GROSE, M. 2019. SEARCHING FOR WILSON’S EXPEDITION TO AUSTRALIA. ARNOLDIA, 76(4): 2–13

Searching for Wilson’s Expedition to Australia

Margaret Grose

ould diaries, newspaper clippings, and Zambia, and South Africa, before returning to letters be hidden at the Arnold Arbo- England and then on to Boston. Cretum, unexamined for almost one He wrote about the horticultural aspects of hundred years? Might the Arboretum possess this trip in various garden magazines, as well more than two hundred glass plate negatives as in the first volume of his bookPlant Hunt- by famed collector Ernest Henry Wil- ing, published in 1927 (and reprinted decades son without labels for location or species? In later as Smoke that Thunders). The writing the spring of 2016, I met Arboretum scientist in the book is part tourist travelogue and part Peter Del Tredici while visiting MIT, and he horticultural journal, with a discussion of the invited me to see the Arboretum, an invitation I cultural requirements and garden potential accepted with relish. After a tour of the grounds, of met along the route. What surprised including a walk in the woods, a stop on Peters me was how much Wilson knew about the Hill, a discussion of insect attack on hemlocks, discovery of the western coast of Australia by and a look at the amazing old bonsai, we found the Dutch in the early 1600s, sailing eastwards ourselves in the horticultural library. “Bet you from Cape Town to use a faster route to the East Australians don’t know that Wilson went to Indies. This is a lesser-known history than that Australia in the 1920s,” Peter said. “No one has of Captain James Cook mapping the east coast looked at the collection. It’s sitting there.” He of Australia in the 1770s, and it shows that Wil- pointed, and there it was, hidden in plain sight. son was remarkably well-informed in 1920. When I returned to Australia, I inquired as to Two years after learning about Wilson’s whether, indeed, botanists knew that Wilson, expedition, I returned to the Arboretum with a famed for botanical explorations in China, had Sargent Award for Visiting Scholars, intent on travelled to Australia. No one did. Everyone examining the archives, images, and herbarium that I spoke with was astounded. Herbaria staff specimens pertaining to Wilson’s time in Aus- did not know; botanists at my university and tralia. I was fascinated by the idea of a lost col- elsewhere did not know; even those who have a lection of Australia and, like many botanists, long and keen interest in the botanical explora- interested in the history of plant collecting. I tion of the Australian continent did not know. was also curious as to whether the images might Wilson’s expedition between 1920 and 1922 offer a glimpse of land now lost to agriculture was to Commonwealth countries and no oth- and suburban development, both research areas ers. During my time in the United States, I have of my own. What I found in the archives was a been asked, on a number of occasions, what the collection in excellent order, with annotated Commonwealth is, what countries belong to it, boxes, carefully arranged glass plate negatives and what it means. The Commonwealth con- that had been digitized in 2018, meticulously sists of now-independent countries that once kept diaries with their labels and individual made up the British Empire, and these countries folders in boxes, and neatly ordered newspaper are joined by commonalities, such as a politi- clippings, letters, and ephemera of the expedi- cally independent judiciary and public service, tion. I took photos of every box and every label. school uniforms, and cricket, the second-most It was not evident who had established the orga- popular sport in the world after soccer. Wilson’s nization of the collection, but even with the travels took him to countries now known as clear organization, there was little documenta- Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, tion to suggest what was in the letters, or what India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, the images showed and where they were taken. E. H. Wilson in Australia 3 PHOTOS FROM ARNOLD ARBORETUM ARCHIVES UNLESS NOTED

In Plant Hunting, Wilson described eucalyptus like these massive karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) as “Australia’s noblest trees.” Karri are considered the second-tallest flowering tree species in the world, afterE. regnans of south- eastern Australian. Note the numerical label: Y-347. 4 Arnoldia 76/4 • May 2019

Charles Lane-Poole—formerly unidentified in Wilson’s collection of glass plate negatives—stands beside a massive eucalyptus. In a letter to the Arboretum, Wilson mentioned that, soon after arriving in Australia, Lane-Poole “became guide, philosopher & friend.” E. H. Wilson in Australia 5

