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Jrr Tolkien's the Hobbit, the Lord of the Rings, and the Silmarillion Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature FROM MIDDLE-EARTH TO THE REAL WORLD: J. R. R. TOLKIEN’S THE HOBBIT, THE LORD OF THE RINGS, AND THE SILMARILLION Azize Ahu Ersözlü Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2013 FROM MIDDLE-EARTH TO THE REAL WORLD: J. R. R. TOLKIEN’S THE HOBBIT, THE LORD OF THE RINGS, AND THE SILMARILLION Azize Ahu Ersözlü Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of English Language and Literature Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2013 KABUL VE ONAY Azize Ahu Ersözlü tarafından hazırlanan “From Middle-earth to the Real World: J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion” başlıklı bu çalışma, 15.11.2013 tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda başarılı bulunarak jürimiz tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Burçin Erol (Başkan) ______________________________________________ Doç. Dr. Hande Seber (Danışman) _______________________________________________ Doç. Dr. Aytül Özüm ___________________________________________ Doç. Dr. Özlem Uzundemir (Çankaya Üniversitesi) _______________________________________________ Yar. Doç. Dr. Şebnem Kaya _______________________________________________ Yukarıdaki imzaların adı geçen öğretim üyelerine ait olduğunu onaylarım. _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Yusuf Çelik Enstitü Müdürü ii BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt eder, tezimin kağıt ve elektronik kopyalarının Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü arşivlerinde aşağıda belirttiğim koşullarda saklanmasına izin verdiğimi onaylarım: Tezimin tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. Tezim sadece Hacettepe Üniversitesi yerleşkelerinden erişime açılabilir. Tezimin 1 yıl süreyle erişime açılmasını istemiyorum. Bu sürenin sonunda uzatma için başvuruda bulunmadığım takdirde, tezimin tamamı her yerden erişime açılabilir. 15.11.2013 ___________________________________ Azize Ahu Ersözlü iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first and foremost thank my late professor Can Abanazır, who, like he did in many others, kindled in me an insatiable appetite for fantasy and mythology, and a great admiration for Tolkien. Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo, Can Abi, a star shines on the hour of our meeting. I could not have written this thesis without the support of my dear husband, who not only shouldered all the work in the house and catered for my every need, but also listened to me whenever I rambled on about Tolkien, and Elves, and Hobbits, and all as patiently as any captive audience can. May the hair on your toes never fall out, Bilgin. Last but certainly not least, I am very grateful to my advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hande Seber for her encouragement and support. She believed in what I wanted to write as much as I did, and she was always there when I needed direction. Thank you for your wise counsel, Hande Hocam. iv ÖZET ERSÖZLÜ, Azize Ahu. Orta Dünya’dan Gerçek Dünyaya: J. R. R. Tolkien’in Hobbit, Yüzüklerin Efendisi, ve Silmarillion’ı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2013. Gerçeği betimlemekten uzak bir edebi tür olduğu varsayımıyla hak ettiği değeri uzun süre görmemiş olsa da fantezi, gerçeğe yaklaşmanın farklı bir yoludur. Bu çalışmada öne sürülen tez, J. R. R. Tolkien’in fanteziyi dünyanın gerçeklerini irdeleyecek ve değiştirecek bir yol olarak kullandığıdır. Bu savı desteklemek üzere Tolkien’in Hobbit (1939), Yüzüklerin Efendisi (1954-55) ve Silmarillion (1977) adlı eserleri incelenmiş ve Tolkien’in Orta Dünya’da tecrübe edilen canlandırıcı ve yoğun duygular yoluyla bir dönüşüm geçirme ve bu dönüşüm sayesinde dünyayı değiştirecek farkındalığı, isteği ve cesareti kazanma fırsatlarını nasıl yarattığı irdelenmiştir. Bu çalışma altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde kısaca fantastik edebiyata karşı önyargılara ve bunun muhtemel kaynaklarına değinildikten sonra Tolkien’in eserlerine farklı yaklaşımlar incelenmiştir. I. Bölümde Tolkien’in “Peri Masalları Üzerine” başlıklı makalesinde kurduğu fantezi kuramı ve eserlerini anlamaya yardımcı olacak kavramlar açıklanmıştır. II. Bölümde ilk olarak Tolkien’in “yeniden kazanma” kavramının diğer yabancılaştırma kuramlarıyla benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları özetlenmiş, ardından bunun bir yöntem olarak eseri okuyan kişilerin ne gibi görüş, duygu ve