Esek Hopkins, Commander-In-Chief of the Continental Navy During
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JNlJ-iU^ ESEK HOPKINS BOOKS BY EDWARD HELD. Tax Lists of the Town of Providence during the Administration of Sir Edmund Andros. 1686- 1689. Sq. 8vo. $1.00 net. Revolutionary Defences in Rhode Island. WriH Maps, Plans, and Ilhstrations 8\'0. $2.25 net. The Colonial Tavern : A Glimpse of New England Town Life in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. 8vo. §2.00 net. Esek Hopkins: Commander=ln=Chief of the Con= tinental Navy during the American Revolution, '775 to '778- I1.LISTKATED. 8vo. $3.00 net. From the fainliiii; Oy lltaiie, in lite possession of Brown University, Providence. I'ortrail I'late 6. ESEK HOPKINS CoMMANDER-IN-ClIIKF The Continental Navy during the amr:rican revolution 1775 to 1778 POLITICIAN MASTER MARINER, , BRIGADIER GENERAL, NAVAL OFFICER AND PHILANTHROPLST EDWARD FIELD A. B. PKOVIDENCK THE PRESTON & ROUNDS CO Edition limited to 300 copies of which this is No. 143 Copyright, i8g8, BY EDWARD FIELD I'KESS OK K. I,. l-'RF.EMAN a SONS, I'KOVIIJIENCF., R. I. ^07 TO MY FRIEND HORATIO ROGERS, LL.D., JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF RHODE ISLAND 963S28 NTRODUCTION But slender justice has been rendered to the services of Esek Hopkins in the Ameri- can Revolution. Historians could not omit all reference to the first Commander-in-Chief of the American Navy, but the manner in which some of them have mentioned him would seem to indicate that they wrote not from their fulness, but from their lack of knowledge concerning him. The only positive information most writers had of him, apparently, was that he had been dis- missed from the naval service, and hence they inferred that he must have deserved his fate. The more satisfactory method of historical portrayal would have been to have narrated the causes that led to that treatment and let the reader draw his own conclusions as to the justice of it. /X TROD UC TION y j The narrow escape of various eminent characters in our national history from super- sedure or condemnation, warns us that official action is by no means a sure guide to a just judgment. The machinations of a cabal of discontented generals at one time fomented trouble for Washington in the Continental Congress, while the jealousy of Halleck, when commanding our army in the late Civil W ar, well nigh accomplished the displace- ment of Grant. Whatever my own estimate of Esek Hop- kins may be, however, I have presented the facts just as I have gleaned them, that each may judge for himself what manner of man he was. I have drawn my material entirely from official records, manuscripts and standard authorities. Of the very highest value have been the Hopkins Papers, preserved in the Rhode Island Historical Society, consisting of the official orders and letters of Hopkins while Commander-in-Chief, covering the whole period of his connection with the navy, and of a number of volumes of corre- IN77WDUC770N yjj spondence and other papers relating to other parts of his life. The Hopkins Papers were deposited in the Rhode Island Historical Society, with the consent of the Hopkins heirs. It is remarkable that so many of them have been preserved after the years of neglect which they suffered, being stored in old attics and taken from place to place and exposed for sale. Sonie, doubtless, have disappeared, but those remaining comprise the greater part that relate to Hopkins' naval service. These papers are preserved in four volumes the first being the letters and orders of the Commander-in-Chief, i 776-1 777; the second consists of letters and miscellaneous papers 1728-1786; the third contains similar docu- ments, 1776-177S; the fourth is a volume of type-written copies of various papers de- posited in the national archives. These copies were made some years ago at the sugorestion of Richard S. Howland, Esq., editor of the Providence Journal, many inquiries having been made regarding the INTRODUCTION VI 11 official record of Hopkins service in the navy. Mr. Howland requested that a search be instituted at the several departments at Washino^ton for all the material relatins: to Hopkins in possession of the national govern- ment, and that it be brought together for historical purposes. In response to this request, the departments very courteously forwarded typewritten copies of all documents bearing on the subject and they were en- trusted to the Rhode Island Historical Society for safe keeping. Besides these papers, the writings of John Adams contain much in regard to the pro- ceedings in Congress when Hopkins was under investigation by that body, while the records of the State of Rhode Island testify to his unremitting labors in the public service for a long term of years. But it is no part of my purpose to weary the reader by here detailing all my