockpile you want, and it is 75 to Defense officials say the best measure of autonomy of these various services is 90 percent deficient. We will have some military spending, as it relates to what we preserved, and to check a tendency first more talk about that tomorrow after­ have to show for our money today, is the apparent, then admitted, of having but noon. authorized outlays for the 4-year period from one ground army, practically no Marine The CHAIRMAN. The time of the July 1, 1946, to June 30, 1950. During this Corps, a weakened Navy, the naval air gentleman has expired. time Congress authorized $49,300,000,000 for arm and. the carriers withered in the military, of which $48,400,000,000 has Mr. PRICE. Mr. Chairman, I move been spent to date and nearly a billion more strength. Many of us have protested to strike out the last word. will have been spent by the end of this fiscal consistently and vigorously that course, Mr. Chairman, of course, when all year. Almost $20,000,000,000 went for pay­ yet it has been progressively carried on. such measures come to the floor there rolls, food, clothing, and travel; $13,000,000,- Not in the Congress but in the Depart­ are some Members who cannot resist 000 for operating and maintaining military ment of Defense. Now it is the obliga­ the opportunity to inject politics. Even installations and tactical equipment around tion of the Congress to see that that on legislation so vital to our national the globe; and $8,500,000,000 for procurement pattern is completely abandoned. of planes, tanks, rifles, artillery, ships, and Mr. Chairman, I made a speech on security and the preservation of our other cnmbat tools. American way of life. During this cold-war era, it should be re­ the floor of the House on August 2, 1949, The question has been asked today, membered, occurred the costly airlift oper­ in which I quoted Admiral Halsey. I "Where did all this defense money go?" ations and the support of our occupation want to again quote from Admiral Hal­ Where did the $45,000,000,000 go that we troops in Europe and Japan-expenses not sey. It indicates some of the apPTehen­ appropriated for defense since the close ordinarily budgeted in time of so-called sion that existed in my mind at that of World War II? I think if any Mem­ peace. In summation, our "defense dollar has time. He made the following statement: ber is sincere in wanting to find that had a huge chunk eaten out of it by ordinary The concept of what each weapon can or and extraordinary expenses that produced cannot do theoretically is very ridiculous. answer he would have little difficulty and no tangible equipment for our foot soldiers, little trouble in finding it. First of all, The only thing I can think of that is more ri­ flyers, sailors, and marines. In fact, 70 cents diculous is the fact that you have a weapon he could call the defense establishment of the dollar went for housekeeping and oper­ and, through legislative or other act, you and they would tell him promptly and ational costs. If there is any possible way cannot use that weapon because it might accurately. If he did not care to call to reduce the drain on the defense dollar, interfere with the glory of some other per­ the defense establishment, all he would the Defense Department has been unable to son who has a &imilar weapon. I think the have to do is to keep himself well in­ find it. For our fighting men must not only object in war is to strilce with as many be supplied with arms but must be paid, fed, weapons as possible as often and as fast _as formed by reading the daily newspapers. clothed, housed, and transported. It is for Mr. WALSH. Mr. Chairman, will the possible. I think that is the surest and best such essential things that our money-nearly way to terminate a war. I would go further gentleman yield? $100,000,000,000 of it-has gone during the than that, and say I do not think any weap­ Mr. PRICE. I yield. past half decade of an uneasy peace. on should be in any way restricted, whether Mr. WALSH. I wonder if you have That information was not very difficult it belongs to the Army, Navy, or the Air observed as a member of the Armed Ser­ to obtain. Anyone who wanted to, could Force, or is used only for a .special purpose. vices Committee .that a lot of people In other words, they should be used where have easily obtained it. It was as close they are most needed. at this time have 20-20 vision in their at hand as the telephone on your desk, hindsight. the paper on your newsstand. My thoughts boiled down are these: Mr. PRICE. I agree with the gen­ Let us suspend politics while we con­ We know-as has been discussed infor­ tleman from Indiana. sider important defense legislation. mally in cloakrooms and in commit­ Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, This is not the time for politics as usual. tees-that there has been a tendency to will the gentleman yield? Mr. SASSCER. Mr. Chairman, I move build up the vertical chain of command Mr. PRICE. I am sorry, I have only to strike out the last word. to the detriment of the offensive essen­ 5 minutes. Mr. Chairman, there are several things tial potential of the Navy, the Marine I have followed the daily newspapers on which there is no uncertainty: One Corps, their air arm, the National very closely and I know you do not even is that the Americans in all the forces, Guard, and Reserves. The hour has ar­ have to go to the defense establishment Air, Ground, and Navy, are valiantly rived when the -congress must demand to get the answer to this very important fighting to the highest degree that can balanced services. Of course, the Con­ question. I inserted in yesterday's be expected of any soldier. We know gress voted a way a good deal of power, RECORD an editorial from the Evening that the Armed Services Committee in but the Congress can demand that Star of last Saturday which cleared up an effort to make this country strong through administrative action in the this subject pretty well. I am going had passed various enabling bills, and Defense Department the intent of the to read to the House some of the figures we know that the appropriations have Congress is not thwarted. quoted in that editorial. Those who been made by this Congress to make a There has been much talk about ap­ are interested can read the complete strong, balanced armed service. propriations. We have appropriated editorial in the Appendix on page A5328 I shall not, and will not, attempt to large sums of money. Then after the of the RECORD. This newspaper was place blame anywhere; this is not the appropriations have been made, pos­ interested enough to check the figures time; it is a time for America to look sibly for a given service-yes, for car­ and they got their information from the forward rather than back and exert riers and aircraft, or for any other thing defense establishment without difficulty. · every possible effort to bring forth a that this Congress might have appro­ Out of every dollar expended for na­ strong, well-rounded armed service . .But priated-we see by administra.tive action tional def e:nse over the past years, since in doing that, let' us, not in the spirit the intent of the Congress diverted or 10992 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE -. JULY 25 nullified. If America iS to stay strong; place in the past, that we are going to be cent or "anti-deep-freeze amendment." and America in this hour must be strong, sure of victory; whether it is next year or I want to read it. This is section 412 we have to have balanced services, we 10 years from now. We may be in for a of what is now PUblic Law 329 of the have to have three strong services, .and long, long duration; we may never see Eighty-first Congress, the Mutual De­ the only way you are going to have them peace in our times, but it is up to us as fense Assistance Act of 1949: is for this Congress to demand that the Members of this Congress to vote every Whoever offers or gives to anyone who is money be spent in the manner we have cent possible for military preparation. now or in the past 2 years has been an em:.. appropriated it and not in furtherance This war may be tomorrow on a uni­ ployee or officer of the United States any of any structural plan directed to the versal scale; it may be 6 months, it may commission, payment, or gift, in connection with the procure.ment of equipment, mate­ weakening and elimination of any of the be 1 year from now, and we pray to God rials, or services under this act, and who­ services. it will never be, but I heard our distin­ ever, being or having been an employee or Mr. WALSH. Mr. Chairman, I move guished chairman say yesterday, in officer of the United States in the past 2 to strike out the last word. executive session, that by being strong we years, solicits, accepts, or offers to accept Mr. Chairman, I am one of the junior may preserve the peace of this Nation. any such commission, payment, or gift, shall members of the Armed Services Commit­ It is only, gentlemen, by remaining upon conviction thereof be subject to a fine tee. I was gratified at the speech made strong, that we have any hope at all of not to exceed $10,000 or imprisonment_ by the chairman of the Committee on for peace. for not to exceed 3 ye~s, or both. Armed Services. It gave us all confi­ I nope this legislation is promptly That amendment both in committee dence and hope. The first week after enacted by the House today. and in conference was objected to by the the Korean war started, the gentleman The Clerk read as follows: executive departments. They said it was from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] was required SEC. 3. That portion of section 1422 of the too broad. However, both Houses of the to be away from Washington. It was Revised Statutes (18 Stat. 484) which reads Congress in their wisdom adopted that with a sense of relief personally to me as follows: "All persons who shall be so de­ amendment exactly as I had drafted it. that I learnec he had returned to Wash­ tained beyond their terms of enlistment or In conference I said that, if experience who shall, after the termination of their en­ ington. : admire the straightforward listment, voluntarily reenter to serve until showed it was too broad, we could have manner in which he spoke here today the return to an Atlantic or Pacific port of the amendments brought in when mutual to the Congress of the United States and vessel to which they belong, and their regu­ defense assistance was extended this I think the people of America tonight lar discharge therefrom, shall receive for the year. :io such recommendations came will sleep in their beds with a little more time during which they are so detained, or from the executive departments this year feeling of relief. I know I shall. shall so serve beyond their original terms of when the act was extended·. Apparently Mr. Chairman, there appear to be a enlistment, an addi1;ion of one-fourth of my original amendment is not too broad. their former pay:" shall be suspended with lot of prophets today upon this floor. respect to enlistments extended in accord­ However, it is confined solely to the Where have those prophets been during ance with this act. Mutual Defense Assistance Act. Note the last 2 years? Why have they not that it is limited to "procurement under raised their voices? Why have they not Mr. VINSON

ing our volu~1teers to fight longer than dispensable as this is. We must have an comes from Secretary Symington's they contracted for, we are going to pre­ immediate clarification of foreign policy hands. vent anyone from getting any improper designed to inform the American people Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Of profit out of this great effort. and the world, clearly and frankly, of course the gentleman recalls that we in-· Mr. VINSON. I will say to the gen­ our objectives for the attainment of a stituted renegotiation by a very simple tleman from Ohio that I will introduce peaceful world through cooperative in­ amendment at the outset during the con­ tomorrow a bill dealing with the ques­ ternational action and the neutralization sideration of the sixth supplemental de­ tion of renegotiation providing that of Communist efforts to enslave man­ fense bill in 1942, and it was revised in a· every contract not only for armaments kind. Early stepping up of our activities tax bill by the Committee on Ways and· but 8Very other contract of the Govern­ to bring accurate information and en­ ·Means in 1943. It became quite a broad ment will be subject to renegotiation. lightenment to all peoples is highly statute covering all phases of defense We should try to write into law some­ desirable. procurement. Does this bill cover the· thing that wili prohibit and stop this . Measures to protect the internal se­ same scope? situation of 5 percenters on Govern­ curity are most urgent, immediately Mr. VINSON. This is so broad that ment contract::>. mandatory. We cannot permit Trojan while I think the Committee on Armed: Mr. VORYS. I thank the gentleman. horses filled with Communist conspira­ Services might have jurisdiction, I to­ The CHAIRMAN. The Chair· recog­ tors to rove through this Nation ready day requested the Speaker of- the House nizes 11he gentleman from Massachu­ at a signal to disgorge a flood of sabotage that even though our committee did­ setts [Mr. PHILBIN]. and destruction upon our communica­ have jurisdiction to refer the bill to the ·Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Chairman, the tions, our vital public services, and our Committee on Ways and Means. distinguished chairman of the Armed national defense industries. · This is of Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I appre­ Services Committee has given a most paramount importance now. Every ciate the information the gentleman has comprehensive report on the current appropriate Government agency, na­ given. I am glad to know that steps are diplomatic and military situation now tional, State, and local; must be organ­ being taken in that direction. As the confronting the Nation and the world. ized, mobilized, and alerted to combat gentleman knows, I was much concerned· I do not desire at this time to elabo­ these internal enemies who threaten us in the development of the renegotiation rate upon his remarks and recommenda­ so despicably from within: It is also very statute. · · tions which I know have made a very essential that we immediately organize · Mr. VINSON: May i: say in this con-· deep impression upon this House as they civilian defense and disaster components. nection I think it was the· gentleman's will upon the country. But in view of Our armed services, all of them, must amendment whfoh 'started the whole the great crisis which faces us as a be alerted to the possibilities of further thing during the World War. The gen­ Nation, I feel bound as a member of attack anywhere. Let us wake up. Any­ tleman is entitled to recognition for hav-· the Armed Services Committee· to pre­ thing can happen at any moment, and ing originated it, or at least putting it sent, or rather to reiterate in substance for God's sake let us be ready. Let us· in the statute. The gentleman has al­ some very concrete views regarding the not be taken again by surprise. · ways· been strong for renegotiation. But. world situation which I have held for Let us marshal all our strength, build we must go one step further in this pre­ some time and which upon many ·occa­ additional forces as the world situation paredness program-and that is all this· sions I have heretofore expressed. requires, and unite the entire American is-we must stop, by language, if it can First, let me say that I agree that people and the decent, freedom-loving so be drafted, people-or to use the ex-· there is no further time to lose in peoples of the world against the evils pression of ·the gentleman from Ohio­ putting the resources and strength of of organized Communist tyranny. almost vultures, standing around here this Nation into a full state of prepara­ Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con­ trying to make 5 percent or· 10 percent tion to meet any and every contingency. sent that the balance of my time be out of Government contracts. It is the The world about us is threatening · any allotted to the gentleman from Georgia most difficult thing to find language to day, any moment, to break out