While images from India and Africa were anno- Australians think it is and most foreigners agree tated with old typewriter notes on thin white with them. They noted that thickened foliage paper, the Australian images—numerically (sclerophylly) is not unique to Australia, nor are numbered and coded with the letter Y—were traits that promote water storage (xeromorphy), not annotated, and it was unclear just where nor is fire as a selective genetic force unique to Australia started and ended. the continent. But nowhere else do these com- It became clear to me that my inquiry would bined traits dominate large proportions of an require three components: The examination entire continent. ii and transcription of diaries, letters, and notes; Wilson, however, immediately noted two the annotation of the unlabelled images; and a traits as completely unique to Australia: the search of the Arnold Arboretum Herbarium to angle of leaf repose and the color of the flora. see what plant specimens had been submitted “In the North our trees in general have spread- there by Wilson’s expedition. ing umbrageous crowns, dark, often lustrous ∫ green leaves which … cast a heavy shadow,” Wilson arrived in the port of Fremantle, on Wilson wrote. “In the domi- Australia’s western coast, after a tedious and nant trees have open, tufted crowns, gray or hot trip by boat from Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). glaucous green leaves which … cast little or no He was immediately struck by how Perth, the shadow. This difference in the color of the tree- capital of Western Australia, reminded him of foliage and the fact that the leaves are pendant southern California. (There is a saying in Perth, instead of spreading on the branches may seem my hometown, that we have the climate that to the reader trivial matters, but in reality they the Californians think they have.) Southwest- completely change the aspect of the forests and ern Australia has, like southern California, profoundly influence the whole landscape.” iii hot summers and mild winters, and this was To have quickly put his finger on these two important to Wilson because Henry Hunting- points is a tremendous perception. The color of ton, a sponsor of the expedition, was eager to the Australian flora presents a world of very dif- hear of plants suitable for cultivation in Cali- ferent greens and grays to the Northern Hemi- fornia. This region, today referred to botanically sphere, as I have found in my own research, and as the Southwest Australian Floristic Region, Wilson appeared to have recorded them all. is known for its exceptionally high levels of The unique made it rela- floral endemism—meaning plant species that tively easy for me to tease out Australian images are found nowhere else in the world. Wilson from the others. I also began to identify the was astounded by the plants he found there. unnamed individuals in the photographs. One “To a visitor from the Northern Hemisphere, man, who recurred in multiple photographs, no matter how familiar he or she may be with was distinctive due to a hook in place of his the forest scenery of the North, Western Austra- left hand. I emailed Australian colleagues about lia is a new world,” he wrote in Plant Hunting. a botanist matching this description (which I “Nay, it might well be part of another planet thought would have been easy), but I met a so utterly different is the whole aspect of its blank. Eventually, I came across a biographical vegetation. Intimate knowledge of the plants entry about Charles Lane-Poole, the conserva- of the boreal regions only serves to accentuate tor of forests in Western Australia from 1916 the variance.” i to 1922, which mentioned that his left hand While reading Wilson’s thoughts on the Aus- had been lost in a shooting accident when he tralian flora, I was struck by his observational was nineteen (all other biographical sketches clarity, especially after recently reading a paper politely did not mention this). I had my man. on the evolutionary history of the Australian I later came across Wilson’s comment that he flora over the last sixty-five million years. “To had travelled two thousand miles with Lane- what extent is the Australian flora unique?” Poole “through all the important forest areas.” the authors—botanists Michael Crisp and Lyn Elsewhere, in “the sand plains and savannah Cook—asked, perhaps asking because most regions,” he was guided by Desmond Herbert, 6 Arnoldia 76/4 • May 2019