authorities ; suffice it to say that those I have mentioned form the chief. In preparing this volume the exact lan- guage of letters, orders, and official proceed- ings has been preserved as far as possible, as IiV TROD UC TIOM IX it seemed to me to imj^art a clearer signifi- cance than when smoothed \\\) or rounded out bv a revising- hand. I desire to acknowledge m\- obligations to tlie Hon. Amos Perry, Librarian of the Rhode Island Historical Society, for his kindly courtesy in aiding me in procuring material, and to Mr. Fred A. Arnold, of Providence, who has permitted me to use his valuable collection of old prints in making many of the illustrations for this work. Edward Field. Providence, R. /., November, iSg8. CONTENTS CHAPTER I I'AOE. Ancestry and Early Life i CHAPTER II Military Services and the Beginning of THE American Revolution .... 36 CHAPTER III The Origin of a Navy and the Appoint- ment OF a Com.mandkr-in-Chief ... 63 CHAPTER IV The First Cruise of the American Flei:t 103 CHAPTER V The Congressional IN(^^'lK^ 141 CHAPTER \T The Conspiracy and Dismissai 17S CHAPTER VII Closing Years 2^7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS EseU Hopkins, Poitrait Plate 6 . Frontispiece Scene in a I*nl)lic House in .Surinam .... 28 Esek Hopkins, Portrait Plate i 44 Captain Abraham Whipple 6S Captain Nicholas Biddle S2 Esek Hopkins, Portrait Plate 2 104 Esek Hopkins' Spy Glass i i i Map of the Island of New Prcnidence showing- Operations of the First American Naval K\- pedition 114 Esek Hopkins, Portrait Plate 3 136 Order for Prize jMc^nev 166 Esek Ilopkins, Portrait Plate 4 .... iSo Lieutenant Seth Chapin 20S Esek Hopkins, Portrait Plate ^ 224 Esek Hopkins' .Sword . 23S Home of Esek Hopkins 242 Home of Esek Hopkins (interior, library) . 248 Home of Esek Hopkins (interior, parlor) . 256 Ilopkins Statue 260 ESEK HOPKINS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE CONTINENTAL NAVY CHAPTER I ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE, ARLY in the affairs of Rhode Island, E appears the name of Hopkins. Thomas Hopkins, the ancestor of many of those in New England who now bear the name, was one of thirty-eight men who joined in an agreement for a form of government for the little settlement which Roger Williams estab- lished at the head of Narragansett Bay, and to which he gave the name Providence. It was an unpromising settlement at first, as all new ventures are apt to be, for it was the first free government to be established in the civilized world. Enemies without its borders scoffed at the idea of a government so unstable. I^nemies within its borders, by intrigues with the neighboring aulliorities. ESEK HOPKINS sought to overthrow it, yet though tauntingly alluded to as a "nest of unclean birds" and said to be made up of those with minds too weak or too strong to assimilate with the other colonies, it grew and flourished, and from within its limits was quarried the foun- dation stone on which our national fabric rests —civil liberty. With this infant community Thomas Hopkins identified himself, and ere the set- tlement had seen four years of existence, was already participating actively in its affairs. Called upon by his fellow townsmen to fill. many offices of public trust, he served succes- sively as Commissioner, Deputy and Town Councilman. He was also for a time Town Sergeant; an ancient manuscript is yet pre- served signed by Roger Williams, directing Sergeant Hopkins to warn certain townsmen to appear at the " Towne House" and give testimony in a case then pending, between Thomas Angell and Robert West. Thomas Hopkins was born in England, April 7, 161 6, was the son of William and Joanna (Arnold) Hopkins, and, at his coming to Providence, was a young man twenty-four years of age. The date of his marriage is not known, the name of his wafe even is a subject of ESEK nOl'KI.XS ^ conjecture, liis great grandson,' who was six- teen years old at the time of his grandfather's death, noted in liis family record that she was a daughter of William .Arnold and a sister of Governor Benedict Arnold. This has gener- ally been admitted to be the case although Austin in his Gencalooical Dicliojiary of Rhode Island makes no mention of it, but another careful historical writer and genealo- o^ist' has found that while there was nothing to absolutely disprove this theory, there was enough to create a doubt as to its accuracy. Thomas Hopkins had three sons all of whom married and had children. William Hopkins, the eldest son, was a surveyor, a man of learn- ing, and held numerous tow^n ofifices. At the time of King Philip's War when the Colo- nial authorities warned the people of the va- rious towns to remov^e to Newport by reason of its greater security from the depredations of the savages, William Hopkins "stayed and w^ent not away," as the records quaintly note this act of heroism.