into [Mr. VINSON]. cover it. We wept through it in World another dreadful conflagration. The The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection War II. But something along that line, ruthless, tyrannical forces of organized to the request of the gentleman from as well as renegotiation should be enacted world communism have spread their Massachusetts? as early as possible. The House and the tentacles far and wide over the face of There was no objection. country can just understand that we · the earth. They have subjugated and The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ have to enter into a worthwhile pre­ enslaved millions of helpless peoples. nizes the gentleman from South Dakota paredness Jefensive program and the Their demonstrated aim is world ·con­ [Mr. CASE]. first thought of the Congress and the quest. Only America, and America Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Nation has to be the defense of this standing practically alone, has the Chairman, I was interested in the gen­ country. power, the strength, the will and pur­ tleman's statement that he expects on Mr. CASE of South Dakota. There is pose to bar the way to these evil forces no question about that. from reaching their goal and enslaving tomorrow to introduce a bill wh1ch will Americans and all other free peoples reactivate renegotiation. Is that cor-· Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Chairman, will and destroying the civilization which has rect? the gentleman yield? been built up throughout the centuries Mr. VINSON. It has already been Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I yield. with so much sacrifice and bloodshed. prepared. If we did not have this bill Mr. WHITTEN. At this point, since Certainly the present situation requires up here this afternoon, I would drop it this legislation is before the House, I immediate and vigorous action by Con­ in the hopper this afternoon. The gen­ want to urge, in view of the report of gress and the Executive. We must move tleman understands that his committee the Comptroller General, that we see to with utmost dispatch. There can be already has a provision written in law it that in any legislation which is passed no delay. We can brook no interference. that all contracts relating to the Army, the Comptroller General shall have a We can tolerate no disloyalty. We can Navy, and Air Force for the fiscal year right to go into these matters more fully shelter no half-heartedness. There must 1951 are subject to renegotiation. But than has been true in the past. be an immediate full-scaled, intensive, this is broader and applies to all Gov­ Mr. CASE' of South Dakota. I also yes, I will say advisedly, an urgent, ernment contracts. hope that is incorporated in the bill. united effort to build up a military force Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Is this As the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. and an industrial potential that will be a complete reactivation of the renego­ VINSON J has suggested, I followed the de­ able and adequate to protect and defend tiation statute as we developed it during velopment of the renegotiation proposi­ this Nation and carry out our commit­ World War II? tion from the outset. Again, in 1948 ments for the defense of human liberty Mr. VINSON. It is along the same when we provided funds for a 17-group and our free way of life. line as was established before and the air force, we reactivated renegotiation Military and economic power is not whole thing is considered along that line. for the procurement under the speed-up enough to cope with this situation, in- It is very constructive legislation and funds then provided. Unfortunately, 10994 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 the 1948 money for the 70-group air In the case of research and development, Actual budget receipts and expenditures, force was frozen, in large part, and that the reservation of funds in this appropriation fiscal year 1950, compared with budget resulted in the slowing down of the rate of estimates of January 1950-Continued is partly responsible for the situation we development, and, in some instances, the [In millions o~ dollars] have today. elimi,nation of certain projects. We were also distressed in the Appro­ The placing of these funds in reserve had priations Committee, in the spring of no effect on the radar screen, and this pro­ Budget Actual esti­ 1948, to find that other money which had gram is being prosecuted as originally fiscal mates been provided for research and develop­ planned. However, it should be pointed out Classiflca1 ion year of Jan­ ment was being used for other purposes that the fiscal year 1950 appropriations bill 1950 uary did not provide funds specifically for this ac­ 1950 under direction of the President's Budget tivity. Provision was made in the bill, how­ Bureau. Gen. Curtis LeMay, who was ever, for the transfer to the "acquisition and Expenditures: in charge of the strategic air command construction of real property" appropriation Legislative establishment______5n 62 at that time, testified in our hearings of the funds required to finance this pro­ The Judiciary______24 24 Agriculture Department: that this taking of the funds away from gram. Such action necessitated the repro­ Farmers Home Administra- research and development set back that graming of activities in the "aircraft and re­ tion ______. ______182 150 program at least 18 months. And the lated procurement" anrl "maintenance and Production and Marketing operations" appropriations to the extent Administratlon: President wrote a letter to agency heads Commodif.y Credit Cor- necessary to finance the fiscal year 1950 incre­ poration______1, 713 1, 556 restricting them to supporting budget ment of the radar screen. Other ______516 528 action. Today we are paying some of The total amount which the conferees of Rural Electrification Adminis- the price for that. tration______293 362 the House and the Senate added to the ap­ Other______356 347 Now, it is not a matter of bringing up propriation estimates of the Department of Atomic Energy Commi~sion______524 673 these matters to show we had foresight, the Air Force for fiscal year 1950, as passed Civil Service Commission: to by the Congress, was $735,754,000. The Employees' retirement funds but it is let the people know how amount set aside in reserve by d.irection of (United States share)______303 303 things could be different. The American Other______21 23 the President also totaled $735,754,000. Commerre Department: people are interested in knowing how Sincerely yours, Civil Aeronautics______166 193 they can get some assurance that these E.W. RAWLINGS, Maritime Activities______94 162 mistakes will not be repeated in the Lieutenant General, United States Public Roads______486 508 Other------125 133 future. We will not avoid them unless Air Force, Deputy Chief of Staff, Defense Department: they are recognized. Comptroller. Office of the Secr..'.tary of De­ fense: I have here a letter which I received Retired pay-militaryserv· from the comptroller of the Air Force TREASURY DEPARTMENT, ices______150 206 FISCAL SERVICE, Other______11 11 under date of April 8, 1950, in response Air Force______3, 500 3, 745 to my own letter of April 6, 1950, in re­ Washington, July 12, 1950. Anny______5, 704 6, 151 Hon. JOHN TABER, Navy______4, 125 4, 413 gard to the effect of the freezing of the House of Representatives, Economic Cooperation Adminis- Air Force funds for this fiscal year 1950. Room 1126, House Office Building, tration: Economic Cooperation Act___ 3, 523 3, 895 When we return to the House I shall ask Washington, D. C. Other______29 181 permission to place that in the RECORD at DEAR CONGRESSMAN TABER: Pursuant to Executive Office of the President__ 8 12 this point. It shows the effect of the yC\ur telephone request, I am enclosing a table Export-Import Bank of Washing- that shows the budget estimates of January ton______45 71 freezing of the $735,000,000 which the Federal Security Agency: Congress, and I may say on the initiative 1950 for the fiscal year 1950, compared with Social Security Administra- actual receipts and expenditures for that tion______1, 154 1, 175 of the House of Representatives, put into fiscal year, on the basis of daily Treasury Other______277 308 the appropriation bill for the defense statement classifications. General Services Administration__ 588 797 Housing and Home Finance establishment last year. I shall also in­ I hope this will give you the information Ap:ency: se_rt a letter from the Treasury giving that you desire. Office of Administrator______17 Very truly yours, Federal Housing Administra- the rec9rd on the expenditures for the tion______3 18 E. F. BARTELT, first 6 months of this year. The letters Home Loan Bank Board______~ 275 2 197 Fiscal Assistant Secretary. Public Housing Administra- referred to follow: tion ______------113 DEPARTMENT OF THE Am FORCE, Actual budget receipts and expenditures, Interior Department: • HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES Am FORCE, fiscal year 1950, compared with bud.get Bureau of Reclamation______300 334 estimates of January 1950 Other______. 276 304 Washington, D. C., April 19, 1950. Justice Department______131 135 Hon. FRANCIS CASE, [In millions of dollars] Korean aid______40 70 House of Representatives. Labor Department______258 218 DEAR MR. CASE: This is in reply to your Budget Mutual defense assistance______44 160 Actual esti- Post Office Department (defi- letter of April 6, 1950, in which you requested fiscal mates ciency) ______593 668 information regarding Department of the Air Clasgification year of Jan- Railroad Retirement Board: Force fiscal year 1950 funds which were 1950 uary Railroad retirement account___ 583 602 1950 Other______13 11 frozen by the President. Reconstruction Finance Corpora- Following the enactment of the fiscal year tion______589 1, 034 1950 appropriations bill, the President di­ Receipts: State Department ------339 365 Internal revenue: Tennessee Valley Authority______18 62 rected the Secretary of Defense to reserve the Treasury Department: additional funds added by the Congress to the Income tax: Withheld by employers __ _ 10, 073 9,839 Interest on the public debt____ 5, 750 6, 725 President's 48 group budget for the purpose Other------18, 189 19,307 Other ___ ·------670 663 of building up toward a 58 group Air Force. Miscellaneous internal reve- Veterans' Administration: As a result, the following funds were placed nue __ ------8, 303 8,328 National service llie insurance Social security taxes: fund __ ------47"& 511 in reserve. Employment taxes ______2, 106 Other______6, 044 6, 255 2,245 Other agencies______336 · 438 Appropriation: Taxmore on _____ employers______of 8 or _ 226 223 Construction of aircraft and Taxes upon carriers and their Total budget expenditures__ 40, 167 43, 297 related procurement ______$577,755,000 employees ______560 570 Special procurement______8, 338, 000 Railroad unemployment in­ Budget deficit______3, 122 5, 533 Maintenance and operations_ 130, 928, 000 surance contributions for administrative expenses ____ _ 9 10 Research and development__ 18, 000, 000 Customs ______423 376 1 Based upon net transactions. On comparable basis Contingencies______733, 000 Surplus property (act Oct. 3, with expenditures in daily Treasury statements this 1944) _------264 224 figure would be $166,000,000. Other miscellaneous receipts __ 1, 100 1,065 2 Excess of credits, deduct. Total ------735,754,000 ------Had the Air Force been authorized to obli­ Total budget receipts_-----­ 41, 311 42, 185 The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ Deduct: gate the entire appropriations enacted by the Appropriation to Federal nizes the gentleman from South Caro­ Congress for fiscal year 1950, the aircraft­ old-age and survivors in· lina [Mr. RIVERS]. procuremen t program for that fiscal year surance trust fund ______2, 106 2,245 would have been expanded from 1,250 to 1,832 Refunds of receipts ______2, IGO 2, 177 Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Chairman, I am reluctant to impose upon your time at aircraft and the Air Force would have con­ Net budget receipts______37, 045 37, 763 tinued its build-up toward a 58 group level. this time for 5 minutes, but I do believe 1950 _ . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10995 I should make my position clear in this Mr. RIVERS. I know of none, and we We now have before us a bill to break matter right now, once and for all. are going to accept this one; all Amer­ the contract, or the word, of the Govern­ First of all, I want to make this state­ , icans are. ment of the United States, as the gentle­ ment. Ten years I have sat at the feet Mr. CRAWFORD. Certainly. man from Ohio [Mr. VoRYS] has pointed of the gentleman from Georgia, CARL Mr. RIVERS. We appropriated money out, with the American boys who have VINSON; 10 years I have sat at the feet here, but it was withheld by the executive voluntarily entered the armed services of the greatest chairman that any com­ branch of the Government. We might in recent months and years. That sort mittee has ever had in the history of this just as well face the fact. We have got of legislation cannot be approached Nation . . I will say to you that the gen­ that same ox in the ditch, the very same lightly, as I am sure the gentleman from tleman from Georgia, Chairman VINSON, one the gentleman from Georgia was Georgia will agree. In that connection, has exhibited more vision than all the talking about; and you and I have got because we are going to pass this bill­ Presidents and all the members of the to pull that same ox out of the ditch. that seems apparent-I believe it is nec­ executive branch on matters of defense, But I want no part of the blame for our essary that the American people know since time began. He built for this Na­ present situation to be saddled on the certain things. tion the large.:t Navy the world has ever Congress of the United States; it cannot For instance; Mr. Chairman, the Amer­ known. It kicked from the seas every­ be, and you know it. ican people should know the Congress thing the Japanese had, and it roamed The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman provided a ceiling of approximately the Pacific at will. He built the largest from Ghio [Mr. BROWN] is recognized. 