the Western Australian government botanist, virtually defines an entire continent. There are who was also shown in images. Wilson noted now over eight hundred species (the number that, without such expert guides, “I should have always rising), and this usually surprises over- been completely lost among the extraordinary seas visitors to Australia, who often think that varied and anomalous vegetation.” These men there are only a few “gum trees.” The euca- were top in their field and their companionship lypts include the world’s tallest , and assistance shows the esteem in which Wil- E. regnans, known as the mountain ash, son and the Arnold Arboretum were held. The which reaches heights of 295 feet (90 meters). images, however, revealed an oddity—all that I Timber records in the nineteenth century could readily identify were from the beginning reported that trees logged then had reached far of his trip in Western Australia. greater heights—up to 490 feet (150 meters). With limited time, I set to work, realizing This loss underscores one of the reasons Wilson that diaries could be transcribed, letters read, was keen to see the Australian forests. and images annotated in Australia. Thus, I Eucalypts, however, are not all tall; some are headed to the Harvard University Herbaria, small and gnarled; many are low shrubs and where the Arboretum Arboretum’s wild- suitable for home gardens; some have brilliant collected herbarium specimens are housed, flowers; some have dusky gray leaves that are because I recognized that those materials could suitable for the flower trade; some possess not be examined later. While Wilson’s note- huge bud caps that gave the genus its name— books and photographs would provide some eu (well) and kalyptos (covered); some are small sense of his route across the continent, the and gnarled; some are single-trunked; others specimens in the herbarium would provide have a mallee form, an Aboriginal term refer- more detailed information about where and ring to plants with multiple trunks that emerge when Wilson travelled, what he was collecting, from underground lignotubers. Most live in and the identities of other botanists who col- mixed woodlands. Wilson was captivated by lected on behalf of the Arboretum. their variety and the colors and forms of trunks. ∫ He noted, for example, that the salmon gum At the Harvard University Herbaria on Divin- (Eucalyptus salmonophloia) “is a handsome ity Avenue, I was given pencils, little paper tree, with a smooth white to pinkish trunk … envelopes for broken off bits of specimens, the twigs are reddish” and that the gimlet (E. and clear plastic clips to replace rusty metal salubris) is “fluted and twisted like a screw— clips from one hundred years ago. The collec- hence the name gimlet.” iv In photographs, he tion is contained within rolling cabinets, called recorded fire-scarred trees, and he was clearly compactors, and I was presented with a writ- impressed by the extraordinary capacity of most ten directive that “compactors can be opened eucalypt species to resprout after fire. by releasing the locking bar and smoothly During the next few weeks, I extracted hun- rotating the handle of the appropriate bay.” dreds of specimens from the expedition across The instructions also suggested to “move one a large range of families and genera, all from row at a time to prevent strain on the system,” blue folders that indicated the specimens came although I was not sure whether that was refer- from Australia. These were easy to spot among ring to the compactors or to me. Lists of plant swathes of green, orange, pale orange, yellow, families hung on the walls, indicating where pale yellow, beige, white, off white, and ranges the families were housed in the building’s sev- of pinks and reds. In short, if a folder was blue, eral floors and annex rooms. “Where would you I knew it was mine to take out and examine. like to start?” Anthony Brach of the herbaria’s How curious and exciting it was to search curatorial team asked me. I looked about wide- through the blue folders and find labels with eyed. Well, why not Myrtaceae? I ventured, Wilson’s name and handwriting. “Near a salt- and Anthony chuckled. I had chosen “the big lake,” he noted on one. “In a group of trees,” he one”—the family of the eucalypts. wrote on others. He described a now-rare little Eucalyptus is a major genus in Australia and shrub (Daviesia euphorbioides) as a “centipede is rare in the world in that this single genus bush” and called a large shrub ( sessilis) SPECIMENS FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIA SPECIMENS FROM HARVARD

Herbarium specimens provided historical evidence about Wilson’s travels through southwestern Australia. Clockwise from top left: platysperma, a small shrub, collected on the sandplain at Yoting on October 25, 1920. Casuarina fraseriana (now Allocasuarina fraseriana) collected at Albany, on the southern coast, on November 6. Eucalyptus ficifolia(now Corymbia ficifolia) collected from the Frankland River region in November (day unspecified).Eucalyp - tus flocktoniaecollected near Widgiemooltha in November (day unspecified). 8 Arnoldia 76/4 • May 2019 SPECIMENS FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIA SPECIMENS FROM HARVARD

Diverse members of include: (left) collected October 25, 1920, in the Darling Scarp, east of Perth. Wilson noted the yellow flowers—produced in a large cone-shaped structures—were collected from a small tree, about 15 feet (4.5 meters) tall. Hakea multilineata (right) collected 20 miles (32 kilometres) south of the once- thriving gold-mining town of Coolgardie, now a near ghost town.