yaklaşımlarını değiştirmeyi amaçladığı irdelenmiştir. III. Bölümde Tolkien’in kaçış ve mutlu sonla ilgili fikirlerine değinilmiş, eserlerindeki felaketlerin ve mutlu sonların ne gibi değişimlere yol açtığına yer verilmiştir. IV. Bölümde Tolkien’in nasıl bir mit oluşturduğu, yaşadığımız dünya ve Orta Dünya’ya ait mitleri ne amaçla kullandığı araştırılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise Tolkien’in fantastik eserlerinin yaşadığımız dünyadan bir kaçış olduğunu savunan görüşlerin çürütülmesi amaçlanmış ve yazarın bu edebi türü ciddi konuları ifade edebileceği bir çerçeve olarak nasıl kullandığı tartışılmıştır. v Anahtar Sözcükler Tolkien, Hobbit, Yüzüklerin Efendisi, Silmarillion, Orta Dünya, yeniden kazanma, mutlu son, fantezi, mitleştirme. vi ABSTRACT ERSÖZLÜ, Azize Ahu. From Middle-earth to the Real World: J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2013. Fantasy has long been regarded as an antagonistic genre to realism, and held in contempt because it fails to represent reality. However, despite its departure from consensus reality, fantasy is an equally effective way of approaching reality. This study defends the thesis that J. R. R. Tolkien uses fantasy as a means to reflect upon and change the reality of the primary world. Therefore, this thesis examines The Hobbit (1939), The Lord of the Rings (1954-55), and The Silmarillion (1977), and discusses and illustrates the ways through which Tolkien approaches reality, and how he creates opportunities for a transformation through the refreshing and intense feelings one might experience in Middle-earth, thereby gaining the awareness, willingness, and courage to transform the primary world. This work consists of six chapters. The introduction shortly investigates the probable causes of the prejudices against fantastic literature, and examines various approaches towards Tolkien’s works. Chapter I explores Tolkien’s theory of fantasy as he builds it in his famous essay “On Fairy-stories,” and defines basic concepts which are key to understanding his fiction. Chapter II starts with a brief comparison and contrast of Tolkien’s concept of “recovery” with other theories of defamiliarisation, and proceeds with how the characters’ recovered notions, feelings, and attitudes find their application in the primary world. Chapter III studies Tolkien’s understanding of escape and happy ending, and how the catastrophes and eucatastrophes of the three works enable a process of transformation. Chapter IV examines Tolkien’s myth-making, and to what end Tolkien utilises the primary and the secondary world myths. The conclusion refutes the charges of escapism directed towards Tolkien’s fantasy, which, actually, is used as a framework to provide context for serious concerns. vii Key Words Tolkien, The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, Middle-earth, recovery, eucatastrophe, fantasy, myth-making. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY ................................................................................................................... i BİLDİRİM ................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iii ÖZET ......................................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I. “ON FAIRY-STORIES:” TOLKIEN’S THEORY OF FANTASY 10 1.1. THE BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 10 1.2. TOLKIENIAN FANTASY AS FAIRY-STORY ................................................ 13 1.3. FANTASY ................................................................................................................... 20 1.4. RECOVERY ............................................................................................................... 23 1.5. ESCAPE ....................................................................................................................... 24 1.6. CONSOLATION THROUGH EUCATASTROPHE ....................................... 26 CHAPTER II. RECOVERY: INTO THE SECONDARY WORLD AND BACK AGAIN ..................................................................................................................................... 29 2.1. DEFAMILIARISATION, ALIENATION, AND RECOVERY ..................... 29 2.2. WHAT CAN BE RECOVERED BY MEANS OF TOLKIEN’S TALES .... 32 2.2.1. Delight in Simple Pleasures ......................................................................................... 32 2.2.2. The Ability to Rise above Triteness .........................................................................
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