21000,000 men for the Armed Forces Marine Corps and naval air arm this CMr. CANFIELD asked and was given and that of this date we are nearly Nation has ever had. He was the leader permission to yield the time allotted to 600,000 men below that ceiling. It is not in this 70-group air-force :fight. He him to the gentleman from Ohio, Mr. the responsibility of or because of any wanted to give the Nation the best Air BF-OWN.) failure of the Congress of the United Force the world could provide. He Mr. BROWN of uhio. Mr. Chairman, States that this particular situation wanted to give the Nation the best Army I have asked for this time because I have exists. the world could provide. But his advice been extremely interested in the debate I hope the chairman of the great Com­ was not heeded, and we might just as which is taking place here today, a de­ mittee on the Armed Services, the gen­ well face the facts. Who is responsible bate which I believe may be good for the tleman from Georgia [Mr. VINSON], will for that? The executive brar:ch of the American people and the future peace of point out later in his remarks, either on Government, and you know it. I want the world. I have been especially inter­ this bill or on the bill which fallows to say right here and now that I will ested in the remarks of the chairman of just what the Congress has done to pro~ not have any part of that. the Committee on the Armed Services, vide for the defense of this country. I Mr. ELSTON. I think the gentleman the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. VIN­ suggest this because I am fearful that will agree that every member of the SON], the remarks of the Republican once we vote the powers and the appro­ Committee on the Armed Services sup­ member of the committee on the Armed priations being requested by the admin­ ported our chairman; did he not? Services, the gentleman from Missouri istration, and perhaps the Congress ad­ ·. Mr. RIVERS. I was coming to that. [Mr. SHORT], the remarks of the gentle­ journs, as the majority leader, suggested With very few exceptions in each of the man from Indiana [Mr. WALSH], and yesterday, so we will no longer have the 10 years I have served on the commit­ those of the gentleman from South Car­ opportunity and the benefit of free de­ tee, 6 with the Committee on Naval olina, also a member of the committee bate in the well of this House, ·or on the Affairs, we got more bills passed through [Mr. RIVERS]. floor of the other body, some officials this Congress than any committee in the I wish at the very outset to say to you may attempt to place the responsibility history of all the Congresses of the that America is at the crossroads; indeed, · and the blame for the mistakes and the United States, as the gentleman from the whole world is at the crossroads to­ failures of the. past and present, on the Missouri well knows. The gentleman day. These are critical hours. I am Congress of the United States. I do not from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] saw to that. sure every individual Member of Con­ want that to happen. So I feel it is time He, with his great leadership, tells you gress, yea, every American citizen~ is be­ we make it clear here and now that cer­ this bill is necessary and you will follow hind our boys in uniform who are :fight­ tain things have been done by the Con­ him; certainly I shall. But I want the ing alone today. I have my own ideas gress for the common defense. world to know, I want the Nation to as to how this state of affairs came This Congress did pass the Unification know, that the Committee on Armed about; and, if I desired, perhaps I could Act at the request of the administration, Services is not responsible for the de­ be quite critical of some persons and and I would like to say for the benefit of bacle this country faces toda·y; it is the some of the policies responsible for our the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Vrn­ executive branch of the Government, not' being where we are, but the fact remains soNJ that I went along with the admin­ the Congress of the United States, or the American boys are :fighting 7,000 miles istration on the passage of that act when Armtd Services Committee under the away from home with their backs to the the gentleman, in his wisdom, pointed leadership of the gentleman from Geor­ sea, and that we are trying to do some­ out the dangers involved. I am not· so gia, CARL VINSON. thing about it, and to give them the sure we were as wise as we thought in This is not a time for recrimination; equipment and the tools of war with the action we took in fallowing the re­ you know that, and I know that; but we which to defend their lives. quest of the administration in this con­ have got to go forward; we have got to I regret-yes, I deeply regret-that nection. Perhaps the chairman of the face the facts which my chairman has while we are engaged in fighting the Committee on the Armed Services had called to your attention. We are in one spread of communism in Korea 7,000 much clearer vision and better judg­ bad situation; only a miracle can save miles away, for some reason or other ment at that time than some of the rest us in Korea. You know that, but I want some people are dragging their feet here of us. the recorC.s to be crydal-clear that had at home, and we are encountering diffi­ We enacted the stockpiling bill under the executive branch of Government fol­ culty in our attempts to get brought up which practically nothing has been done. lowed the leadership of CARL VINSON this in the Congress for consideration the And, as I mentioned a moment ago, we Nation today could tell the world where measures which would at least restrict voted more manpower, about 600 ,000 to go in a very few minutes. the activities of those Communists and more men, for the armed services, than Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, their helpers who would destroy us from the military has seen fit to call to the will the gentleman yield? within while our foreign foes seek to colors. Our military leaders could now Mr. RIVERS. I yield. destroy us from without. But this is have 2,000,000 trained men under arms Mr. CRAWFORD. I do not think the not a time to attempt to fix blame or re­ if they had seen fit to use the authority gentleman overstated what he said about sponsibility for that which has gone on Congress voted them. We have appro­ the chairman of this committee. Does before. I am sure the American people priated, and Chairman VINSON, I want the gentleman recall of a single bill in their wisdom will reach a decision in you to correct me if I am wrong, some­ brought out of this committee that we due time as to who is responsible and thing like $1 ,500,000,000 more money for did not accept? who is to blame. the National Defense Establishment, 10996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 since World War II ended, than has been Mr. Chairman, I could go on and on 2,000,000 men on the east-west German spent or obligated by that agency. and talk about many other things the line? I believe the gentleman from Georgia Congress has done in the belief we were Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. will agree with me, and I want the contributing to the building of an ade­ Chairman, will the gentleman yield? gentleman from Indiana [Mr. WALSH] to quate national defense, and I could point Mr. HOLIFIELD. I cannot yield at listen to this if he is here, that never out numerous high-level mistakes of this time. once, regardless of the political party the past to show the responsibility for Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I should Members might belong to, was there the present . unsatisfactory situation like to answer the gentleman's challenge. more than one single vote against any which exists today does not rest upon the Mr. HOLIFIELD. Once aggression defense appropriation or any defense Congress. I hope that the gentleman took place in Korea from the Commu­ measure during the war years. from Georgia, the chairman of the nist-led people in the north, the United I would like also to point out with all Armed Services Committee, able as he is, Nations appealed to the member nations the vigor at my command that the Con­ will point in measured words, for the of the United Nations to oppose that gress has gone along on every other re­ benefit of this Congress and the country, aggression. Because we are probably quest of the military and the administra­ a complete list of the many things the the greatest and most powerful and out­ tion to strengthen our national defense. Congress of the United States has done standing nation that is supporting the For instance, we set up the Central In­ to strengthen our national defense and true principles of the United Nations, we telligence Agency to keep America in­ to assure the security of the American responded to that call, and we are doing formed as to what was going on through­ people. Such action is important, Mr. the best we can. We did not pick the out the world. Chairman, and, I am sure, will be most battleground, we did not pick the murky We also created the National Security helpful to a proper understanding of weather, we did not pick the swamps or Council during the Eightieth Congress. what has gone on before, what our pres­ mountains of Korea in which to fight. In order that we might give security to ent defense situation really is, and what Someone else picked that· battleground, our Nation and to our people, we also set we must do to prepare for the days and picked it by aggressive action. We up the National Security :Kesources ahead. are doing our best to oppose it. Board, so we might be prepared in a The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ The program of opposition to com­ material way in case of danger. nizes the gentleman from California munism since World War II ended is an Oh, yes, we voted more naval aircraft [Mr. HOLIFIELD]. all-over program. It is not just a mili­ and plane carriers than have been con­ Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, the tary action in Korea, it is not just an oc­ structed. It was not the Congress who gentleman from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] cupation in Germany, it is not an airlift refused to continue such construction made one of the finest speeches that I to Berlin, it is an all-over program. It or ordered the partially finished aircraft have ever listened to in this House, and is an economic program to strengthen carriers abandoned; that was. another I want the membership of this House to those nations of Europe that are known agency of the Government. know that I am following his leadership as the ECA nations, so that they can re­ We have appropriated nearly $60,000,- 100 perce~t in regard to this emergency sist communism within their own bor­ 000 000 for national defense purposes bill. . ders, so that they can sustain constitu­ sin~e the war ended; and we provided, I think some things that have been tional government and the freedom and if you please, sirs, for . a 70-group air brought up during this debate, particu­ liberty of their people. force, not once, but three different times. larly by the gentleman from Missouri I want to ask some of these Monday It was not until just a week or so ago, ·[Mr. SHORT], a dear friend of mine, morning quarterbacks like my good not until then, that we finally did get should be considered by this House. In friend from Missouri [Mr. SHORT], how the consent of the administration to go the first place, the United States is com­ did he vote on the motion to recommit ahead with the 70-group air force pro­ mitted to the principle of the United the Korean aid bill? How did he vote gram. Nations. Rightly or wrongly we are com­ on economic aid to the ECA countries in We have spent about $35,000,00!>,000 mitted to it. Europe? How did he follow through on on economic and other aid for foreign Now, let us consider Korea. Who drew the Korean aid bill, I should like to countries, because we were told we had the thirty-eighth parallel line in Korea? know. to decide whether we wanted to spend Who approved it? Was it the United Mr. SHORT. Yes; I voted against the a few . billion dollars now for economic States? It was approved by the United Korean aid bill. Many of the stanchest aid to guarantee peace, or whether, in­ Nations. Then there happens to be an­ supporters of the United Nations voted stead, we wanted to spend $100,000,- other principle of the United Nations, against it. I voted against it for the 000,000 or much more each year for war. and that is the self-determination of reason that it was absolutely silly to Well, that program simply has · not peoples. When the people of the free send economic aid to build up a rich prize worked out. At least it certainly has not Republic of South Korea wanted to hold over there unless you were ready to de­ given us a peaceful world or eliminated an election, we particpated under the f end it. the dangerous threat of world war III. auspices of the United Nations in holding Mr. HOLIFIELD. All right; how about And I am not unmindful, Mr. Chairman, that free election in July of 1948, over 2 the European ECA bill? in fact, I rather resent deep down in my years ago, and the free Republic of South Mr.-SHORT. I voted against it. heart. may I say to the gentleman from Korea was born, and the North Korean Mr. HOLIFIELD. The gentleman says Missouri [M:c. SHORT], the fact that the Republic refused to let the United Na­ he wanted military aid to Korea, but he American boys who are fighting and tions come in to supervise and see that is not committing himself on how he was dying on the battlefields in Korea today, their election was free. So, some other calling the play on the economic aid to with their backs to the sea, do not have forces have been at work besides our own. Europe the purpose of which was to de­ a single soldier from a single nation we Of course, when that constitutional gov­ f eat communism within the borders of have helped so much, outside of Korea ernment was established in Korea we Europe. fighting alongside them. That is a sad withdrew our troops, because our military Yes; and there is something else I and disillusioning situation. people said that we had no business want to call to the attention of the gen­ May I also point out that not more there; it was a country on its own, and tleman, and that is the economy drive. than 6 or 7 weeks ago a committee of later on we -vent in only in an advisory What caused the mothballing of planes? this Congress was told the military position. What caused the mothballing of battle­ budget for next year would not be any Now I want to ask the gentlemen who ships and cruisers? It was the economy larger than it was for this year, and per­ are finding so much fault with the situa­ drive of the gentleman from Missouri haps considerably less. Neither am I tion as it has developed in Korea would and his colleagues of the same persua­ unmindful of the fact that the military they be willing at this time to mass sion. leaders of our Nation more than a year 1,000,000 or 2,000,000 men on the east­ Mr. SHORT. I will tell the gentleman ago told us Korea was not defensible, west German line in anticipation of why: Because the Eightieth Congress and was of no strategic value to us. It something which might happen? If that voted more than this administration was upon their orders, not ours, that something did happen, would the Mon­ would spend. American troops were withdrawn from day morning quarterbacks say we were Mr. HOLIFIELD. I refuse to yield Korea. at fault because we did not mass those further, Mr. Chairman. ' 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10997 Mr. SHORT. The gentleman· does not from Illinois [Mr. PRICE] had to say, I Mr. HARDY. I am sorry · I cannot want to hear it. think about me, a while ago when he was yield to my friend from Pennsylvania. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the on the floor. I asked him to y~eld to I would like to yield but the time is gentleman has expired. · me and he did not. In r:o way did I liLited. Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, I inject politics in my statement when I Mr. Chairman, many of my colleaguea ask unanimous consent to proceed for raised -the question as to what had oc­ have spoken about the mistakes that three additional minutes, so I may an­ cqrred to the moneys that have been have been made, particularly by the De­ swer my friend from Missouri. appropriated. The gentleman from fense Department and the State Departc The CHAIRMAN. The Chairman can­ Illinois [Mr. PRICE] directed me to read ment. Hindsight is a whole lot better' not entertain that request, because the the editorials of the newspapers for in­ than foresight. We can look back at a time for debate has been allotted. formation for the people in my district. lot of mistakes that have been made, and The Chair recognizes the gentleman May I say to the gentleman from Illinois I suppose it may be a question of judg­ from Michigan [Mr. CRAWFORD]. I am a little bit more energetic than ment to determine whether they were Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the that, and anyone who knows me would mistakes. I can think of a good many gentleman yield? know better than to challenge me in such things that have occurred during the Mr. CRAWFORD. I yield. a way. I do not generally inject politics past few years that seem to me to' have Mr. SHORT. The fact is the Presi­ into my statements here. I try to get been mistakes. I think if they had been dent cut back $735,000,000 in our air some facts. He has referred us to edi­ handled differently, we might be in a program that we offered last year. He torials. better situation today. Some of the impounded it. General Joh~:son im­ The distinguished chairman of the questions raised by the gentleman from pounded it at the suggestion and recom­ committee said that his committee was Missouri [Mr. SHORT] are difficult, if not mendation of the Chief Executive for going into this problem and I accepted impossible to answer. But I do not think economy. There is where your economy that as a complete answer to my ques­ it does us much good at this moment to comes from. tion. · Also, I see that the distinguished enumerate mistakes, or to focus too Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. committee of which the gentleman from much attention on them in this critical Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Illinois [Mr. PRICE] is a member, is not hour. Mr. CRAWFORD. I yield. going to depend upon newspaper edi­ We need to think about them. We Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. torials for their answers, either. Then need to take action to prevent their re­ Chairman, in answer to what the gentle­ the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. currence. And to the extent that the man froin California said about thJ situ­ WALSHJ-I just read his statement in same people who made those mistakes ation in Europe and Germany, I want to the CONGRESSIONAL RECOR~! would are governing our policies now, we need simply go on record saying again, as I like to s~y this to him, not as advice to make some changes. But let us not said before, long ago we should have but 1s a mere suggestion: As he goes air this on the floor of the House when been taking steps to build up a military down through life, it might be well for our tempers become a little frayed. potential in western Germany. him to consider the errors of the past Mine does occasionally. My chairman Under permission granted by the when he is dealing with the dollars put called that to my attention in committee House, I place here a colloquy which took up l;>y the stockholders or taxpayers or yesterday, so I am going to try to be place between the gentleman from bond buyers. There are three groups careful, because, like my good friend Minnesota [Mr. JUDD] and myself dur­ who like to know what their dollars are from South Carolina [Mr. RIVERS], I ing the debate on the military aid bill, used for. If the gentleman ever becomes have learned a great deal under Mr. from the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of Au­ a success industrially, he will certainly Vinson's tutelage. However, there are gust 17, 1949, a year ago: try to find out who made the error, in­ a few things that I think should be men­ Mr. JUDD. I yield. stead of washing the thing out and pay­ tioned. Not all of the mistakes have Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Is western Ger­ ing no attention to the errors of the been made by the Defense Establishment. many included, and if not, why not? past as he appropriates for. the future. I think some of them have been made Mr. JUDD. Western Germany is not in· The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ in the Congress, and I want to mention cluded. You can think of some obvious rea­ nizes the gentleman from Virginia [Mr. one that we made in this Congress, in my sons, of course. Probably the best natural HARDY]. judgment. I think we made a mistake defense line available is the Rhine. That is when we amended the Unification Act. a sizable barrier, but most of the German Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Chairman, will the armament plants are east of that barrier. I gentleman yield? We did that. Perhaps we were a little think it is understood that the German econ­ Mr. HARDY. I yield. gullible. Perhaps we were influenced by omy will contribute basic things, such as Mr. DOYLE. I think it is appropriate the demand for economy. Perhaps we coal, steel, chemicals, and so forth, but not for me briefly to call the attention of placed a little too much confidence in finjrl).ed armaments. . the Members of the House to two votes. the report of the Hoover Commission as Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Where is the First, I call your attention to the vote to what savings could be accomplished. greatest industrial-producing capacity for on aid to Korea on January 19, 1950, Whatever may have been the reason, armaments in Europe? we ·did it. I have a deep and abiding Mr. JUDD. The greatest industrial-produc­ The vote "aye" was 191. The vote "no" ing capacity for armaments is in Germany, was 193. It lost by only two votes. The conviction that some of our immediate but unfortunately it is in an area which second vote was on February 9, 1950. difficulties stem from that very act, and because of our retreat from defense barriers The "aye" vote was 240, and the "no'' perhaps we ought to change it again. . further east like the Elbe, could not be kept vote 134. But out of this unification squabble­ under our control. My suggestion is that all of us ought and it was a squabble-arose the hear­ Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Where is the to hesitate very emphatically at this ings which were conducted by the Com­ greatest reserve of trained fighting manpower tragic time in the world's history be­ mittee on Armed Services not so long in Europe? ago, starting out with the so-called B-36 Mr. JUDD. Excepting Russia, it is in Ger­ fore being hypercritical of what mistakes many. may or .may not have been made. His­ investigation, and then going into a tory itself will best be the judge of events study of unification. So, I will say to the gentleman from of the past. Some of the gentlemen What was the real question about California that it is not hindsight today who today are saying things designed to unification? It was a struggle between to point out that we should have been condemn and find fault with others are the components of the Military Estab­ . doing something in western Germany those who voted against the proposed lishment to put into effect their inter­ while the Russians were building up their help of 60,000 to Korea just in Janu­ pretations of what unification meant. so-called police force in eastern Ger­ ary and February of this year. I think We did a great deal of good in those many-and there were earlier observa­ some of us ought to review what we hearings. In my humble judgment, if it tions by the Member from South Dakota did on those two occasions. Self-inspec­ had not been for those hearings the Navy in the Herter committee report of tion will remove much criticism of others. would have been-scuttled. We would not 1947-48. Let us not be partisan. Let us be truly have any Marine Corps. Maybe that is Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I objective. a little strong, but, thank God, we had take the :floor again to try to straighten Mr. GAVIN. Mr. Chairman, will the those hearings, and thank God we had o·.it the record on what the gentleman gentleman yield? a chairman who would pursue that thing 10998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 to a conclusion and come up with recom­ We have had distinguished leadership Many of them we a:re plac~ng in a posi­ mendations, and sta~d firmly by those on our committee. How easy it wo'Uld re tion of danger by casting our votes. We recommendations. for the gentleman from Georgia to stand are extending their contracts knowing The CHAIRMAN. The time of the here on the floor today and ten you: that we are placing many of them in a gentleman from Virginia fM'r. HARDY] "Yes, I told you so long ago; I have been position of danger. But we have· got to bas expired. tening you this all along.'' Instead of think about OUT' country's welfare above Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield that, what does he do? Does he stand everything else. n will not do to have my time to the gentleman from Vi:rginiai here and ten you about the money tha:t those men discharged over there now [Mr. HARI>Yl. we appropriated that was not used, al­ from the ser-viee when they are perform­ Mr. HARDY. I thank you very mueh. though he knows it full well? He wrote ing their duty and in. the middle Of it I do not want to take an of my chair­ me back in December of Iast yeaJ!' when I be sent back here and force us to send man's time. but I wonld like to conclude was at Tuscaloosa, Ala., to please- write over other men. There are probably with one or two observations. him and give him some of my; :reactions some 40,066 or more men-I da not know ln. the Armed Services Committee we to tne investiga;tion that we had just had, the exact number-that could be dis­ are not frustrated with PQ1itics. When and I wrote him this, among other things:, charged from the forces over there in we are dealing with national defense we and 1 quote from my letter of which I Japan or in Korea, although many of must not permit political consideraticns sent a eop.y to every member of the Com­ them would reenlist. We cannot afford to be injected. We do not do it 'in the mittee on Armed Services: to- lose any of them now. So acting in committee. Let us not. do it m the The responsibility of Congress for appro­ ·what I think is our best interest and in Hoiise. Let us crone forth and correct priarfli.ons shotrl'd remain hrv:rol81te. Steps the best interest of our count?Y's wel­ the errors that have been ma.de and take sbo'Uld be taik~» by Congress tu :retain unim­ fare r intend to vote for and support this steps to prevent a repetition of those paired. use of this :respcmsibiiitj/. The :Bu­ measure, although l do it with reluc­ us. best can. reau. o.t the Budget: has ain important func­ tance. errors. Let do the that we tion to perform but should JiWt be permitted. now and do it quickly. to meet. whatever Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, 1 move to ccntrol 'he amount; o! the appropi:iation. that the Committee do now rise a:nd the needs may be immediately before us When Congress. ap.prop:riat.es. money for cer­ Let us prepare ourselves io the fullest t.o tain designated agencies and uses, neither report the bin baek to the House with meet any threat, wherever it may occur the President. the Secretary of Defense, the the recommendation that the 1>m de in the world. But let us not so con­ Bureau of the Budget, nor any ot\her person pass. centrate ow: st:rength in one sp.ot as. 00 or department should be permitted to limit . The motion was a:g:reed to. become t<10 weak in another-more im­ or cmrta.n o. nduc.e the. npe:nditure or use Aeoordingly the Comm!tiee 1!'ose; and portant and more vulne.r&ble spot. We of sl!Ich appl'op:riation as designated by the the SpeakeJt having resumed the Chair. are receiving help from some other Ccmgress. Mr. Yomrn, Chairman of the Committee nations~ but let us keep in mind this 1 wrote that last December. and it was of the Whole House on the State of the fact, that whether c.r nc.t.. we ha.ve the­ not hindsight when I wrote that letter. Union, reported that that C'ommiitt~. support of the other members of the. We in the .Armed Services Committee having had under consideration the bill · United Nations, we have. no c.ours.e ex-. knew that some of the money that was on and not sa¥ a ate too much, that is our responsibility, and ff we appropriate too little that is A motion t(!) :reconsider was laid on few words. In the beginning let me state. the table . that I did not rise in a sptrit oi criticism . our responsibnity; but the executive The SPEAKER. Without objection toward anyone, although I t.hink con­ branch of the Government should not structive criticism is oftentimes very have the right to control the appropria­ the bill, H. R. 9'177, will be laid upon the table it being, similar to a Senate bill good; bat I do want to say"that since I tions of Congress, because it is given ta the Congress by the Constitution of the passtld. by the House. · have been, for just a short time. on the There was no objection. Committee on Arme.d Senices I have United States. been impressed with the leadership of The situation in Korea is bad. Whose SUSPENDING RESTRICTIONS ON THE the majority and also of. the minority on fault it is it will do no good to say. Our AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL STRENGTHS that committee. As my distingwshed chairman has taken this position, and OF THE ARMED FORCES colleague from Virginia said a moment rightfully so. I think it would not do Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speake!', I move ago, we have not had any politics on that any good for him to stand here and tell that the House res.olve itself into the committee in the bills that have came you about what he has been trying to Committee of the Whole House on the from that committee. When those bills get done that has not been doru!. · He State of the Union for the consideration have come up on the- :ftoor of the House says action must be taken now regardless of the bill (H. R 9117r8) to suspend the you have seen both sides of the aisle of whose fault it was that we failed of ac­ authorized personnel strength of the fighting for those bills to go through.. I tion in the past; that we have got to get Armed Forces, and for other purposes. think it is a tribute to both pa:rtieiS a:nd our program under way. That is the The. motion was agreed to. the House that that has existed. position we have got to take in this ACC()nlihlgly the House resolved itself I voted for aid to Korea, I voted. for the Congress. into the Committee of the Whole. House Marshall plan, I have voted willl the ad­ The bill before us today is not a pleas,­ on the state of the Union fCi>r the con­ minist:ration on many measures altho'1gb ant bill to vote for. sideration ~i the- bill H. R. 9178', with Mr. I have coDSistently fought,against. the so­ As has been pointed out, these men WmT'Il!N' in the e-hahr. called civil rights issues and l expect t.o have a contract. that has expired or will l'he Clerk read the title of the bill. do so as a southerner as long as I am expire and we are requiring them by our By UD2nimouS' consent, the first read· h~e on the floor of the Hvu.se. votes here tod~y to extend that contract. ing of the- bill was dilspeIISEd with. 1950 {JONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 10999 Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield are concentrating right now to find out always be in existence as long as we myself 5 minutes. how much strength we actually have have the power to bring it before the Mr. Chairman, I do not think this bill and how much more we have to get. House for its consideration. will result in the extended debate that Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the the previous bill produced, although I the gentleman yield? gentleman yield? think it was highly important that we Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentleman Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ had that debate. Later on we are· going from Montana. man from Missouri. to have more debate and it is going to be Mr. MANSFIELD. I want to compli­ Mr. SHORT. I think it would be pinpointed more than this recent de­ ment the gentleman on his statement. helpful, perhaps, to the Members, if the bate was. I was very pleased to note where the able chairman would point out what our Now, this is the second bill before the Marine Corps is going to be increased by present authorized strength is in the House as a result of the Korean war. 57,000. I would like to ask the distin­ Army and the Navy, the Marine Corps, It is another measure which responds guished chairman of the Committee on and the Air Force, and our present ac­ to the needs imposed upon our country Armed Services if anything is contem­ tual strength in those different cate­ by the difficulties we face in the world. plated being done along the line of his gories. I will explain very briefly the need for committee suggestion that the Com­ Mr. VINSON. The legislative ceiling the legislation and what its effect will mandant of the Marine Corps be given as far as the Army is concerned is 837 ,- be. a voice on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 000 and the 1951 appropriated strength Existing law fixes a statutory ceiling Mr. VINSON. I introduced a bill to is 630,000. The statutory ceiling of the of 2,005,882 on the personnel strengths do that, and it has the support of an Navy, including the Marines, is 666 ,882 of the Armed Forces. That authority is overwhelming majority of the members and the 1951 appropriated strength is contained in the Selective Service Act of the Armed Services Committee. But, 461,000. In the Air Force the author­ and in the Army-Air Force Composition we have been so bogged down with other ized ceiling is 502,000 and the 1951 ap­ bill approved only a couple of weeks ago matters that we just have not gotten propriated strength is 416,000. by the President. around to it. We just cannot detour to Mr. SHORT. I am very happy that That two million ceiling is composed handle those kinds of things right now the chairman has put those figures in the of these strengths in each of the armed when the house is on fire, and we have to RECORD, because it clearly shows that we services. get busy to put it out. have not ~s yet come up by any means The Army's ceiling is 837 ,000. The Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. to our authorized strength. Navy's ceiling is 666,882. The Air Force's Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. VINSON. That is right. ceiling is 502,000. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle­ Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield The build-up of our Armed Forces en­ woman from Massachusetts. 10 minutes to the gentleman from New visaged under the program recom­ Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Jersey [Mr. TowEJ. mended by the President last week will The gentleman is convinced now that Mr. TOWE. Mr. Chairman, when the exceed these strength ceilings in each the national defense authorities see the bill now under consideration was before service except possibly in the Army, necessity for keeping a strong Marine the Armed Services Committee last Fri- As regards the Army, the build-up will Corps and also a strong Navy. I know . day, I, urged that action be postponed come so close to the present ceiling, un­ the gentleman has fought for that over for a short time so that the Armed Serv­ der present plans, that a slight increase the years and has been ·very helpful. ices Committee, the Congress, and the in manpower needs would exceed the Mr. VINSON. Well, I do not think it is people of this country might have some statutory limit. It is necessary, there­ exactly fair to say that the national de­ definite information as to where the fore, to suspend these ceilings, and this fense, meaning the Pentagon hierarchy, country is going, The present man­ bill does that for an indefinite period. was ever in favor of complete elimina­ power ceilings in the Defense Establish­ In the meantime, after enactment of tion of the Marine Corps; I do not think ment are sufficient for today, tomorrow, this measure, the strength of our Armed that is exactly correct. Perhaps some­ and possibly.for several months. My sole Forces will still be governed by available one thought that it was a little bit larger purpose in opposing the reporting of the funds. As a result, · the Congress wm · than the facts warranted, but to my way bills and my only purpose in speaking at all times have clear-cut control over of thinking, when we finish with our today is to draw the attention of the the extent to which the Armed Forces present hearings on the state of our American people to the fact that we may will expand. defenses, I am satisfied that we will be be embarking upon a course of action This legislation is a precautionary asking for more than the newspapers which will require manpower and re­ measure taken in advance to meet, first, state is being asked for now as far as sources beyond our capacity. the present plans to strengthen the the Marine Corps is concerned. The No matter what we may call the pres­ Armed Forces, as proposed by the Presi­ newspapers stated yesterday that some­ ent engagement in which we are in­ dent in his July 19 message, and, sec­ body said this and somebody said that volved, the fact is that we are at war, ond, to provide the statutory leeway about the proposed program, but re-. and it should be noted at this point that that will be required should a much gardless of that, I think the Marine neither the people of our country nor ·larger expansion of the Armed Forces Corps has to be strengthened consider­ the Congress has participated in that become necessary in the future. ably because it is a very effective fight­ decision. Technically, the defense of Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Chairman, will the ing organization, and it must be strong South Korea is a United Nations under­ gentleman yield? both on the ground and in the air. taking but actually the United States is Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle- Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. the sole def ender. If there should be man from West Virginia. . That is true of the Navy also. other outbreaks, especially in the Far Mr. BAILEY. I would like to· ask the Mr. VINSON. Yes, I know that. East, it is reasonable to assume that the distinguished gentleman from Georgia, Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. United States alone will undertake to the chairman of the Armed Services Chairman, will the gentleman yield? stop the enemy. Committee, whether this committee has Mr. VINSON. I yield. I assume that the Congress will ap­ given or plans to give consideration to Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I am prove the legislation Which is before us the restoration of the dependency pay­ very glad to hear what the gentleman but when it does, it should understand ments. said; It is encouraging because I have that it is placing in the hands of the Mr. VINSON. We have not reached a very distinct and vivid recollection, President the power to call into the serv­ that yet. If through the draft or and it is in the printed RECORD of the ice as many men as he chooses and to through the ordering into Federal serv­ hearings on the unification bill, that send them to any part of the world that ice of the Reserves or National Guard General Eisenhower did recommend that he decides we must def end. In other that question gets acute, we will the Marine Corps be reduced to a police words, we are placing great additional promptly give it consideration. force status. power in the hands of those men who Mr. BAILEY. I thank the gentleman. Mr. VINSON. The Committee on have been running our Defense Estab­ Mr. VINSON. For the time being we Armed Services knows what the Marine lishment and the executive branch of our have not gotten around to it because we Corps can do, and the Marine Corps will Government since the termination of~ 11000· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 the war and who are directly responsible which; if allowed to continue, will cer­ filled in part by new men who will volun­ for our confused foreign policy, but more tainly .ruin the greatest Nation on eartb. . teer. They, too, will Qe raw recruits. important, it is the same group who are Mr. Chairman, I ·believe that we have The Army is contemplating-and it is directly responsible for the almost com­ reached the point where the Congress no secret-filling up 10 divisions. We plete lack of preparedness which we must assert itself and before it yields have only about three divisions now, and now find exists, despite the fact-th'lt further to Executive pressure for more they are not at war strength. To fill up since the termination of the war Con­ power it should insist on knowing exactly seven more divisions, largely with raw re­ gress has appropriated $95,000,000,000 where we are being taken. If the Con­ cruits, will . take months and months~ for the Defense Establishment. gress and the people of this country want Not until next spring .can we expect to The country was told not so long ago to travel a road that may very well lead have a usable division made up in such that the prospects· for peace were to ruination, they should make the deci­ fashion. Our reserves are not sufficient. brighter than they had ever been since sion. Now we look at the Navy. The Navy the termination of the war; that we did Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will the Reserve contains 1,103,000 men. Only not need a Navy of any account; that gentleman yield? 204,000 are on an active training basis. amphibious landings and tank warfare Mr. TOWE. I yield. The rest constitute a huge pool. The were outmoded. In other words, the Mr. GROSS. I commend the gentle­ Navy is in better shape than the Army judgment of the top leaders in this ad­ man on his excellent statement. I cer­ with respect to reserves. Landsman ministration has been wrong. I have tainly agree with him. that I am, I venture an explanation of no desire to be unduly critical of them. Mr'. TOWE. I thank the gentleman that, if you will bear with me, because I suspect that their hearts are heavy, very much. this is exceedingly important when you but the fact still remain'.> that their judg­ Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield talk abo"Ut increasing the Armed Forces ment was not good. And I say again 10 minutes to the gentleman from New of the United States. The Army Reserve that we are now preparing to place great York [Mr. WADSWORTH.] is expected to be organized finally in to additional power at an extremely criti­ Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. Chairman, tactical units...:...divisions, regiments, bat­ cal moment in the same hands. in view of the fact that the measure now talions, companies, platoons, and squads. Yesterday the President submitted a pending is intended to permit a very sub­ The Navy Reserve, by contrast, is not ex­ request for additional funds to increase stantial increase in the numerical pected to be organized into . crews of the strength of our Defense Establish­ ·strength of our Armed Forces, I think it ships. None of the personnel of the . ment. In the light of what is · happen­ is not irrelevant that I refer to the prob­ Naval Reserve, and very properly the ing in the world today and what may lem involved in increasing that strength. Navy follows that course, is organized to very well happen tomorrow, the sum of It is a very serious probl~m. There is man a ship completely from skipper ; money requested is obviously insufficient. nothing very dramatic about it, but it down. The fact is that it will not do much hits home. more than bring our Defense Establish­ Under existing law each of the three Mr. _VAN ZANDT; Mr. Chairman, will ment up to the efficiency that it would services has endeavored to build up a re­ the gentleman yield? have had about 2 years ago if funds re­ serve on a voluntary system. For the Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield. quested at that time had not been slashed moment I am not including the National Mr. VAN ZANDT. · There is one ex- · in what was described by the heaas of Guard which I believe should be consid­ ception in the Navy, they do have units the Department of D3fense as an econ­ ered separately. Rather, I am referring of aircraft and submarine. omy measure. to the Organized Reserves, so-called, o{ Mr. WADSWORTH. Ye.s; . that 1s. I think, Mr. Chairman, that the people the Army, the Naval Reserve and the Ma­ true. I am speaking of the general pool. of this country are entitled to know ex­ rine Corps and Air Force Reserve. The Navy also is in better condition than actly where they are being led. They · The figures given to the Committee on the Army because in the Naval Reserve­ should be told just how we can carry on Armed Services and also to the Commit­ and I may not use the correct expres­ the defense of the world without com­ tee on Appropriations look ri;tther good · sions-there is a great pool of men who pletely wrecking ou= own economy and at first glance, but an examination into are subject to special assignments, men reducing ourselves to a totalitarian state. the actual situation does not bring much , who have already had experience in the · It is interesting to note that although encouragement. Five hundred and last wa~ . Th~y can be placed on a ship· the present undertaking is technically twenty tho'usand men are now included and assigned m a particular station and the stand of the United Nations, Amer­ in the Army Reserve. Only 250,000 of instantly go to -work with the crew. · ica, and the American people alone, will them are taking anything like what may The Air Force has a reserve of 354,000 pay the price, not only with our men but be termed training. The rest are in what men. Only 68,000 of them are on an ac­ with our resources. The only aid which might be termed a pool, undergoing little tive training basis. Those men do their we have received up to. this point comes or no .training. The huge majority of best, in 23 Air Force stations scattered in the form of laudatory resolutions ap­ the 520,000 are veterans of World War II. over the country, to get some training · proving what we are doing but not off er­ 'J;heir average age is approaching 28 once ·a week in flying and in the care of ing real assistance of any kind. I sus­ years. Many of those men volunteered planes. The rest of that 354,000 men pect that if there are other Koreas and in the Reserves from the most patriotic get training confined almost entirely to we decide to defend them we will be alone motives as they were discharged from correspondence and · listening to lec­ in those undertakings. active duty at the conclusion of the war, tures; that is all. Ten billion dollars is a drop in the but have undertaken heavy domestic MT. EBERHARTER. Mr. Chairman bucket compared to what the actual cost burdens since then. Thousands and will the gentleman yield? ' will be, to say nothing of the loss of our thousands of them have married and Mr. wADSWORTH . I yield. young men. have children-dependents. Undoubt­ Mr. EBERHARTER. It occurs to me If we in a laudable e:fl'ort to assist other edly a few are not as strong physically that many of these 68,000 men would nations ruin America we will have done as they were 5 or 6 years ago, due to some perhaps be a little old for real active exactly what Mr. Stalin would like to accident or illness. Of course, other ele­ duty. see accomplished. There will then be · ments may enter into the situation Mr. WADSWORTH. The same obser­ very little hope for the future of the which, taken with the ones I have tried vation applies to all three of these cate­ world. to describe, will greatly reduce that pool gories. "They are all getting older. Now, From 1932 down to date whenever any of 520,000 men. How much it will be we have relied up to this point, mis­ emergency has arisen, either at home or reduced if called upon, no one knows. takenly I believe-and now I am going abroad, the solution offered by the New That pool will h~ve to be relied upon, to to utter some sentiments which may not Deal has been the acquisition of greater a very large extent, in filling up the Reg­ arouse uproarious applause-we have re­ power and control and, of course, fur­ ular Army to the figures contemplated, lied upon the volunteer system to ·main­ ther expenditure of billions of dollars. namely, 837,000. The pool cannot do it. tain the reserve, and it has failed. Make These schemes have produced nothing The gap must be filled by men inducted no mistake about it, it has failed. Our up to now, except a weakening of Amer­ under the draft, and they will come for­ Reserve strength ought to be three or ica and involvements all over the world, ward as raw recruits, or the gap may be four. times the strength of our first-line 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11001 forces. And it should be a well-trained by this time two complete classes, each Subsequently during the debate on the Reserve. ' having had 1 year of training and com-. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the bill, H. R. 9177, the gentleman from In­ posed of 800,000 me:' each, available for diana [Mr. WALSH] very piously took the gentleman yield at that point? service when a great military mobiliza­ Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield. fioor and stated that bygones should be tion might come along, and completely bygones, ·that we should now forget the Mr. SHORT. I think that is hardly adequate. fair, to say it has failed because it is on errors and mistakes of the past and go . Mr. ELSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the ahead from here on. He also compli­ a volunteer basis, because there have gentleman yield? been literally hundreds of thousands of mented· and in that I join, the distin­ . Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield to the guished' chairman of the Committee on veterans of the different branches of our gentleman from Ohio. armed services who had combat experi­ Armed Services. I say again that I join . ·Mr. ELSTON. What assurance would with him 'in that statement. ence in the last war who have done their we have had that the President or the very t.est to get into Reserve training · However, the gentleman from Indiana administration would not have cut.back EMr. WALSH], not too long ago, was tak­ but have been unable to do so, and it the funds or would not have permitted has not-been altogether due to the lack ing an opposite point of view concerning that training? the distinguished chairman of the Com­ of funds. As far. as. the Air Force is con­ Mr. WADSWORTH. I cannot tell, of cerned we gave them $75,000,000 which mittee on Armed Services. You all are course. I am trying to point out what· very familiar with the B-36 probe of last they .never did spend. This proves that I have believed for a great many ·years, it is not the fault of Congress or the year. In October of· 1949 the Committee that the only sound way for a democracy on Armed Services held extensive hear­ Committee on the Armed Services. to preserve itself from a savage aggres­ Mr. WADSWORTH. I did not mean ings on procurement of the B-36 and re­ sion is to rely upon trained citizens, lated matters. Subsequently the com­ to start the argument again as to where trained in time of peace and subject to the blame lies. mittee filed a report, but during the service only when war comes along, hearings, if my recollection is correct, the Mr. SHORT. I want to get it very rather than to rely completely upon pro­ clear and unmistakable that the bl_ame fessional Regulars whom we cannot sup­ gentleman from Indiana stomped out of does not rest on the Congress. -We have port in time of peace in large enough the committee room and said he would got to face the facts as they are. . not have one more thing to do with the numbers and in sufficient strength to. investigation. If I am in error in regard .. Mr. WADSWORTH. I am endeavor­ keep the country safe in war. We have: ing to face the facts as they are and to to this, I would like-to have the gentle­ got to face this thing some day. If this. man from Indiana correct me, look ahead. rew in Korea expands into something: Mr. SHORT. That is all right, and · Mr. WALSH. At the completion of much larger-God knows I hope ·it does the gentleman's remarks I will ask for Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman five not-we will be up against t~is question. ad-ditional minutes-I want to · give him of reserves and we will find ourselves t'ime to answer; all the time I have. The only way to without them. You will simply have to Mr. FORD. Very well. The Commit­ improve is to recognize mistakes and to call into the services through the draft tee on Armed Services, following that in­ be honest and courageous enough to ad­ raw recruits and thus for 6, 8, or 10 . vestigation, in House Document 600; en­ mit that they are mistakes. months .break down the efficiency of your titled "Unification and Strategy," sum­ The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman military units. mary of views and recommendations of from New York is recognized for five . Mr. McSWEENEY. Mr. Chairman, will the House Armed Services Committee, additional minutes. the gentleman yield? came to certain conclusions, 33 in num­ Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. Chairman, Mr. WADS''NORTH. I yield to .the ber. All but No. 33 were approved unani­ I do not dispute the good objective of gentleman from Ohio. mously. Eight of the members of the this legislation; I support it enthusias­ Mr. McSWEENEY. Is it not true that. Committee on Armed Services objected tically. It is going to take 8 or 9 months Australia and other countries are con­ to the approval of recommendation· to fill up these units. We have not a templating rejecting· voluntary enlist- · No. 33. Included in the minority was large enough reserve that is trained; we ments, and going to the compulsory . the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. must resort to the draft to a considerable method, so that there will be an even WALSH]. extent. From the draft we get raw re­ distribution of service? For your information I will read what cruits who must be trained. Mr. WADSWORTH. I am not aware recommendation 33 included: I can remember some experiences in of what is going on in other countries. The removal of Admiral Denfeld was a re­ World War II with respect to the Na­ I am not in favor of rejecting volunteers. prisal against him for giving testimony ~o tional Guard. I remember the Twenty. I am not in favor of rejecting men vol­ the House Armed Services Committee. This seventh National Guard Division which act is a blow against effective representative untarily enlisting in the Regular Army government in that it tends to intimidate was mobilized along with all the other or National Guard or · in the Reserves, witnesses and hence discourages the rend­ divisions. :i:t lacked 3,000 men of being but when you have not enough reserves ering of free and honest testimony to the at war strength. When it was mobil­ and you have no means of knowing how . Congress; it violated promises made to the ized that division had to spend16 months many you will have a year from now or witnesses by the committee, the Secretary training those new 3,000 recruits. Had 2 years from now or 3 years from now, of the Navy, and the Secretary of Defense; it been at war strength when it was you have not the slightest idea where and it violated the Unification Act, into called into service it could have taken you are, which means you do not know which a provision was written specifically to the field. None of these divisions that where you are going. prevent actions of this nature against the we are now talking about can take the Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield Nation's highest military and naval officers. field short of 6, 8 or 9 months. 5 minutes to the gentleman from Michi­ I say this, Members of the Committee, That does not disturb me so deeply gan [Mr. FORD]. that I wholeheartedly approve of the ac­ with respect to Korea alone. What I Mr. FORD. Mr. Chairman, this after­ tion of the Committee on Armed Services am thinking about is the long pull. How noon we have heard the excellent and under the distinguished chairmanship of are we going to be sure of getting an ade­ very apropos remarks of the distin- . the gentleman from Georgia. I concur in ouate reserve composed of trained citi­ guished gentleman from Georgia in his statement made today. I also whole­ zens? I say again, and I have been which he pointed out some of the mili­ heartedly support the point of view of saying this for 30 years, that it can be tary weaknesses and some of the things the gentleman from Missouri. We can­ done only by universal military training. that may be necessary to remedy them. not forget bygones; we must analyze our It cannot be done in any other way. Subsequently we heard the comments of present position by realizing what errors Suppose that in 1947 we had passed the the distinguished gentleman from Mis­ we have made in the past. We cannot UM'!' bill-incidentally the gentleman souri [Mr. SHORT] in which he pointed · progress in the future unless we know from New Jersey was the sponsor of it­ out, I think very adequately, the pos­ where we have failed heretofore. I do and suppose that it had gone into effect sible reasons for our present military not intend to let statements get by on immediately or within a reasonable condition and pointed out with justifi­ the floor of this House that gloss over period thereafter. Here we are in 1950. cation the responsibility for our present • and try to cover up actions of individuals We would have had. in our trained reserve circumstances. and groups within our borders. 11002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JULY 25 I would like to also make a statement I want to say something about the Mr. FORD. Mr. Chairman, will the regarding several other comments made B-36 investigation. I signed the minor­ gentleman yield? by the gentleman from Indiana. He said ity report. I am proud of that fact, and Mr. WALSH. I yield. that 70 percent of our appropriations for I would have signed it again. I am a Mr. FORD. Tell me where. the last few years were for military ex­ lawyer. I told the House yesterday that Mr. WALSH. I said I am not going penses. That is not accurate. What he I had practiced law for 16 years. I do to do it. meant to say, and I am sure he will cor­ not believe in hearsay evidence. I be­ Mr. FORD. Well, I am asking you to. rect it in the RECORD, is that 70 percent lieve any man accused should be allowed Mr. WALSH. I will produce the record of our appropriations are for past wars, to face his accuser. I think it is an out­ here tomorrow, if you want it brought including military appropriations for rage when any man in this body, or the forth. future wars, appropriations for veterans' other one, who has congressional immu­ Mr. FORD. I certainly do. benefits and other miscellaneous items. nity accuses a person of sometl.ting and Mr. WALSH. You are the one who But, he definitely said they were for mili­ the individual that is accused, even brought this argument up-not me. I tary expenses and such a statement was though he is later vindicated, has no do not care to indulge in personalities. inaccurate. right of redress. Mr. FORD. But you certainly did. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the I attended practically every one of Mr. WALSH. After all, my good gentleman from Michigan has expired. the hearings in the B-36 investigation. friend, you are the one who took the Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield They were concluded only a few days floor first. I did not know you from 10 minutes to the gentleman from In­ after my outburst. I want to say that Adam. I will have your record tomor­ diana [Mr. WALSH]. Secretary Matthews wa~ unjustly ac­ row and show it in the RECORD if you Mr. WALSH. Mr. Chairman, my re­ cused, as was Secretary Johnson, and wish. marks must have been misunderstood by largely upon hearsay evidence. I felt Mr. FORD. You can come to my office a few here in the House today. My re­ then that the criticism leveled at Secre­ and I will give it to you to save time. marks, fallowing those of my distin­ tary Matthews was unjust, that we had Mr. WALSH. Mr. Chairman, I de­ guished friend from Missouri, were heard only one side of the issue. I agree cline to yield further. meant as an appeal for understanding with my good friend from Illinois [Mr. I do not care to get in any discussion. and cooperation. Perhaps I was not as ARENDS] when he says that good resulted The point I am trying to make is that restrained as I should be because I dis­ from the B-36 investigation. But I am tempers are ftaring here today. I hope agreed somewhat with his remarks. making no apology for the B-36 bomber. when it is all said and done we can for­ It is very apparent that we should get It is the greatest plane now in existence, get the votes we have cast in the past some of these things out of our system, and our investigation proved this fact. I and the mistakes that we have made-­ heard the late General Arnold tell us and we have made plenty of them, all and apparently we are doing so today. I of us-and go out of this Chamber united, agree with the distinguished gentleman what it could do. Mr. Chairman, where would we be to­ because we are certainly in a world con­ that preceded me that my remarks flict which we may never see the end. should be that 70 percent of our budget is day without the atomic bomb. Where would we be? Russia would be at our · As the father of four children, and I going for wars past and present .and in am proud of it, I am going to do my level preparation for possible future conflicts. doorstep. The atomic bomb is a deter­ rent against all-out Soviet aggression. best to see to it that those children I have at times disagreed with my dis­ have the opportunity to live in a free tinguished chairman [Mr. VINSON]. Who is going to carry the atomic bomb in case of a world conflict? Today there is world, free of communism. I hope my Anyone that sits in the Committee on vote in the future; as I hope it has been Armed Services recognizes his worth and only one airplane, in my opinion, that can carry it to Europe and return, and in the past, will never be cast along po­ his leadership. But sometimes Mr. VIN­ litical lines, especially at this time when SON, if he will pardon me, is not the most that is not giving any secrets away. It is the B-36 bomber. the fate of the world rests to a great patient individual. He has a tendency extent upon us, the Members of the Con­ toward running the committee in a style Unjustly and · unfairly the B-36 gress of the United States. that is not inimitable. bomber was attacked in our committee. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield As a freshman member of the Com~ It was attacked upon the floor of the 5 minutes to the gentleman from North mittee on Armed Services I became dis­ House and in the newspapers. After Carolina [Mr. DURHAM]. turbed in the hearings on the B-36 inves­ the investigation was concluded we all Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Chairman, I can­ tigation. As I felt that the younger unanimously agreed that the charges not add much more information on members were not being given a chance against the B-36 and its acquisition were these two measures, but tempers seem to to participate in the same, and I walked absolutely false. I do not feel that Ad­ be ftaring here this afternoon. After all, -out in a huff. I saw a newspaperman miral Denfeld was unjustly treated, and you know it is very pleasing to me to see friend of mine, and he asked me what I am still standing by that statement. the difference in the debate today and had occurred. I thought I was talking I can still say to you today that I am the unaniµlous cooperation in a matter largely off the record, but much to my standing behind the minority report. which probably means the life or death sorrow the next day the headlines said We only disagreed in this report in one of our Nation in the years to come. that I accused the gentleman from item. Seven members of the committee There is a big difference between now Georgia [Mr. VINSON] of being a Navy voted the same as I did, but on the other and 1939, 1940, and 1941, when we were stooge. I later corrected this, because I 29 or 30 items, ·1 have forgotten how voting on measures far into the night. had not used those words. However, the many there were, we were unanimous in Roll call after roll call occurred at that newspaperman apparently had. and I our report. Of course, a committee of period and this body at that time was had acquiesced. I have often been sorry this size and importance disagrees. We seriously divided. Not so today. The_se for those remarks. I recognize the worth disagree here today violently in our feel­ measures, which are very far-reaching, of the gentleman from Georgia, but I still are going to pass unanimously. say that the manner in which the inves­ ings. But I think if there is one thing we can do is to get it out of our systems It has also been pointed out to you the tigation was being held at that time did difficulties under which we are oi:;~rat­ not please me. I did feel that we in the Btnd we can fight here on the floor of ing today. I do not believe it is any time backfield, the younger members, were the House, but tomorrow and henceforth to point out the faults or mistakes that not given the opportunity to express our­ we will go forward fighting together to may have occurred in the past. I think selves fully. However, I have noticed win this war. I could point out to this it is best for us at the present time, in since then that our chairman has been Member and other Members their voting this hour, to confine ourselves to the most considerate of the younger mem­ records in the past. I could, if necessary, job ahead and not forget about the situa­ bers of the committee. I am positive point out where he failed to vote for tion and the predicament and obligations that he does not hold that against me, what I consider to be the best interest of that this Nation has taken upon itself. and I certainly do not against him, be­ the defense of our country. I know that We have listened, and I particularly cause I think the gentleman from •I, too, have cast bad votes, but what I am have listened, for the last year to the Georgia knows more about the military saying now and wanted to. point out in intelligence reports. around_ the world. needs