“parrot bush.” Many labels included collection in his diary on October 22, 1920, that “Saturday numbers that related to the diaries. night in a mining camp is not a quiet place. From the images, I knew that Wilson and his Singing and chat extended far into the night.” travel companions appeared to have gone by Looking at the labels in the herbarium, I was horse, train, and a roofless Model T Ford. They amazed to see where Wilson went—to places travelled south of Perth through wetlands near remote enough now, let alone then. A whole Busselton, into the Darling Scarp—the hills east suite of specimens was collected “20 miles of Perth—to collect in the jarrah (Eucalyptus south of Coolgardie,” in hot and dusty condi- marginata) forest. They continued south to the tions, but Wilson enthused over the “astonish- tall karri (E. diversicolor) forests, east through ing” variety of species. In his diary, he wrote, heavily cleared land of wheat and sheep fields, “they are mostly prickly in character and many and still farther east into semi-arid country. of them especially so.” v Labels in the herbarium revealed place names: Reviewing the specimens belonging to the Yoting, Burracoppin, Merredin, Toodyay, Wid- Proteaceae was a treat for me because my doc- giemooltha, Quairading, Coolgardie, and Kal- toral dissertation had been on the ecophysiol- goorlie. Many of these are indigenous names ogy of Banksia, which is the most well-loved given to country towns or settlements that in member of the family in Australia. As I opened 1920 and 1921 were gold-mining camps. At one the compactors, I could see the in their such now-tiny outpost, Westonia, Wilson noted blue folders, and I laughed—they were large, E. H. Wilson in Australia 9

Western Australia

Kalgoorlie Coolgardie Burracoppin Westonia nnah Merredin S ava INDIAN OCEAN Lake Lefroy Toodyay Hines Hill Moorine Rock Cunderdin Sa v Widgiemooltha Northam Totadgin a nnah t b e l t Mundaring York W h e a PERTH Bruce Rock

s Yoting MAP BY ARNOLD ARBORETUM AND GIS COMMUNITY Fremantle t s Beverley e Quairading Jarrahdale r o

F North Dandalup Pingelly Darwin h

a r r a Cookernup J

Northern Territory Capel Queensland Western K Australia Busselton a r Brisbane ri F Donnelly River or South Australia es ts PERTH New South Pemberton Wales Frankland River

Adelaide Walpole Denmark Albany Victoria Nornalup Frenchman Bay

50 MILES Tasmania SOUTHERN OCEAN Hobart 100 KILOMETERS

Locations recorded on Wilson’s herbarium specimens and in notebooks revealed extensive collections throughout southwestern Australia, from the towering karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests, south of Perth, to the semi-desert forests farther east. Contemporary train lines are shown in gray. The Trans-Australian Railway, completed in 1917, connected Kalgoorlie with eastern cities. chunky folders. Banksia flowers grow in hairy buzzing with insects and birds with tongues cone-shaped inflorescences, which measure up and beaks evolved to suck nectar from these to seventeen inches long. Some of the cones— exact trees. In Plant Hunting, he described the the flower heads or remaining fruiting bodies— genus as “among the most wonderful flowering were stored elsewhere, in boxes, due to their trees of Australia.” He described the large pale size, and Anthony Brach got them out for me. lemon and yellow flowers ofBanksia grandis, These attracted comment from passing taxono- with cones measuring up to eight inches long, mists in the herbarium, but I pitied that they and he noted elsewhere that the species should could not see them on the trees instead of these be grown in California. dead, dry relics. One even commented: “How Beyond the visual appeal, many contem- wonderful to work on these. Some people,” she porary botanists were intrigued by the bank- shuddered, “have to work on grasses!” sias—which are particularly prominent in Wilson collected various banksia species near southwestern Australia—because these were Perth and inland, and many of his images are clearly related to the striking diversity of of banksia trees. As I pulled out specimens, I from South Africa. Our contemporary mused as to what Wilson must have thought understanding of continental drift was first pro- about when he looked at , with posed by the German scientist Alfred Wegener their wire-tough thick leaves, erect demeanour, in 1912, and we now know that Antarctica, and vibrantly colored inflorescences, usually Australia, South America, Africa, India, and 10 Arnoldia 76/4 • May 2019

Kingia australis—slow-growing and long-lived monocots—fascinated Wilson. He called them “weird and extraordi- nary” and suggested, in Plant Hunting, that “the scene would be more complete if … a Nothotherium, a Dinosaurus, a Plesiosaurus or some other monster of the remote Lizard Age” were present. E. H. Wilson in Australia 11

New Zealand were once joined in the supercon- response is not known. He had considered a tinent Gondwana and shared flora. Proteaceae study of Tasmanian conifers “one of the most is one of the oldest families in the Southern important objects of the expedition,” vi but Hemisphere and once was found across Gond- those collections were all gone. Other ques- wana, right across what is now Antarctica. tions were answered: printed black-and-white Fifty-million-year-old fossils have been found images from Tasmania were sent by the noted in Patagonia and New Zealand that even an Hobart photographer John Beattie after the loss untrained eye would easily recognize as lovely of Wilson’s collection, and unlabelled lantern banksias. But alas, as Wilson knew, none of slides, sent to Wilson, all depict New Zealand these living beauties would grow in Boston’s in a travelogue style. climate for the Arboretum. ∫ As my notes from the herbarium accumu- One of the many delights of my own expedition lated, I soon realized that, as with the photo- into the 1920s expedition was the people I met graphs, the specimens were almost entirely along the way who still enliven the images and collected in Western Australia. This was odd, specimen sheets. Many of the herbarium speci- as Wilson’s diaries revealed that he had trav- mens had been reassigned by David Moresby elled by train across Australia after leaving Moore, a British plant taxonomist and system- Perth, and had visited Adelaide, Melbourne, atic botanist with a major interest in the flora and Sydney, where he spent Christmas in 1920. of Gondwana, Patagonia, and the Antarctic He then went into the heart- and sub-Antarctic islands. His work amid the land, north into Queensland, and then eventu- Australian collection at Harvard in the 1960s ally to Tasmania in April 1921, after a sojourn made my job far easier, because the plants were in New Zealand. The diaries said little but did correctly assigned and thus correctly cata- give the names of plants collected, with col- logued. “DM Moore”—his appellation on the lection numbers. Yet, while I came across the bright white labels near Wilson’s originals— odd specimen from Queensland and Tasmania, was a welcome sight. I found none collected by Wilson from New Other collectors assisted the Arnold Arbo- South Wales or Victoria. This was a mystery. retum and donated specimens from Western At the end of each day in the herbarium, which Australia, South Australia, and Queensland as closes precisely at five o’clock, I would close part of the Expedition. Most important were the compactors, pull down the bar, and turn off those submitted by Frederick Schock (“F. M. C the light, as directed. Schock” on the labels), who was a forest ranger ∫ in Western Australia. Schock’s specimens were Wilson returned to the Arnold Arboretum in largely collected in 1916, but they were sent 1922, after visiting India and various Common- to Harvard after Wilson returned and were wealth countries in southern Africa, which labelled “Arnold Arboretum Expedition to were recorded in his images. But what had hap- Australasia, India, and Africa.” Many included pened to the herbarium specimens and images flower parts that had not been seen by Wilson from a major part of his Australian tour? One during his summer visit, because many of these day, in the middle of my stay, I turned to mate- species, typical of southern Australia, do not rials in the archives, to see if I could shed some flower in summer. light on the mystery of the missing Australians. With the addition of these donated specimens, The key was in a box of newspaper reports. An one of the missions of the expedition began to article described Wilson’s “great disappoint- become apparent to me: to add to the global ment” at losing much of the collection because collection of specimens and images held at the the boat carrying two large consignments of Arnold Arboretum. The Arnold Arboretum photographic plates and specimens was lost at celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1922, and sea. The ever-helpful Lane-Poole had earlier Charles Sprague Sargent, the founding director, shipped the entire Western Australian collec- laid out this global vision in a report on the tion, which arrived safely in Boston. Sargent’s Arboretum. “If the Arboretum is to become 12 Arnoldia 76/4 • May 2019

Wilson stands within a jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest, in the Darling Scarp, east of Perth. The trees beside him have been scarred by fire. a great institution for gathering and spread- the herbarium, hundreds of specimens from ing information about trees and allied plants, Australia that were not from trees and that specimens and a series of photographs of every were of botanical interest, rather than of for- species of tree in the world should be found in estry value, reflecting Sargent’s desire for a the herbarium,” Sargent wrote. His ambition comprehensive collection. was that the work already achieved “should be I was also struck by letters of thanks from extended over the rest of the world.” vii Sargent regarding the donation of pamphlets Given Sargent’s desire to develop global col- and books on specific aspects of the world’s lections of photographs and herbarium speci- flora, as well as the contribution of physical mens, it made sense that additional Australian specimens (including cones and seeds), sent specimens would be requested from Schock from the countries visited on Wilson’s expe- and others, to fill gaps within Wilson’s collec- dition, even though these would not grow in tion. While the Arnold Arboretum could only Boston. With these materials, the various mis- grow plants that suited Boston’s cold winters sions of the expedition to Australia became and humid summers, Wilson’s expedition to even more apparent. In addition to collecting Commonwealth countries revealed the equal images and specimens, Wilson was to make importance of the herbarium and archives for connections between the Arboretum and the institutional collecting goals. I had noted, in staff of other international botanical institu- E. H. Wilson in Australia 13