of this country than any other my earlier remarks, is that these things We, of course, have had a policy of con­ nian in the Nation. do not matter now. · finement against communism, and they 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11003 have a policy of expansion. So I think The brush-off they have received from still on active duty in the Regular Army anyone could come to the conclusion that the war planners in Washington is un­ in 1919, I recall my following the out­ this beginning which has happened in thinkable. standing work of Senator WADSWORTH, Korea is only the beginning. I think we Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I have then chairman of the Senate Committee can expect Russia to do everything she only one more request for time on this on Military Affairs, when he tried to can to divide us and our allies. That is side. I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman secure a universal military training pro­ very evident. They are master minds at from Iowa [Mr. MARTIN]. gram. The proposed training at that propaganda. They have already con­ Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Mr. Chairman, time was for 3 months with . an addi­ vinced the world of that. I do not know I appreciate these few minutes to dis­ tional 1 month of training optional. how many more measures will come be­ cuss the problem facing us at this That length of training was then con­ fore this House during the next few moment. I hope this bill passes without sidered adequate for basic training only. weeks. I hope and know that this House any objection, and I hope that our de­ I recall also working with the American will pass every measure that is neces­ fense officials immediately get busy to Legion leaders of my State for a mili­ sary. I am satisfied that the things we build a Navy, an Air Force, and an Army tary-training program, for some 20 do on the floor of this House and the as quickly as we make the funds avail­ years starting with my assignment to the things we say here are broadcast every able for them, because we have a long University of Iowa in 1921 as assistant night in Moscow. We cannot hear it, road ahead. I know that these recruits professor of military science and tactics but I am convinced of that. Of course, we are taking in now will have to have and continuing up to our entry into I am not qualified to lecture the press. basic training for approximately 17 World War II. While I have always op­ Neither am I qualified to lecture this weeks. Then they will be only ready to posed compulsory military service in body. There are men here who have start their team training. The armed peacetime, I have just as vigorously sup­ had much more experience than I have services have got to develop fighting ported universal military training as a . had, like the chairman of our commit­ teams before they commit these young permanent policy in order to prepare our tee. Certainly he is qualified to speak, men to the battle line. I cannot con­ young men better to defend themselves and he has spoken today for the national ceive of the Notre Dame football teams and their Nation whenever we might defense of this country. I never heard mobilizing today a group of high school suddenly become involved in war. more comprehensive over-all state.ment rookies, and putting them out against the If our young men today who were too with reference to our national defense all-stars tomorrow morning, nor can I young to take part in World War II all than he made today. I have tried, as a further conceive of the Reserves, as the had basic military training our armed member of the Armed Services Commit­ gentleman from New York [Mr. WADS­ services could now save 3 m0nths of nee- . tee, to study the problems at all times WORTH] mentioned, who have been inac­ essary delay in placing them in :fighting and to do what I could as an individual tive the past 4 years being used immedi­ teams for field training, whereas all of to help and assist my country to be pre­ ately. C~rtainly you would not expect our untrained young men must now be . pared in case of danger. We all realize the Notre Dame football team. to collect giv.en that basic training before we today that probably the bargain-counter its varsity members of 4 years ago and should even think of placing them in days of Democracy are over, and we are put them on the firing line tomorrow combat teams for field maneuvers pre­ going to have to pay for it from now on, without running signals in a thorough ceding their commitment to combat. because the fact is that God grants lib­ practice and conditioning program. I Another thing I must mention is that erty only to those who love it and are do not think we should gamble with the the gentleman from North Carolina and willing and able to guard and defend it lives of our untrained or unseasoned . I have been fighting shoulder to shoulder at all times. We have a great country. boys. We must profit from the lessons for many years to build up stockpiles of Let us be Americans first and forget of World War II; we must train these strategic and critical materials. I am about our little differences. boys, and the sooner we get started the very pleased to read the headlines in the The CHAIRMAN. The time of the better. papers today saying that the President gentleman from North Carolina has As I have stated here on other occa­ now states that we must take immediate expired. sions, it was my privilege and oppor­ steps to build up adequate stockpiles of . Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 tunity to teach military.history and mili­ strategic and critical materials. That is minutes to the gentleman from Iowa tary policy some 30 years ago, in one of something that is absolutely essential, for [Mr. GROSS]. the State universities. You will remem­ we cannot fight wars with our airplanes Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, I ask ber on July 18 in the debate on the ex­ and our new weapons still on the drawing unanimous consent to speak out of order. tension of Mutual Defense Assistance Act boards a.nd in blueprints. We had bet­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection of 1949, I mentioned the statement of de ter speed up this stockpile program just to the request of the gentleman from Toqueville in 1835, of Lord Palmerson in as fast as we can. Iowa? 1853, and of Commodore Perry in 1856 Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield There was no objection. regarding the role of Russia in the family su~h time as he may desire to the gentle­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, in h ls of nations. What we must realize is that man from Pennsylvania [Mr. VAN July 19 message to Congress, President this is not a temporary passing situation ZANDT]. Truman asserted the Nation's economic that we are facing here. I think many of Mr. .VAN ZANDT. Mr. Chairman, in resources will require substantial redirec­ us fail to realize what we are up against. 1945 the United States Air Force had tion, but up to this time his National We are at the place now where we must 273 groups and was the most powerful Security Resources Board has not seen maintain our Nation's position in this in the world. In 1946 it was reduced to fit to consult with America's farmers, world or we are going to face defeat and 38 groups. the producers of the all-essential food humiliation, and we cannot win by com­ The House Armed Services Commit­ and fiber. mitting untrained, unskilled teams-not tee, of which I am a member, early in The Security and Resources Board has teams, but groups of boys-to combat 1948 realized that the Nation's Air Force consulted with industry and labor, and prematurely. What we must do is to strength was deteriorating to a point granted a committee, representing much train adequately the young men of our where the security of the country was of labor, at least semiofficial advisory country for the ground forces, the air in danger and took action on April 1, recognition. That is commendable as forces, and the Navy. We have got to 1948, to establish as a peacetime mini- far as it goes but it certainly does not make this decision quickly if we are to mum a 70-group air force. · go far enough. give these boys basic training of 15 to 17 In the light of current events it is I insist that American farmers, who weeks, then adequate team training, be­ plainly evident that the House Commit­ produce each year 65 percent of the Na­ fore we put them into combat units on tee on Armed Services was way ahead of tion's new wealth and who must be de­ the firing line. both the executive department and the pended upon to feed the Nation, its mili­ I listened with great interest a few Department of National Defense in tary forces, and perhaps part of the minutes ago to the remarks made by the planning for the air defense of this Na­ world, be given an equal voice with any gentleman from New York [Mr. WADS­ tion in time of emergency. and all other segments of the economy WORTH] regarding the matter of uni­ We all recall the efforts of Hon. W. in war-planning procedures. versal military training. While I was Stuart Symington, former Secretary of 11004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JULY 25 Air and Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, Chief effective, continuing, and successful air June U, !S48, the bill passed the House of Staff of the United States Air Force, offensive against a major enemy." Both without dissenting vote. to convince the President of the United of these reports were important factors Sixth. Executive branch resistance to States and the Secretary of National in substantiating Air Force policy. Both 70-group program: By the end of June, Defense that the defense of our Nation reports recommended prompt action to 1948, the Air Force had reached a level required a 70-group air force. re-create the strength of the Air Force of 59 activated groups en route to the The real story of the 70-group air through an orderly expansion toward 70-group goal. In June 25, 1948, how­ force is as follows: the 70-group goal as the minimum ever, the President placed specific limi­ needed to assure national security in tations on the Services to the effect that STORY OF THE 70-GROUP PROGRAM 1 time of peace. budget ceilings for fiscal year 1950 First. Pre-VJ-day background: by the Fifth. First congressional actions to would have to be well under the amount end of World War II the Air Force was require a 70 -group program: On April 1, necessary to carry out previously working toward a goal of a balanced 1948, before the House Armed Services · planned programs. It was determined peacetime establishment capable of (a) Committee meeting in executive session, that the budget ceiling forecast for the meeting the requirements of national se­ Air Force would support no more than curity; (b) providing a proper mobiliza­ Hon. c ~. RL VINrnN moved that the com­ mittee go on record in favor of the 70- 48 groups. At this point, then, the prob­ tion potential in the form of a sound and group program recommended by the Air lem within the Air Force became one adequate aircraft industry; in private hands to operate; The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is pre­ We need it badly. We are flirting with then it will be up to the Government pared to rule. The gentleman from dynamite. Let us not slow down the agency responsible to pick a proper pur­ Kentucky has made the point of order processes. Of course, we do not like the against the amendment offered by the chaser or lessee, as the case may be. gentleman from Montana [Mr. situation we are in, but the simple truth But in the meantime this amendment of the matter is that we must have that D'EWART], that it is not germane and would ask the operators, who have done that it is identical with the amendment ore, and the only place we can get it in a good successful job, to turn over their large quantity is from the British and just voted on by the committee. In the trade secrets to a rival concern. I think opinion of the Chair the amendment is the Dutch. I hope the amendment is that is what is at the bottom of all this voted down; however, I will cooperate not an identical amendment, although objection. It comes up every time a it contains a portion of an amendment with the gentleman on the matters he is smelter bill is being considered in the interested in. previously voted. on by the committee; committee or in the House. It stems, I therefore the Chair holds that the Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. believe, from a rival concern that would amendment is germane and · overrules Chairman, may I say in conclusion that like very much to have those secrets. the reason we find ourselves in one crisis the point of order. They would like to go into a competitive Mr. D'EW ART. Mr. Chairman, this after another is because we do not stand operation. up on our hind legs as Americans and amendment is not identical with the . I hope that the opposition, in the in­ other amendment in that it does not dis­ develop the United States. As long as terests of national defense, will withhold we continue contracts and practices like turb the present contract and does not its opposition this afternoon and let us limit the time. It simply provides that this, where we rely upon the favor of provide for the continued operation of other people, we are going to have more this process, these patents, this knowl­ that plant for the next 5 years. I will edge, this understanding of the handling and more of these crises. The American work with them for the permanent dis­ people are getting sick and tired of this of tin that is gained through the use of position of it whenever they are ready. our money, through a plant that our continual recurrence of crises, getting in­ In the meantime, let us not hamper the to one trouble, then getting out of that money built, will be available to Ameri­ smelter and, above all, do not set a limit can processors. It does not inter!ere by pointing to something a little bigger of 1 year, and do not require them to and more dangerous. The American with the present contract. -The opera­ terminate the agreement by the end of tion of the plant can go on as heretofore, people are going to express themselves on this year, because if you do the operators this subject one of these days and in no but it does make this knowledge and cannot make a contract that would be these patents available to our American uncertain terms. . worth anything. They cannot proceed The CHAIRMAN. The time of the industry. I think it is important that as any business firm ought to proceed on this amendment be adopted so that we gentleman from South Dakota has ex­ a reasonably long-range basis. pired. can distribute to other tin plants in this Mr. THOMPSON. Mr. Chairman, I I hope this amendment will be de­ country the knowledge that the taxpay­ rise in opposition to the pending amend­ feated and that you will give us an ers' money in this country has provided ment. opportunity to provide for the national and will develop in the future. Mr. Chairman, the smelter in question defense in this matter. Mr. REES. Mr. Chairman, will the is located in my district and, naturally, Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, will gentleman yield? I am very vitally interested in it and the gentleman yield? Mr. D'EWART. I yield to the gentle­ quite familiar with it. There are a good Mr. THOMPSON. I yield to the gen­ man from Kansas. many misconceptions that have been tleman from New York. Mr. REES. I am not as familiar with voiced here this afternoon. One fact I Mr. CLEMENTE. Can the gentleman this legislation as I should be, but I am would like very much to impress par­ tell me what benefit the Government of wondering if this observation is not cor­ ticularly on the committee is that every the United States will derive from this rect that American taxpayers are more agency of the Government which has contract? . or l~ss :financing or supporting a foreign any responsibility whatever for national Mr. THOMPSON. They will continue cartel with respect to this tin business. defense, the stockpile, security in gen­ the production of tin, and we will be cer­ tain to have tin for war purposes out of Mr. D'EWART. There is no question eral has asked for the passage of the but that there is a cartel mixed up with bill 'as is. They know all of the objec­ the stockpile. Mr. CLEMENTE. Well, do we get any this whole tin industry and the cartel, in tions which have been raised by the effect distributes the ores that are de­ opposition. These have been we~gh~d as the result of this contract? carefully and considered and put aside m Mr. THOMPSON. Certainly we do. velop~d in Bolivia and other countries the interest of the Nation. We have a tremendous stockpile of it. and also has a lot to do with what be­ Let me say just a word about the oper­ It has been successful. They smelt comes of the metals that are processed ators. The contract was made with 36,000 tons a year. The stockpiling fig .... from these ores. them during the war for the reason that .ures are confidential, as the gentleman Mr. REES. I thank the gentleman. 