tions, while investigating potential timber trees Australia’s spectacular flora lay not simply in for production in the United States and assess- one place. As Sargent noted, the arboretum is ing firsthand the state of forests in the world. a three-part collection, with a living museum, Wilson achieved all these goals despite the loss an herbarium, and a library.ix I had needed all of much of the physical collection. of the resources and staff of the arboretum to ∫ begin to understand this last great journey that Wilson’s travelling companions in Western Wilson undertook. Australia were highly informed and are now famous men in Australian botany. I won- Acknowledgements dered what they talked about, especially given Margaret Grose thanks the Arnold Arboretum for a Lane-Poole’s desperate unhappiness with the Sargent Award for Visiting Scholars, Anthony Brach of the Harvard Herbaria, and Lisa Pearson, Jonathan lack of forest protection in Australia, and Damery, Peter Del Tredici, and Ned Friedman of the Wilson’s diary comments about the ruthless Arnold Arboretum. destruction of woodlands for agriculture in The map in this article was created using Esri, USGS, Australia.viii Only a few months after Wilson’s NGA, NASA, CGIAR, N Robinson, NCEAS, NLS, OS, visit, Lane-Poole resigned, in 1922, as the con- NMA, Geodatastyrelsen, Rijkswaterstaat, GSA, Geoland, FEMA, Intermap and the GIS user community. servator of forests because the government did not appear interested in conservation but was Endnotes solely concerned with timber extraction. Let- i Wilson, E. H. 1985. Smoke that Thunders. London: ters between Wilson and Sargent show that Waterstone & Co. Limited. (Original work published the whole idea of forest protection was of great as Wilson, E. H. 1927. Plant Hunting, Vol. 1. Boston: importance to the expedition because they both The Stratford Company.) saw that forests were under threat across the ii Crisp, M. D. and Cook, L. G. 2013. How was the world. This suggested to me that the conserva- Australian flora assembled over the last 65 million tion movement was more alive in the 1920s years? A molecular and phylogenetic perspective. than many of us fully appreciate today. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 44: 303–324. Wilson, Sargent, and Lane-Poole all saw that iii the world’s forests were in danger of overexploi- See Wilson, 1985, above. tation and habitat loss, and both Wilson and iv Wilson, E. H. 1920. Alternating diary and collection Lane-Poole named the loss of large old trees as of notes, October 22, 1920 (box 14, folder 3–4). Ernest greatest concern in Western Australia. Yet one Henry Wilson (1876–1930) papers, Arnold Arboretum Horticultural Library, Harvard University. hundred years later, botanists and conservation- v ists are still raising this issue because it needs Ibid. to be raised—surely something that would have vi Sargent, C. S. 1921. Sargent to E. H. Wilson, April saddened these men. The great banksia wood- 18, 1921 (volume 9, page 599–600). Charles Sprague lands surrounding Perth have been substan- Sargent (1841–1927) papers, Arnold Arboretum Horticultural Library, Harvard University. tially lost due to suburban development, and vii the woodlands east of the Darling Scarp, where Sargent, C. S. 1923. The first fifty years of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 3(3): Wilson noted an abundance of “curious,” “won- 127–171. drous,” and “extraordinary” plants, continued viii to be clear-cut for agriculture into the 1980s. Wilson, E. H. 1920. Alternating diary and collection notes, October 25, 1920 (box 14, folder 3–4). Today, ecological agriculture and ecosystem ix repair are imperatives for the future. Sargent, C. S. 1925. The Arnold Arboretum. In Report

∫ of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard College, 1923–24 (pp. 229–232). Boston: Harvard University. With my time at Harvard running out, I had to cease work at the herbarium and say my goodbyes at the Hunnewell Building and the Margaret Grose is a senior lecturer in landscape architecture at the University of Melbourne, where Weld Hill laboratories, where I had my office. her research and teaching merges design and ecological And I had found that the answers to my search science. Margaret has published across science, landscape for the Arnold Arboretum’s Expedition into architecture, and planning.