11014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--· HOUSE JULY 25 , ·Mr. D'EWART. Mr. Chairman, Mem­ {H. R. 8569) to strengthen the common The SPEAKER. Is there objecti-on .to bers of the Committee, I earnestly urge defense by extending for 5 years the au­ the request of the gentleman from that this amendment be agreed to. thority for the Texas City tin-smelter Michigan? Mr. THOMPSON. Mr. Chairman, operation, pursuant to House Resolution . There was no objection. I rise in oppasition to the amendment. 714, he reported the bill back to the The matter referred to follows. Mr. Chairman, I think the purpose-of House with an amendment adopted by Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. this amendment is exactly the same as the Committee of the Whole. Chairman, I move to strike out the last that of the one we just voted down. It The SPEAKER. Under the rule, the word, and ask unanimous consent to is certainly not intended to help the previous question is ordered. revise and extend my remarks. operation of the tin smelter. Let me in­ The question is on the amendment. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection vite your attention to this: So far as a The amendment was agreed to. to the request of the gentleman from cartel is concerned, through this plant The SPEAKER. The question is on Michigan? you have the only protection you could the engrossment and third reading of the There was no objection. possibly have against a cartel. In that bill. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. plant there are two and sometimes three The bill was ordered to be engrossed Chairman, Thursday, July 20, from the members of the Dutch firm that operates and read a third time and was read the well of the House, the Representative it. All the rest are American workmen, third time. from Massachusetts [Mrs. ROGERS], in a most of them recruited locally, and every The SPEAKER. The question is on 1-minute speech, among other things, one taught the know-how necessary to the passage of the bill. said: operate a tin smelter. Presumably that The bill was passed. Mr. Speaker, I am having a great many re­ force would stay right there in the event A motion to reconsider was laid on the quests from women, saying they would like of any change of hands, in the event the table. to join the Marines or WAVES or WACS. Billiton people went out of business. Mr. SPENCE. Mr. Speaker, I ask They are anxious to do all they can for their country in this time of emergency and stress. There seems to be no reason on earth unanimous consen~ for the present con­ why the applecart, as the gentleman sideration of the bill (S. 3666) to extend Some have even stated that they would like from Texas [Mr. THOMAS] just said, to have a draft of women if they have a for 5 years the authority to provide for draft of men. should be upset at this stage of the game. the maintenance of a domestic tin­ If you do want to tamper with the long­ smelting industry. Replying immediately thereafter, I range operation, then let us do it under The Clerk read the title of the bill. tried to make the point that we were the permanent legislation that will follow The SPEAKER. Is there objection to not yet so weak in manpower that it and is designed to really give us private the request of the gentleman from Ken­ was necessary to draft women or com­ operation of the plant. pel them to fight with the armed serv- tucky? ices. · Mr. POULSON. Mr. Chairman, will There was no objection. the gentleman yield? The Clerk read the bill, as follows: A further point which I sought to Mr. THOMPSON. I yield to the gen­ make was that, in drafting the young tleman from California. Be it enacted, etc., That section 2 of the joint rec:oolution entitled "Joint resolution to men, both a physical and a mental ex­ Mr. POULSON. I was very much in­ strengthen the common defense and to meet amination was required; that the result terested in the gentleman's explanation industrial needs for tin by providing for was that those among the young men of why it was not a cartel. Will not the the maintenance of a domestic tin-smelting who were the more physically and men­ profits and the benefits inure to the industry", approved June 28, . 1947, as tally fit were taken into the service while benefit of the owners rather than to the amended, is amended by striking out "June those who did not pass these tests re­ laborers, just as if the laborers were 30, 1951" and inserting in lieu thereof "June mained at home; and that many of the working in some other factory? I cannot 3'l, 1956." drafted were killed, more were wounded, see the gentleman's logic in saying this Mr. SPENCE. Mr. Speaker, I o:ffer an a still smaller percentage returned to is not a cartel for the simple reason that amendment. this country mentally impaired. though the ownership is in the Dutch the The Clerk read as follows: My further argument was that the operations are performed by American . Amendment offered by Mr. SPENCE: Strike women of this country, whose loyalty, laborers. out all after the enacting clause of the bill whose contribution to our wars has never Mr. THOMPSON. The ownership is and insert t~e provisions of the bill H. R. been questioned, were entitled as a mat­ not in the Dutch at all, the ownership is 8569 as passed, as follows: ter of right to select as a husband and in the American Government, the Recon­ "That section 2 of the joint resolution en­ the father of their children a typical struction Finance Corporation. The titled 'Joint resolution to strengthen the young American-not a displaced person Dutch operate it simply because they had common defense and to meet industrial who, after a war, came to this country, the best o:ff er at the time the first lease needs for tin by providing for the mainte­ nance of a domestic tin-smelting industry', or one from a group from which the was made. most physically and mentally desirable Mr. POULSON. That is the ownership approved June 28, 1947 (61 Stat. 190), as amended, is amended by striking out '1951' had been removed by the draft. Any­ of the plant, but the benefits as far as the and inserting in lieu thereof '1956', and by thing wrong about that? know-how is concerned are still in the substituting for the period after the word Ordinarily, I can make my meaning ownership of the Dutch? 'designate' a colon, and adding the follow­ clear, leave little room for misunder­ Mr. THOMPSON. That is correct, but ing: 'Provided, That such powers, functions, standing, but apparently on this occa­ do not forget that all of those secrets duties, and authority shall be exercised and are now in the hands of the Reconstruc­ performed with due regard to the public in­ sion I was too subtle, for it is evident tion Finance Corporation and at the dis­ terest in the maintenance of domestic smelt­ my words were misunderstood. posal of the Reconstruction Finance Cor­ ing of Western Hemisphere tin ores and con­ The Detroit Free Press, in an editorial poration, to be turned over to anybody centrates by American private enterprise.'" of Saturday, July 22, referring to me, they think is proper. · The amendment was agreed to. among other things, said: Mr. Chairman, I hope the amend­ The bill was ordered to be read a third He intimated that woman's interest in ment will be voted down. time, was read the third time, and gett ing in some war activity was to catch · The CHAIRMAN. The question is on -a husband. If they want men that bad, passed, and a motion to reconsider was HOFFMAN suggested, they can get displaced the amendment o:ff ered by the gentleman laid on the table. persons from Europe. from Montana. The proceedings by which the bill H. R. The amendment was· rejected. 8569 was passed were vacated and the For some reason best known to its The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the bill was laid on the table. publisher or editorial writers, the De­ Committee rises. troit Free Press has more than once Accordingly the Committee rose; and GET THE RECORD STRAIGHT either misconstrued or misrepresented the Speaker having resumed the chair, Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. what I have said, what I have condemned Mr. PRESTON, Chairman of the Commit­ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that or advocated. tee of the Whole House on the State of the remarks I made in Committee of the In replying to the suggestion that, if the Union, reported that that Committee, Whole may be printe.d at this point in we are to have a draft of men , we should having had under consideration the bill the RECORD. - have a draft of women, I did not then 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR~HOUSE 11015 use. nor have I ever at any time used. be required- to do- If ·we are to pollce the attention · proposals which are basic to the words which carried the suggestion "tha.t world, fight in every war in whlch ambitious $Uccess at the United Nations action ln women's chief interest in getting. into or power-mad politicians of other nations Korea. some activity was catch a hus- may from time to time involve us. As persons of all races. creeds, and na­ war to But there 18 something 1n the <Uatton tional or1gtns, we belleve it ta urgent that the band." . - whlch calls for the drafting of our men United states demonstrate to people every­ Nor did I ever__ .suggest that. if · the wbich tends to cloud the future. That Is where that democracy works effectively. women of Amertea. wanted a husband, the fact that the best young men of Amer­ Every American wants to share in the re­ ''they can get displaced persons from ica-at least from a physical and mental aporisiblllttes as well as the prlVileges of de­ Europe." standpoint-are to be drafted, sent abroad mocracy. To accomplish this we urge you to Several t.1mes I have argued. as I now there to fight, some to die, others to be use your oftlce to insure the most efficient wounded, others to be returned home men­ utillzation of the Nation's human resources. contend. t~SJ:LET, CELLATION OP CERTAIN ROYALTY~ Rev. R. PIEBRE JOHNSON, No woman of whom we know really wants PR.EB LICENSES Coch.airmen. to go to war. Mr. BRYSON submitted a conference Member organizations: Allegheny County Nor do I. In my humble judgment. it report and statement on the bill Jews; Pitts­ because of letters which I have received. burgh Section, National Council of Jewish protesting my remarks-the letters un­ Africa, and the Middle East, this action Women; Sociology Club (Instructors); Soho doubtedly being based. upon a miscon-: is being interpreted to mean that we talk Community House; Steel City IndustrlaJ. ception of what I said-and because of democracy but do not live it. We know Union Council. CIO; United Mine Workers this editorial., which is circulated in my this js not the case, that by comparison of America; Urban League of Pittsburgh; district, I now ask pennis$on to include with other nations our democracy is of Western Pennsylvania Council of B'nal the highest order. Nevertheless. the B'rith; United Vocational and Employment the remarks made on that occasion. Service; Youth Advisory Committee, Federa­ Those remarks were as follows: PEPC would have improved our way of life. It would have added significantly tion of Jewish Philanthropies; Young WOMEN IN THE .ABMED SuVICES Women's Christian Assooi&tion of Pitts­ t.o individual opportunity and would burgh. Mr. Hol'FKAN of. Michigan. Kr. Speaker, have blunted antiminor!ty groups in no one questions the patriotism. the ability TRAGEDY AT MYRTLE BEACH. S. C. or the willingness of women to render serv­ this country. In addition. it would have ice either "in peacetime or when we are at knocked the props from under Soviet ' Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I~ unan­ war. Nor does anyone question the value propagandists who are trying to mislead imous consent to address the House for of those services. But I do not agree With struggling peoples everywhere. If we 1 minute. the suggestion that we should draft women. are to hold the offensive in a world of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Women can rend.er the most valuable senr- ideals and community practice, we must the request of the gentleman from Ten­ 1ce when we are at war U, instead of serving not give the cynical and duping Commu­ nessee? in the front lines, they wlll just stay at home, nists the opportunity t.o throw up our doing their pnrt on the home front in mariy There was no objection. shortcc;>mings t.o the religious, economic, Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, the city ways-sometimes in industrial plants, some­ and racial 'minorities throughout the times as civilian or professional workers and of Nashville is in mourning today. assistants, or in tak1ng care of their hus­ world. On Sunday afternoon, as members of bands and sons, or, by letters of encourage­ Mr. Speaker, I wish to insert a letter their families awaited their returning ment, maintaining the morale Of those they to President Truman from the Allegheny from maneuvers, word came that 30 val­ have sent to the front. County Council for Civil Rights: iant sons and soldiers had perished in I do not believe that it Is either neoess&ry JULY 25. 1950. the inferno of a National Guard plane or desirable, as has been suggested, tbat we HdaT s. Tat7KAN, crash Beach. create an army of AmHons. • Preftdent of the United states. near Myrtle Nor do I believe that our women should The White House. -· Words are weak in the face of sac.:. be reqUlred, as the years or the centuries . Dlwl. ML. Pus!J>BNT: On behalf of the 40 ri:ficia.l action that cha.ract.erized the dy­ roll on, to provide continuous crops at can­ orgamzations 1n the Allegheny County. Coun-· ing of these young men. They died in non fodder !or r.uccesslve. wars. as they Will ell for Civil Rlgb.ts. we wish to call to 10ur line of duty, and I have been informed 11016 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE~ , JULY 25 by the Air Forces that they were Mr. Speaker, the integrity of the Con- in 125 O't..lier cases the committee ap­ traveling under competent orders. Un­ stitution, of the House of Representa- proved sums.Jn excess of the House bill. der these circumstances, Mr. Speaker, I tives, and of the Ways and Means Com- Mr. Speakeh- in view of international am sure the Government through the mittee is involved in this decision. commitments a.Ir-eady made, and more Veterans• Adminlstration will assume the The SPEAKER. Under previous or- to be made, all ··unnecessary projects full responsibility it owes to the families der of the House, the gentleman from should at least be G~erred. Some of of these young men. This, of course, can Kansas [Mr. RllS] is recognized for 10 theµi might be worthw hile. but a good be but small comfort to the loved ones minutes. many harbors and inleU..... are more im­ ·left behind, but it is the least a grateful THIS IS NOT THE TIME TO ASK OUR GOV- partant for yachting and :Pl~sure boat- Government can do for men who wear ERNMENT FOR MONEY EXCEPT-WHERE Ing and boondoggling than 'for the in- the uniform of the armed services. · ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY-WE MUST terests of our country. . ·· . . . These young men were preparing cUT EXPENDITURES TO THE BONE There are other ~te!llS ~ b~ cons1d- themselves for service in the defense of . . ______ered. The House cut operatmg expenses freedom and liberty at a time when forces Mr. REES. .Mr. Speaker, the tim~ has fu· the ' D~partment of Agriculture of evil and aggression again challenge co~e when. this